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Yuan Zongdao, Yuan Hongdao and Yuan Zhongdao, the representative writers of the Public Security School in the late Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there were also three Yuan in Liaodong, saying that they were Yuan Chonghuan, Yuan Keli and Yuan Yingtai, so there was a saying that the former was "literary ternary" and the latter was "martial ternary".
catalogue
brief introduction
Sanyuan introduced Yuan Hongdao.
Yuan Zongdao
Yuan Zhongdao
The main work is Yuan Hongdao's Travels of Man Jing.
A Journey to Blissful Mansion: Yuan Zongdao
Historical Exploration —— The Third Hospital of Public Security
The literature of the public security school advocates ① opposing inheritance and advocating common change.
(2) express your spirit, not stick to one pattern.
(3) Emphasize folk novels and advocate popular literature.
Liaodong sanyuan
Yuan Chonghuan
Yuan Keli
Brief introduction of Yuan Yingtai
Sanyuan introduced Yuan Hongdao.
Yuan Zongdao
Yuan Zhongdao
The main work is Yuan Hongdao's Travels of Man Jing.
A Journey to Blissful Mansion: Yuan Zongdao
Historical Exploration —— The Third Hospital of Public Security
The literature of the public security school advocates ① opposing inheritance and advocating common change.
(2) express your spirit, not stick to one pattern.
(3) Emphasize folk novels and advocate popular literature.
Liaodong sanyuan
Yuan Chonghuan
Yuan Keli
Yuan Yingtai began to edit this introduction.
Source: Biography of Yuan Hongdao, Wen Yuan, Ming Dynasty: "Yuan Hongdao, whose real name is Zhong Lang, was born in Public Security (now Hubei Public Security)." He shares the Taoist tradition with his brother, who is famous for his talent. He is called ternary. They are deeply influenced by the thoughts of Li Zhi and others, pursuing individual freedom and opposing the bondage of false Taoism to human nature. In terms of literary concept, "police triad" is the representative of "police school". They strongly oppose retro and antique, and advocate expressing their own spirit and not sticking to the routine, which makes the retro trend advocated by the former seven sons decline for more than 100 years. They also admired folk songs, highly appreciated popular literature, and broke through the prejudice that scholar-officials only respected traditional styles. A large number of well-informed, novel and unique essays were written in the creation, which further liberated the style. Among the three schools of Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Zongdao was the first to oppose the retro and Taoist style of writing and founded the Public Security School. Yuan Hongdao is famous for his poems, and he put forward a systematic literary proposition for the public security school. Poetry is angry with the country, caring for people's livelihood, straightforward and natural, vivid and fresh. After Yu Hongdao's death, Yuan Zhongdao further elaborated and revised his poetic theory. The work is straightforward and beautifully written. However, "Three Principles" is too loyal to "lip service but not reality" and tolerates the roughness of art. Some works give people a superficial feeling and lack profound and touching power, which brings some negative effects to the literary world.
Edit this paragraph to introduce ternary.
Yuan Hongdao
(1568 ~ 16 10) Ming Dynasty writers. Lang is good at words, but not learning from words, and there is no teacher. Huguang public security (now Hubei) people. Juren in the 16th year of Wanli (1588). The next year, I went to Beijing to take the exam and failed. After returning home, I learned from Li Zhi and accepted him as my teacher. Since then, I have been greatly influenced by Li Zhi Thought. Jinshi in the 20th year of Wanli (1592). I'm not an official. I traveled all over Chu with my brother. In the twenty-third year of Wanli (1595), he was elected as the magistrate of Wu county with outstanding achievements. Soon, I will visit places of interest in the south of the Yangtze River. Later, he was awarded Professor Shuntian, who was in charge of the etiquette department. Two years later, he resigned and returned to Li, where he lived by Liulang Lake, studied writing and traveled to Lushan Mountain and Taoyuan. In the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (1606), he entered Beijing to take charge of a grass and resigned soon. Two years later, he went to Beijing again, was promoted to be the official minister, and was transferred to be the foreign minister, and played the "year-end official inspection law", which later became a custom. In the thirty-seventh year of Wanli (1609), he moved to Langzhong, Ji Xun, and tried in Zhongdian, Qin Dynasty. After that, I will ask for leave and settle in Shashi. Yuan Hongdao occupies an important position in the literary world of Ming Dynasty. He is called the "public security faction", and Hongdao is actually the leader. He has a systematic theory, which has become the literary program of the public security school: ① Oppose blind archaization and advocate that literature should change at any time. He said in Jiangjin Letters: "The world has changed, so has literature." There is no need to imitate the ancients today, but it is also a trend. The preface to the collection of Xue Taoting says: "This is a place where people only know the times." ... attacking the traces of ancient language and thinking it is ancient .....
