There is also serious physical erosion. Before tapping, the ladle working layer is covered with black, and the molten steel with the temperature of 1700 degrees will directly contact the refractory, causing spalling (reason: definition of refractory: any material that can withstand high temperature and has certain pressure resistance, impact resistance, chemical corrosion resistance and rapid cooling and rapid heating resistance at high temperature).
If there is an LF furnace. It should also be noted that in the process of electrifying, the temperature of electrode arc can reach 4000 degrees, and it is necessary to submerge the arc before electrifying, so as to effectively prevent the intense radiation of electrode arc to the ladle wall and reduce the erosion of ladle slag line.
Another key point is the proficiency of ladle builders and the use of ramming materials.
I have worked in a steel mill for 10 years. I think these are the main points, and others are minor aspects that can be ignored.
I hope it helps you.