In our daily study and work life, we often see papers. Thesis is a means to discuss problems and conduct academic research. I believe that writing papers is a headache for many people. The following is the format and requirements of my collected scientific papers, hoping to help everyone.

Format and requirements of scientific papers. prepare

Any complete paper, including scientific papers, should include title, abstract, keywords, paper content and references.

2. Title

The title is a necessary part. The title requires the phrase to be concise and appropriate, which can reflect the specific content of the article. A good title can often arouse the reader's interest. Generally speaking, the title should include the main keywords of the article. The title should not be very long, generally no more than 20 Chinese characters.

3. Summary

Abstract is an indispensable part of the paper. Is an independent paper with its own characteristics. Based on the summary of the paper, it summarizes the full text in simple, easy-to-understand and incisive language, leaves the trunk to the branches and leaves, and extracts the main information of the paper. The paper should reflect the author's viewpoint, the main contents of the paper, the research results and original opinions. A good abstract is easy to index and search, easy to be included in a large database and provide information for others. Therefore, abstract plays a vital role in information exchange. The number of words is generally around 300.

4. Keywords

In order to facilitate readers to find documents from the vast number of books and periodicals, especially to meet the needs of computer automatic retrieval, 3-8 keywords should be given after the abstract. Choose keywords that can reflect the characteristics of the literature and have strong versatility. First of all, it is necessary to choose standardized words, which is a kind of snatch for human-like subject words.

5. Text

The text is the core part of a scientific paper, which mainly answers the question of "how". The text should fully explain the viewpoint, principle, method and the whole process of achieving the expected goal, highlight the word "new" and reflect the originality of scientific papers. According to the need, the paper can be deeply layered, analyzed layer by layer, and set hierarchical titles by layer. The writing of scientific papers does not require gorgeous words, but requires clear thinking, strict logic, concise and accurate language, vivid and smooth; The content should be objective, scientific and complete, and try to speak with facts and data; Where you can make it clear in short words, you should state it in words. If it is not easy to express clearly in words or it is complicated, it should be expressed in tables or figures. Physical quantities and units shall adopt legal units of measurement.

After the end of the text, it is the final summary of the whole article. Conclusion is an important part of scientific papers. Mainly to answer "what" (what). It should be based on the phenomena, data and analysis obtained from the experiment or investigation in this paper, so as to point out completely, accurately and concisely: first, the principle and universality revealed by the results obtained by the research object from the investigation or experiment; Second, whether there are any abnormalities found in the study or problems that are difficult to explain and solve in this paper; 3. Similarities and differences with previously published research work (including others or the author himself); Fourthly, the theoretical and practical significance and value of this paper; Fifth, suggestions for further research on this topic.

Step 6 refer to

It reflects the scientific basis of the manuscript and the author's respect for other people's research results, and provides readers with the sources of relevant materials cited in the paper, or provides detailed words of relevant contents mentioned in the paper but not developed in order to save space and facilitate narration. References contained in the paper should be limited to those publications read by the author himself and cited in the paper, or other relevant files, including patents and other documents.

Special tips

Problems needing attention in writing scientific papers

1. For those who write a scientific paper for the first time, the topic of the paper should not be too big, the length should not be too long, the issues involved should not be too wide, and the issues discussed should not be too deep. We should put forward some new ideas on the basis of predecessors' knowledge as much as possible.

2. The second step, the topic of the paper can be bigger and deeper. The topic of the paper can focus on a certain point, such as an important side of an important issue or the focus of a current issue, which solves this point and is of great significance to promoting the overall situation.

3. Have original opinions on the basic problems and important difficult problems of this major, which will promote the improvement of the academic level of this major.

4. Having profound and extensive knowledge in related fields of a subject, and being able to use this knowledge to provide creative insights for a subject, has an important role in promoting the development of the subject, or has an important breakthrough in improving the level of the subject.

5. Note that it is not necessary to pursue a comprehensive discussion to write a big problem. The topic you write can be small but important. Actually, there are many topics. Choosing topics that you are familiar with and engaged in and are beneficial to your future work can not only sum up the gains and losses of your work, but also promote the development of your work.

The writing format and requirements of "keywords" in scientific papers

Keywords are words, phrases or terms extracted from papers to meet the needs of document indexing or retrieval, which represent the information items of the full text theme. Generally, 3 ~ 8 keywords will be listed. Key words are the literature retrieval marks of scientific papers, and they are natural language vocabulary to express the concept of literature theme. The key words of scientific papers are selected from the title, hierarchical title and text of the paper, which can reflect the theme of the paper.