Yuan Zongdao
(1560- 1600) was a writer in the Ming dynasty. The word "Bo Xiu" is called Shipu. Huguang public security (now Hubei) people. In the 14th year of Wanli (1586), I will try first. Authorized editing. Official versus right-wing asshole. He strongly opposed the old saying of the former seven sons, shared the same interests with his younger brothers Hongdao and Zhongdao, and was "fair and comfortable". He opposed attaching importance to the ancient times and belittling the present, imitating the ancients, and emphasized that writers should have ideological cultivation and articles should have ideological content, rather than formally imitating Qin and Han Dynasties. He said that "there is no joy in my heart and I want to laugh, but there is no sadness and I want to cry, so I have to imitate my ears" (Paper), which means that the article should have true feelings. His poems practice his theory, being frank and natural, and not imitating. Travel essays, such as Tan Shan Yi, Fang Shang Shan Yi, Xiao Xi Tian Yi, and bamboo slips, such as Answering Homecoming II and Sending Three Brothers II, are really touching. The shortcoming of his prose is that it has no social significance. There are few excellent works in poetry creation. Author of "Bai Su Zhai Lei Ji". In the seventeenth year of Wanli (1589), he returned to Li, studied academics, studied Confucianism with Zen thought, and wrote Li Hai Pian (now lost). After nine years, he returned to Beijing, where he was an official to the right bastard and served as a lecturer in the East Palace. Yuan Zongdao admired Bai Juyi and Su Shi, and his study was named Su Shizhai. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the antique bodies represented by Wang Shizhen and Li Panlong still had great influence. Yuan Zongdao strongly opposed it, and shared the same interests with his elder brothers Hongdao and Zhongdao, and was called the Public Security School. He believes that the essence of the article lies in speech. The ancient prose is still there, so we should learn from it. Learn what you mean, not what you say. But if you want to speak out, you must first have "reason" (ideological knowledge), "from birth, from reason to text", such as the pre-Qin, Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, "reason is filled in the stomach, and text follows." Secondly, we must have true feelings. "I want to laugh without joy in my heart, and I want to cry without sadness, so I have to imitate my ears" (see the paper above). From this point of view, his poetry creation is not simulated, but frank and natural. Travel prose, such as Tan Shan I, Fang Shang Shan I, Xiao Xi Tian I; Bamboo slips are very emotional and touching, such as answering the second class reunion, answering three brothers and two friends. Some chapters in prose, such as Reading University and reading of the analects of confucius, are easy to understand and alert. However, most of his essays are based on literati's leisure, reasoning and talking about Zen, which has little social significance. Poetry is not as good as prose, and there are few excellent works.
Yuan Zhongdao
1570- 1623) Ming dynasty writer. Minor repairs. Hubei police. Wanli Jinshi, awarded Professor Huizhou Prefecture, Dr. imperial academy, and Dr. Nanjing Official Department. What is less is writing, and what is more is heroic. His brother, who has a literary name of "Sanyuan", is also from the public security school. Its performance is slightly inferior to Hongdao. Oppose retro and imitation, and think that literature changes with the changes of the times, "there is no article that remains unchanged for a hundred years"; Advocating truth and expressing spirit. In his later years, he put forward the idea of emphasizing spirit and style in view of the disadvantages of slang. Prose is the best way to create, and travel notes, diaries and letters have their own characteristics. The travel notes are described in detail, the scenes are mixed, and the diary is well written, which has a certain influence on the diary prose of later generations. His poems are occasionally concerned about the sufferings of people's livelihood, and they are also fresh. However, the thought of poetry and prose is relatively flat, rewarding and sometimes sad, and artistic innovation is not enough. "Xue Kezhai Collection" 20 volumes, "Living in a secluded room" 20 volumes. Yuan Zhongdao and his brothers Zongdao and Hongdao are called the Public Security School. In Three Principles, his achievement is second only to Hongdao. His literary thoughts are basically consistent with Hongdao's, emphasizing the spirit of nature, "serving the law with meaning, not with law, and washing away social habits" (preface to the Complete Works of Mr. Zhong Lang). He died later than his two brothers. Later, he witnessed the disadvantages of imitating the literati of the Public Security School, such as "being vulgar, delicate and reckless" (the same as before), so in his later years, he formed the idea of attaching importance to spirit and style, and put forward that "it is ineffective for the seven-child poems and the Yuan youth, but it is good for reviving the gods of Tang poetry" ("Cai Bukui's Preface to Poetry" is a subtle difference between him and his two brothers. Yuan Zhongdao's works are good at prose, and his travel notes include You Shi Shou Embroiders the Forest Mountain, You Shan, Jin Su Yuan Ji, Yu Travel Notes and so on. , are mixed with the scene, described in detail. Letters such as "Send a Message to the Master", "Answer to Pan Jingsheng" and "A Long History with Zeng Taishi" are straightforward and clear at a glance. The diary "A Record of Living in a secluded room" is full of essence, which has a certain influence on the diary prose of later generations. Poetry is also fresh and refreshing, and occasionally works that pay attention to the people. His poems and essays are mainly based on the feelings of sending mountains and rivers, rewarding feelings and sometimes sad feelings. His thoughts are dull, and there are not many artistic innovations, which do not match his literary ideas. Yuan Zhongdao's works include 20 volumes of Xue Ke Zhai Ji and 20 volumes of A Record of Living in a Seclusion (that is, Yuan Xiaoxiu's Diary).
Edit the main works of this paragraph.
Man Jing's Travels, Yuan Hongdao
Yan Di is cold. After the Flower Festival, the residual cold is still strong, and sometimes the cold wind is used. If you do, you will fly sand and stones and be locked in a room. Every time the wind runs, it is the return of the pot. On the 22nd, the weather was slightly warmer, so I went out to Dongzhimen to the well with some friends. Tall willows stand by the river bank, and the fertile land is wet, empty and open, as if to escape from the cage of swans. At this time, the ice skin began to melt, sparkling, scaly layers, and the bottom was crystal clear, like a newly opened mirror, cold light coming out of the box. On sunny days, the mountains are washed away by melting snow, as if they had just been wiped; Exquisite and beautiful, like a beautiful girl who washed her face and combed a neat bun. Wicker will be comfortable, soft-pointed cloak. The wheat field is very shallow. Although there are not many tourists, donkeys who drink spring tea, sing with wine glasses and wear donkeys can also be seen from time to time. Although the wind is still strong, walking is sweaty. Every bird exposed on the beach sipped under the scales of the waves, carefree, and there was joy between the scales of its feathers. I know there is no spring in the country, but people who live in the city don't know. Husband can't swim, but between rocks and vegetation, and this officer also. And this place is suitable for Yu, Yu's journey starts from scratch, and evil can be undisciplined? Ming dynasty, February 27th, February.