Keywords are put forward to meet the needs of computer retrieval, and the position is after the abstract. As early as 1963, American Chemical Abstracts rolled up from page 58, and began to use computers to compile keyword indexes, which provided a quick way to retrieve literature topics. Today, with the rapid development of scientific and technological information, hundreds of thousands of scientific and technological papers are published every day all over the world, and academic circles have long agreed to use subject concept words to retrieve the latest published papers. If the author's published papers are not marked with keywords or descriptors, such articles will not be included in the literature database, and readers will not be able to retrieve them. Whether the keywords are properly selected is related to the retrieval of this article and the utilization rate of this achievement.

1, keyword classification

Keywords include narrative words and free words.

1) Description-refers to the standardized words or phrases that can be used to index the theme concepts of documents in China Thesaurus, MeSH and other vocabularies.

2) Free words-new nouns and terms that reflect new technologies and disciplines in the theme of this paper are not included in the thesaurus or words that cannot be found in the thesaurus.

2. Keyword index

In order to meet the needs of computer automatic retrieval, GB/T 3 179-92 stipulates that all modern sci-tech journals should give 3 ~ 8 keywords (or descriptions) after the abstracts of academic papers. Keyword indexing should be selected according to the principles and methods of GB/T 3860- 1995 "Indexing Rules for Document Description" and referring to various thesaurus and reference books. Important terms in new disciplines and technologies that are not included in the glossary, as well as the names and places of articles can also be marked as keywords (free words). The so-called indexing refers to the process of subject analysis of documents and some features of retrieval significance, such as research objects, processing methods, experimental equipment, etc., and the identification of subject retrieval is given by using thesaurus. Document theme analysis is to find out the basic elements that constitute the document theme from the complex documents, so as to accurately index the required descriptors. Index is the premise of retrieval. Without the correct index, there is no correct retrieval. Scientific papers should index keywords according to the indexing method of descriptors, and standardize free words as descriptors as much as possible.

3. Keyword indexing steps

Firstly, the theme of the literature is analyzed to find out the theme concept and central content of this paper; Try to extract words and phrases consistent with the theme concept from the title, abstract, hierarchical title and important paragraphs of the text; Sort the selected words to find out which words can be directly used as descriptors, which words can be transformed into descriptors through standardization, and which descriptors can be combined into phrases that refer to the theme concept. There are still quite a few words that can't be standardized as descriptive words. As long as they are necessary to express the theme concept, they can be indexed as free words and included in keywords. Papers with English abstracts should record English keywords corresponding to Chinese keywords under the English abstracts.

Format and requirements of scientific papers Article 2 A scientific paper generally includes eight parts: title, author, abstract, keywords, introduction, text, conclusion and references.

I. Title

Title, also known as title and title, is the center and general outline of scientific papers, which should be accurate, appropriate, concise and eye-catching, standardized and easy to retrieve, and can reflect the most important content in the paper. Chinese titles generally do not exceed 20 words, and subheadings can be added if necessary. Titles should avoid using abbreviations, symbols and codes that are not widely known and commonly used, and try not to appear mathematical formulas and chemical formulas.

Two. Author's signature

The author's signature is a sign of self-responsibility and copyright of the paper, which is convenient for readers to contact the author. The signature includes the work unit and contact information, and the work unit should write the full name, including the city name and postal code.

Three. abstract

It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments and annotations, and it is a high summary of the content of the article. Usually the number of words is between 200 and 400. The main contents include: the content, purpose and importance of the research work; Research methods and results used; Research conclusions and significance, as well as the author's new views. It should be independent and self-evident, and it should be a complete paper. Generally, there is no need for segmentation, charts and symbols, and terms that are not widely known and commonly used. The serial numbers of charts, tables, formulas and references are not allowed to be quoted. The English abstract is roughly the same as the Chinese abstract.

Fourth, key words

Keywords are words, phrases or terms selected from papers to meet the needs of document indexing or retrieval, which can reflect the theme of the papers. Generally, each piece of paper is marked with 3 to 8 words. Try to use standardized words, such as important terms in science and technology, place names, people, documents, products, important data names, etc.