A Journey to Blissful Mansion: Yuan Zongdao
The water of the high beam bridge comes from a stream deep in the western hills and flows into the Yu He River. A thousand horses are trained in vain, and the water is slightly prosperous, if it is ribbed paper. The dike is in the water, sandwiched by two waves, four rows of green willows and countless ancient leaves. The shade of a tree can cover several seats, and the vertical line is more than ten feet long. There are many Buddhist temples in the north of the bank, and Zhumen Temple stretches for dozens of miles. Far away from the trees, there are clusters of trees, and between the trees are rice fields. Xishan is like a bun, and water comes out of the forest. Gokurakuji can climb the bridge for three miles, and the path is not bad. The horse is in the shade. If Zhang Gai. Pick some pine trees in front of the temple. Pine trees are fresh, green and yellow. If the spots are peeled off, they can be about seven or eight times. Huang and I have been here in our spare time. The Jade Emperor Zhong Langyun said, "This place is as small as Qiantang Su Causeway." Li Si also agreed. I dreamed for a long time because I lamented the beautiful scenery of the West Lake. When can I be crowned as a guest under the Six Bridges? I will have an emotional estrangement from this landscape! It is the day, and each rhyme is given a poem. Golden fairy crown: a cloth crown worn by ancient cowards. This refers to the crown worn by civil servants. Six bridges; There are six bridges on the Su Causeway of West Lake, namely Yingbo, Suolan, Wangshan, Dike, Dongpu and Guohong. In his spare time, taking two or three friends and enjoying the rural scenery in the suburbs is undoubtedly a spiritual relief for Yuan Zongdao, who has to make a living in the officialdom. Therefore, his focus is not on the Zhumen Kuangdian, but on the scenery on the road: training thousands of horses in vain, and the mountains are like buns; The beautiful and quiet scene, perhaps somewhat similar to Qiantang Su Causeway, can't help but make the author of "Being in the Wei Que, My Heart is in the Forest" moved by it, and send out a kind of "When will I fall into the fairy pass and make a guest appearance under the Six Bridges, and forget this landscape for the time being?"
A probe into the editing history of "Police Sanyuan"
In the Ming Dynasty, there was a family named Yuan in Hubei. There are three Yuan brothers. The three brothers are very friendly. They are always smart and alert. However, they are never smart, they are diligent and studious when urinating, and they are polite to people, so they are deeply loved by the villagers. Teachers all think that Yuan Jiasan's character and knowledge are excellent, so they spare no effort to impart what they have learned to them. With the teacher's love, the three brothers became more diligent, more grateful and respectful to the teacher, for fear of disappointing the teacher's painstaking efforts. Teachers see it in their eyes and enjoy it. In a blink of an eye, more than ten years have passed, and all three brothers have grown up and achieved something. The gentlemen felt that there was nothing to teach them. On this day, the gentlemen called the three brothers to the front, nodded and looked at them one by one, and said reluctantly, "It's time. With your current knowledge, it should not be too difficult to enter Jinshi. " Although the teacher can't bear to part with you, he can't delay your future. You go ahead. "Yuan Gusan brothers studied hard for more than ten years, looking forward to this day. However, at this time, the three brothers can't help but think of the days when they got along with their teachers. The three brothers were so sour that they could not bear to leave. They bowed again and again, and it took a long time to leave slowly. Soon the good news came back to the village. This year, Yuan Jiasan's brothers were admitted to Jinshi. As soon as Yuan Jia received the news, everything was boiling up and down, and he decided to have a big feast to celebrate. Everything is ready, just wait for the three brothers to come back, but there is always no one waiting left and right. Finally, the brothers came back and even the teacher came. It turns out that the three brothers made an appointment to go directly to the teacher's house to pick them up to celebrate. At the banquet, the three brothers bowed to the teachers. The teachers are all very happy. They pulled the three brothers together and said, "Cowards can teach, cowards can teach ~ ~", but at this time, a gentleman was sulking at home. His name is Liu Fujin, and he is the first teacher of Lao San. Because of the long time, Yuan Jia has no impression of him. This banquet was held. Liu Fujin was very unhappy when he saw that Yuan Jia had invited guests and someone took the opportunity to dig at him. There was nothing he could do. He wrote the sentence "One tower goes into the clouds one layer" on a piece of white paper, which means to remind the third child that with today's achievements, don't forget the teacher. The third child opened it and suddenly realized, and even said, "It's rude, it's rude." He hurriedly consulted with his two brothers. The three brothers agreed to invite Mr. Liu Fujin again and invite all teachers and elders to accompany them. On Mr. Liu Fujin's invitation, Lao San wrote a poem about Mr. Liu's original words: "The tower entered the cloud on the first floor, and Kong Mingcan was puzzled." Once he becomes a teacher, he will be his father for life. I sincerely ask you to forgive his late birth. " Wei Wan apologized. Early in the morning of the banquet, Lao San specially carried a sedan chair and went to meet Mr. Liu Fujin at home. Mr. Liu pretended to be angry and refused to get on the sedan chair. The eldest brother and the second son were at home. When they knew about it, they hurried to the Liu family on foot. The three brothers respectfully invited together. Mr. Liu Fujin was greatly moved, so he helped his three brothers to the ground and went to dinner in a sedan chair. During the dinner, teachers and students reminisced about the past and enjoyed themselves. Later, all three brothers became outstanding university experts in China. They are Yuan Zongdao, Yuan Hongdao and Yuan Zhongdao. Because they are all Hubei public security people, they are called "Three Parks of Public Security" in history.
Edit this paragraph of the literary and artistic thought of the public security school.
The literary thought of the Public Security School originated in Yuan Zongdao, with Yuan Hongdao as the backbone and actual leader, and Yuan Zhongdao further expanded its influence. The literary and artistic thoughts of the public security school mainly include:
(1) opposes inheritance and advocates change.
Everyone in the public security school lashed out at the tendency of the former and the latter seven sons to imitate words and eat the ancient times, and they sharply criticized the phenomenon of "plagiarism is common practice and one word is spoken by all" in the literary world. Yuan Zongdao also hit the nail on the head and pointed out that the source of the retro school is "ignorance rather than imitation" (paper). They hold that literature should change with the development of the times. "Generations have ups and downs, but the laws are inconsistent, the poles change, and each is poor and interesting" (Yuan Hongdao's Xiao Xu Shi Xiu), "The world has changed, and literature has also changed; There is no need to copy the ancient times today, but it is also possible "(Yuan Hongdao's" With the River "). Not only the literary content, but also the formal language will change and tend to be popular. This is because "temperament is born, everything spits it, and there must be slang" (Yuan Zhongdao's Preface to Flowers and Snow). So, "why is the ancient high? Why should we be humble today? " They further argued that "all words and expressions are legal" and "the laws of ancient people can be summarized!" (Yuan Hongdao's Preface to the Collection of Xue Taoting) Break through all the barriers that bind creation.
(2) express your spirit, not stick to one pattern.
The so-called "soul" is the writer's personality and true feelings, which is close to Li Zhi's "childlike innocence". They think that "what comes from the soul is true poetry", while "it is almost impossible to be safe in nature, and what you do is called a real person" (Yuan Hongdao's Proverbs, Knowing Zhang You), and then emphasize that unless it comes from your own mind, you won't write it. Therefore, they advocate that "the truth is sincere." If you are not sincere, you can't impress people. You should "say what people say, what people can't say, and what people dare not say" (Lei Siwei's Preface to Little Bitang), where bread contains a resistance to the gentle and honest poetic tradition of Confucianism. They interpret the creative process as "the spirit is in the heart and stays in the environment." The environment is moved and the heart can bear it; If the heart wants to vomit, it will be transported by the wrist ",while" if the heart captures the environment and transports the heart by the wrist, the spirit will be complete "(Jiang Yingke, My Life Sequence). As long as "the wise men in the world have boundless bosom, the more they look for it, the different they are, the poor they change it, and then between ink and ink, everyone has his true face" (Yuan Zhongdao's Preface to the Complete Works of Mr. Zhong Lang), the innovation of literature can be realized.