Introduction of verbs (abbreviation of verb)

Introduction, also known as preface, introduction, preface and introduction, is the preface of a paper and written before the text. The main contents of the introduction include the main purpose and scope of the research work, that is, why to write this paper and what problems to solve; Research status at home and abroad; The theoretical basis, technical route, experimental methods and means of the research, and the reasons for choosing specific research methods; Expected research results and their significance. The introduction should be concise, prominent and concise. The introduction should not be the same as the abstract, nor should it be written as a note of the abstract. Usually, the introduction can be marked without serial number or "0".

Intransitive verb text

The text is the main body of a scientific paper, that is, the part after the introduction and before the conclusion, which is the core content of the paper. The text can be divided into different levels and paragraphs with semicolons and subheadings according to the research content.

1, classification title

Hierarchical headings are subheadings at different levels in the text of a paper. Subtitles should be short and clear, the content should be appropriate (comprehensive), and the titles at the same level should be as "parallel" as possible, that is, words (or phrases) are of the same type (or similar), semantically related and in the same tone. The titles at all levels are numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals, and the numbers at different levels are separated by dots. Do not add a dot after the last digit, and add a space, such as "1", "1. 1" and "2. 1. 1".

2. Numbers

Drawing should be clear at a glance, not repeated with tables and words in the text, but carefully drawn, with moderate size, even lines, clear priorities and standardized graphic elements. The characters and symbols in the drawing should be planted with characters, ranging in size from No.6 to No.5, with complete symbols of coordinates and marking units, and the terms, symbols and units in the drawing should be consistent with those in the text. Drawings shall be numbered in sequence and have concise titles. Numbers and titles are placed at the bottom and center of the drawing, and the font size is usually one size smaller than the text. Figures should have a source in the text, generally arranged with the text, but should be placed behind the text, that is, see the text first, then see the figure.

3. Form

The contents of the table should be self-evident and should not be repeated with the numbers and words in the text. The form should be carefully designed, and the marks in the project column should be complete and detailed, and no omission can be made. If all columns have the same units, you can mark the units in the upper right corner of the table. Terms, symbols and units used in the table should be consistent with those used in the text. Tables should be numbered in the order in which they appear in the text and have concise table titles. Table serial number and table title are placed at the top and center, and the font size is usually one size smaller than the text. Tables should have a source in the text, generally arranged with the text, but should be placed behind the text, that is, look at the text first, then look at the table.

4. Mathematical formula

Mathematical formulas include formulas and independent formulas. The formulas in this paper are arranged together with the text, and do not need to occupy a single line. Important or necessary formulas should be in a single line, independent formulas, numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals, with serial numbers placed on the right and enclosed in brackets. If a formula needs to wrap, that is, when it is represented by two or more lines, it should wrap after the operation symbols (=,+,-,×,). ).

5. Quantity and unit

Variables and constants are represented by letters, whether English letters, Latin letters or Greek letters are italicized. If necessary, angle marks can be attached to the symbols of quantities to distinguish them. When expressing the numerical value of quantity, its unit symbols are all international symbols, and the positive body is used.

6. Numbers

The use of numbering shall comply with the national standard "Provisions on the Use of Numbering in Publications" GB/T 15835- 1995.

Physical quantities with statistical and comparative significance, such as numerical integers, decimals, percentages, fractions, etc. , all use Arabic numerals, as well as century, year, month, day and time, such as: 1990s, June 2065438+June 2006, 9: 20: 45, etc. For large numbers, this paper can use two prefixes of "10,000" and "100 million", and for physical quantities, scientific counting methods can be used.

In the case of using Chinese characters to represent numbers, the approximate number and the approximate number, such as more than ten years, one in hundreds of thousands, three or four hours, seventy or eighty kinds, three or five days, and the approximate number expressed by "many", "surplus" and "about", such as more than a dozen times. There should be no pause, such as four or five meters and 17800 yuan. The two numbers representing the coordinate relationship are not approximate numbers, and a pause should be added in the middle, such as the first prize and the second prize. Quarter and week, the same words, such as "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan".

7. Foreign letters

Generally speaking, foreign letters include English letters, Latin letters and Greek letters, which are divided into languages, uppercase and lowercase letters and italics.

Generally, it is the unit and prefix of physical quantity (such as kg, m, cm, mm, Pa, l, etc. ), standard mathematical functions (such as sin, cos, arcsin, arccos, lg, ln, exp, max, etc. ), common mathematical constant symbols (such as e, π, etc. ), and operation symbols (such as δ, σ, ∏) and physical quantities (such as V, A, I, V, W, T, etc. ), variables, vectors and matrices in mathematics (such as x, y, z, a, b, etc.). ) and coordinate system symbols (such as o, x, y, z) are italicized.