(3) Emphasize folk novels and advocate popular literature.
Public security schools attach great importance to drawing nutrition from folk literature. Yuan Hongdao once described folk songs such as "Dazaogan" as poems, which made him "broad-minded, broad-minded and magnanimous in his poetry collections". He thought that the poems such as Broken Jade and Jujube Rod sung by women and children at that time were "written by ignorant real people, so there are many true voices" and praised them. This is related to their literary development view and innovative theory, which played a certain role in improving the social status of folk literature and popular literature in that period. The public security school has made great achievements in liberating the style of writing, such as "Sweeping the King" (biography of Yuan Zhonglang, public security county annals), whose travel notes, letters and essays are also very distinctive, or elegant and fresh, or lively and humorous, and become a family of their own. However, in real life, they passively avoid the world and describe trivial things or natural scenery around them, lacking profound social content, and their creative themes are getting narrower and narrower. Its imitators "blurt out, no longer follow the rules", "for slang, for delicacies, for recklessness", and even "crazy fans, vulgar behavior" (Biography of Qian Shi Hua). Later generations' evaluation of the literary thought of the Gong 'an School is fair and has theoretical significance beyond its creative practice.
Edit this paragraph of Liaodong Sanyuan.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there were three Yuan in Liaodong, Yuan Chonghuan, Yuan Yingtai and was later called "Wu Sanyuan". In Wu Sanyuan, except Yuan Keli, who retired gloriously and finally returned home, the other two did not come to a good end. Yuan Chonghuan was executed and Yuan Yingtai was martyred. Yuan Chonghuan couldn't live up to the promise of "Five Years of Peace in Liao Dynasty", so he had to specialize in "peace talks" and kill generals at will, which eventually led to the leader of the Jin people, the tiger and the wolf, and Yuan himself was finally accused of being the first nine aspects of the law. But for Yuan Chonghuan, the most important thing is the Ming History compiled by the most closely defended Jin people in this country's history. Yuan Keli's "General Plan of Controlling Many Things" (Sui Zhou Zhi), its navy divisions in, Liaoning and Liaoning became the effective force to contain the late Jin Dynasty, and the central government assisted Sun Chengzong in fighting and defending, making the number of Jin people dare not move. Yuan Keli objected to Yuan Chonghuan's "making peace": "Yuan Jingliu sent a monk to give it, which humiliated the country" (Huang Daozhou's Biography of Yuan Huan Gong), and also learned a lesson from Yuan Yingtai's failure: "I (Yuan Keli) went to Liaoyang to surrender and fell into the city, and Guangning was defeated by the judge, but I couldn't believe everything I said. I thought about it for a while, so I used it wisely. ("A Record of Xi in Ming Taizu") Yuan Keli's left assistant minister's office was added as the history of the Ministry of War, but he was deeply influenced by scholars such as Gao Panlong in Lindong, and the contradiction with Yan Party was too superficial to stay in his position for a long time. Huang Daozhou said, "I went to Denglai for several years and Denglai was defeated. The public is willing to rule the division, plug the key points, burn and steal food, contact the islands, recover Lushun, and be shipwrecked. ... after more than ten years, North Korea fell. " (Huang Daozhou's Biography of Yuan Huan Gong) Yuan Yingtai became a great leader without talents, and eventually lost 65,438+10,000 yuan in Liaodong and Qiang Bing in the world, and his crime floated in Yang Hao! But Yingtai used her life, and it was not harsh enough. So the first offender is just a reference. Yuan Yingtai's death was fierce and commendable.
Edit this paragraph, Yuan Chonghuan.