8, punctuation marks

The use of punctuation marks in this paper follows the national standard "Usage of Punctuation Marks" GB/T 15834- 1995. Punctuation marks in the text should be used correctly, avoid misuse and mixing, and distinguish between Chinese and English punctuation marks. Commas can be used where pauses, semicolons and colons are inappropriate. There can be no comma and semicolon in the pause, no period in the semicolon and no colon after the colon.

Seven. conclusion

Scientific papers usually have conclusions at the back of the text. The conclusion is the logical expansion of the results of experiment, observation, calculation and theoretical analysis, and the general argument of the whole paper. It is a new understanding of the nature and law of things obtained through the logical analysis process of judging, reasoning and summarizing the data results of experiment, observation and calculation, and further obtains new ideas, new viewpoints and new problems.

Eight. refer to

In scientific and technological papers, all references to opinions, data and materials published by predecessors (including the author himself) should be marked where the papers appear, and a list of references should be listed at the end of the papers. The types of references (i.e. citations) are identified by a single letter as follows: M- monograph, C- anthology, N- newspaper article, J- journal article, D- dissertation, R- report, S- standard, P- patent; Other document types are identified by the letter "z".

The format of the main references is as follows (in which spaces and punctuation marks are copied):

Serial publications: author, title, title [J], year, volume (issue): starting page number-ending page number.

Monograph (or translation): author. Title [M]. Translation. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.

Prose collection: author. Title [A]. Edit. Collection name [C]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.

Thesis: author. Title [D] City: storage unit, year.

Patent documents: the applicant. Patent name [P]. Country name and patent number, release date.

Technical standard: technical standard code. Name of technical standard.

Technical report: author. Title [R]. Report code and number, place name: responsible unit, year.

Format and Requirements of Sci-tech Papers 1982 (GB3 179-82, 1982-09-0 1 for Trial Implementation), Part 3, Arrangement Rules of Sci-tech Academic Journals. This will show that China's sci-tech periodicals are gradually moving towards unity. At present, all kinds of sci-tech periodicals have been basically arranged according to the law, which will conform to the objective reality and the law of human cognitive process. It has the characteristics of simplicity and will be used by people in long-term practice. But for each article, we should make appropriate choices according to the actual needs of the content and the requirements of various journals.

1, title

The title of the paper is collectively called the title of the paper. The title of a paper first appears in front of readers, which is the outline of the paper and the first impression to readers. We must think it over and over again, mainly grasping: ① express the theme of the article clearly, concisely and accurately; ② The cutting is long and complicated, generally no more than 20 words; ③ It is convenient for card retrieval, classification and extraction. The title of the article should be as short as possible. For some articles with long titles, subheadings can be used to limit them.

2, the author

The author must be a person who has participated in all or the main work of the research work and participated in the writing of the paper. People who give support and help to research work or writing should not be listed in the author column, but can be explained in the thank-you column. Alumni's papers must also indicate the place of work. Don't list people who take care of relationships, relatives and friends as authors. Generally, there are no more than three authors in this periodical.

3. Summary

The full text is concise and focused, which is convenient for readers to grasp the outline of the full text quickly. It should be written as an independent essay, which mainly introduces the purpose, methods and results of the research, and the text is limited to 200~300 words.

4. Keywords

Keywords, also known as subject words, are used for storage and retrieval. Keywords refer to some words or phrases that are most relevant to the theme of the article. They sometimes appear in the title, but most of them appear in the abstract and body. The selection of keywords can be based on China Thesaurus. A paper can choose 3~8 words or phrases as keywords, and more words will affect the theme and retrieval effect of the article.

5. Abstract keywords of authors of foreign book titles

Like Chinese abstracts, foreign abstracts are translated into Chinese abstracts. However, some foreign abstracts are more concise or detailed than Chinese, including foreign titles, authors (pinyin) and keywords.

Note: All papers accepted by journals must be in duplicate, one with full text attached and the other submitted separately.