Yuan Chonghuan (1June 6, 584-1September 22, 630) was born and raised in Han nationality. Born in the 12th year of Wanli (1584) on April 28th. Born in Dongguan, Guangdong, he was born in Beimen Street, tengxian, Wuzhou, Guangxi. Yuan Chonghuan was born in Dongguan, Guangdong. At the age of fourteen, he moved to tengxian with his father Yuan and his father Yuan Zipeng. Yuan Chonghuan was also an early official who built a temple for Wei Zhongxian, but at the beginning of Chongzhen's accession to the throne, he mistakenly entrusted the border affairs to Chonghuan, and did not delve into it. Great scholar Xie Han and others said, "Shi Yongan, Zhang Fengyi, Yuan Chonghuan. The above six people also built shrines, but they should be reduced together with traitors. "Later, the" Anti-plot "Draft of the Qing Dynasty actually defended Yuan Chonghuan:" Chinese and foreign countries are competing to praise loyalty and virtue, so they have to worship Huan, so please build a shrine. "On this basis, whether historians can laugh at the statement that' eunuchs in ancient and modern times are guilty, and loyal sages are forced to do evil', or why Sun Chengzong and other Lin Dong heroes did not' have to build a shrine'? Even if you disobey the wicked, can you say "If you have to, please build a shrine"? The official compilation of the history of the Ming Dynasty by the Qing government can come up with such a vulgar plan, trying to shape Yuan Chonghuan, where neither the country nor the army can make mistakes, into a perfect person through the ages and discredit the previous dynasty. Its purpose of discrediting the Ming Dynasty is also obvious! Just think about it today, it is small for Yuan Chonghuan to build a shrine, but it is big for Qu Bi to tamper with historical facts. Since the Qing Dynasty's Ming History was completed, the pen that touched China's history has disappeared. In October of the second year of Chongzhen (1629), there was a "self-change", and Huang Taiji led tens of thousands of Qing soldiers to bypass Mongolia and avoid the defense zone of Zhao Lvjiao, a Shanhaiguan general loyal to the Ming Dynasty. 127 October 65438+ broke through Daankou, and was trapped in Zunhua and Santun camps in early June 165438+. Governor Wang Yuanya and company commander Zhu Yanguo committed suicide. The capital was shaken, martial law was imposed, and all military forces were ordered to be diligent. Yuan Chonghuan, the supervisor of Hebei and Liao, had long expected the move of the latter. To this end, Yuan Chonghuan once officially told Emperor Chongzhen, saying, "If you are in harmony with Heaven and other places, you should listen to the governor as a government. I dare not cross the line." (On May 16, 2002, Chongzhen went to the Ministry of War of the Official Department and presented the book titled "Begging for Redundant Officials to Help the Country" by Yuan Chonghuan, the Minister of War). It is clear that the thistle gate is weak and should be heavily guarded. Not only that, Yuan Chonghuan went to play the flute again and said, "Ji Menling is on his back, so the troops don't add it. If you become a guide, you will commit crimes through slavery, and there will be unknowns. "Because the Ningjin defense line is strong and Huang Taiji can't break it, he will take Mongolia as a guide and break through the Great Wall to threaten Beijing." September is an ugly year. If Yuan Chonghuan wants the Qing army to March westward, please close the door in Ningyuan first, and send Xie Shangzheng, a participant, to prepare. Wang Yuanya, governor of Shuntian, said: This is a warning. Send it all back, and the teacher will not bear fruit. "(Record of Chongzhen, Volume II)" Chonghuan echoed: "I will keep Ningyuan and never dare to invade the official circles. It's just that Zunhua's defensive position is weak all the way, so it's appropriate to set up a Yong ying general company there. "So invited wang wei. The Ministry of War was disintegrated by Wang Weixin and refused to give it at once, making it difficult to move. "On October 26th, the second year of Chongzhen (1629), the Eight Banners attacked Longjingguan and Daankou in the east and west respectively. When the Yuji City was "ruined and abandoned by both the army and the people", the late Jin army did not encounter any stubborn resistance and successfully broke through the Great Wall. On the 30th, the enemy arrived in Zunhua City. Zunhua is located in the northeast of Shi Jing, 300 miles away from Shi Jing. 1 1 On the first day of the month, the capital was under martial law. Although according to the division of labor of the imperial court, Yuan Chonghuan was mainly responsible for the defense outside Shanhaiguan, and Liu Ce, governor of Hebei and Liaoning, was responsible for the defense inside Shanhaiguan. Yuan Chonghuan, as Du Fu's poem in Hebei and Liaoning, is duty-bound to defend the whole Hebei and Liaoning region, and the late Jin fighters came from outside Shanhaiguan. First, on129, Yuan Chonghuan went from Ningyuan to Shanhaiguan, passing through Zhonghousuo, and there was news that 8 Jin Army had broken Daankou. Yuan Chonghuan has made the following military defense arrangements: 1. Strictly observe Shanhaiguan Pass. Because Zhao Lvjiao, the company commander of Shanhaiguan, has been transferred to Shanhaiguan, and Zu Dashou, the company commander of Ningyuan, also entered Shanhaiguan with the elite, so Yuan Chonghuan ordered Zhu Mei, the former company commander, and Xu Fu, the company commander, to guard Shanhaiguan in case the latter seized the opportunity to seize the customs. Second, strictly observe the main roads in the capital. Yuan Chonghuan ordered general Yang Chunshou Yongping, guerrilla Shou Qian 'an, army commander Liu Zhenhua Shou Jianchang, general Zou Zongwu Shou and guerrilla Cai Yushou Yutian. Third, strictly observe the Gyeonggi area. In Jizhou, Sanhe, Miyun, Shunyi and other places near the northeast of the capital, strict protection measures were taken to prevent the late Jin from entering Beijing from the northeast road. Yuan Chonghuan ordered Cao, the company commander of Baoding, to stop the enemy in Jizhou, and led an army, with Zu Dashou as the pioneer, to dispatch and coordinate in Jizhou. Life Fu Xuan company commanders Hou Shilu keep three rivers, Baoding company commanders Liu Ce keep Miyun. While making overall arrangements, Yuan Chonghuan intercepted Jin Jun's southward advance, and its measures were as follows: 1. Interception by Zunhua. Because Huang Taiji's army broke through Longjing Pass and Daankou, pointing to Zunhua, an important town in JD.COM, Yuan Chonghuan wanted to stop the army of Houjin here, so he urged Zhao Lvjiao, the company commander of Liao Ping, to lead 4,000 troops to rescue Zunhua. He led the troops to gallop for three days and three nights, traveling 350 miles, and arrived at Santun Camp east of Zunhua. Zhu, the battalion commander of Santun, refused to enter the city, so he had to ride a horse to Zunhua. 1 1 On the fourth day of the month, Zhao Lvjiao led reinforcements to Zunhua City, where he met the Manchu left-wing four banners and Mongolian soldiers under the command of Houjinbei Le Azig, strayed into an ambush, and the arrow fell from his horse, and he died in happeneth, completely annihilated. Zhao Lvjiao's death was a great loss to the Ming army, and Yuan Chonghuan lost his best general and the best opportunity to rescue the capital. On the same day, 8 jin j attack ZunHua city. Later, Kim advised him to surrender for the first time and was rejected. Wang Yuanya, the governor of the Ming Dynasty, held fast to the city and resisted tenaciously. The next day, Zunhua "should be on fire" and Zunhua fell into the city. Governor Wang Yuanya walked into the yamen and hanged himself. The officers and men, the people and the rebels in the city were slaughtered. Then, after 8 jin j attacked Santun camp east of Zunhua, Zhu Laijun, the deputy company commander, fled. Zhu's company commander posted the names of the escaped generals on the street, and then hanged himself with his wife Zhang. On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, the Jin army broke the third battalion. The Ming dynasty lost the opportunity to stop the post-Jin army in Zunhua. Zunhua's fall was reported to the Ming court, which shocked the people and frightened the ruling and opposition parties. When "Jidong County, the wind and cranes are shocked, people have no solid ambition" ("Chongzhen Long Edition")