6. Preface

Preface is also called preface, and sometimes the words "preface" or "introduction" are not written. The preface mainly introduces the background materials of this research, including the scientific and production knowledge closely related to this research work, as well as the historical situation of previous studies, and then explains the purpose, scope and task of my research topic. The preface should be short and pithy, avoiding repetition with the main text, and it can't replace summary or conclusion. We should closely focus on the theme studied in this paper, seek truth from facts, not write too long, and all empty talk and nonsense should be banned.

7. Text

(1) method, also known as materials and methods, mainly refers to the objects observed in the experiment, the materials and instruments used and the methods adopted. When writing, you should generally describe the experimental steps, so that readers can repeat your experiments according to the steps you describe. When introducing materials and methods, we must be specific and concise. The general method need not be introduced. Use other people's methods and list them in the references, but if necessary, you can also bring a few words when introducing them. Never introduce them in detail.

(2) Results The results refer to the information and data obtained from the experiment. In writing, the main information and data obtained should be expressed in words, tables and illustrations. In a certain logical order, we should also explain the problems in the experiment and be loyal to the facts. When copying, pay special attention to formulas and numbers.

(3) Discussion is often combined with results, which is the core content of the paper and the most difficult part to write. Discussion is to analyze the experimental results, such as what has been verified by the experiment? What was developed? What does this mean? Compared with previous research results, this paper focuses on the main principles and concepts, analyzes the new findings of the experiment, and gives causal explanations or arguments, which embodies the creativity and theoretical arguments of the paper. When discussing, we must be cautious and seek truth from facts. We must never take the experimental results to the extreme, let alone cover up our own shortcomings. If you are arguing for a paper, you should have a correct attitude and never use things clearly.

(4) The conclusion is to describe the results obtained through experiments, analysis and comparison. When describing the conclusion, it is necessary to explain the scope of application of the theory, its new contribution to the discipline, what improvements have been made compared with the past, and what research needs to be done in the future. Don't exaggerate too many conclusions in the case of insufficient data, and don't give up the arguments that should be adhered to easily. The conclusion is the conclusion of the whole paper, which should be carefully worded, logically rigorous and succinct. Pay special attention to the relationship between the conclusion and the preface, and don't repeat anything in the preface.

8. thank you

Thank you for being sincere, seeking truth from facts, and thanking people who are really helpful to research, including those who write papers. The content of thanks can be expanded in appropriate language and placed in the caption, which is below the first page of the paper.

9. Reference

Reference is an indispensable part of the paper, which reflects the seriousness of writing the paper and respects others. References are arranged in the order in which they appear in the paper, and the number in the upper right corner is used at the source of the paper, and [] is added to indicate the order in which they appear. Reference Wen Qin must be written in accordance with national unity.

Knowledge Expansion: Writing of Scientific Papers —— Keywords

Keywords are an indispensable part of academic papers. In today's information and data-based papers, this is of great significance. When we use any document retrieval system, one of the retrieval conditions must be keywords. In the face of massive information, keywords are the basic means to retrieve papers. The formulation of keywords will affect the retrieval rate of your paper to a certain extent, the dissemination of the paper will inevitably be affected, and the communication between peers will also be reduced.

How to refine keywords?

First of all, we need to clarify the meaning of keywords. Keywords are words used to reflect the core theme of article research. When we usually deal with the author's manuscript, we often see the author using "experiment, simulation, technology, measurement, mechanical processing, automobile, dynamic analysis" as key words. These words are too general and lose the meaning of keywords, which is basically meaningless for retrieval.

The general selection method of keywords is: after the author finishes writing the paper, he selects from its title, hierarchical title and text (high frequency and key words). The logical combination of keywords should be able to represent the theme of the paper and help readers understand the theme of the paper clearly. There are 3-5 keywords in general academic papers.

Readers and authors should also note that keywords are usually nouns or noun phrases. It has clear academic significance. A single verb or adjective is not suitable as a keyword.

Keyword selection reference suggestion

In order to establish a unified national online information retrieval network, nearly 10,000 people from China Information Institute, Beijing Library, Information Institute of Science, Technology and Industry Committee for National Defense and Electronic Science and Technology Information Institute participated in the research and editing of China Thesaurus, which was officially published by Science and Technology Literature Publishing House on 1 in 1980. The form is divided into social science, natural science, attached table 3 volumes, *** 10 volume, and * * * contains 108568 subject words. You can refer to this achievement when writing keywords.

Of course, due to the development of the times, the subject words are constantly changing. We can pay more attention to some high-level journals or cutting-edge scholars and pay attention to the key words in their articles to guide our writing.

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