1. When the author's name appears naturally in the sentence, give the author's surname and publication year, and put the publication year in brackets. For example, in a recent study, Harvey (1993) thought that ...

2. When the author's first name does not naturally appear in the sentence, the surname and the year of publication are put in brackets. For example, a recent study (Harvey, 1993) shows that,

3. The cited author has published more than two books or two papers in the same year, which are distinguished by lowercase letters A, B and C and placed after the year, such as the topic discussed by Johnson (1989a).

If there are two authors in the cited works, their surnames should be given at the same time, as suggested by Matthews and Jones (1992).

5. If there are more than three authors, just give the surname of the first author, and then write down et al. such as Wilson et al. (1993) in italics.

6. If you directly quote other authors in the text (that is, copy the original words) and the quotation does not exceed two lines, insert the text directly and separate the text with quotation marks. In addition, English manuscripts can use single quotation marks or double quotation marks as long as the whole text is consistent. Finally, remember to give the author's surname, publication year and page number in appropriate places, such as Aitchison (198 1), and point out that language changes, which are not caused by "untimely carelessness, laziness or negligence" (P 16).

When the words quoted directly are more than three lines (some more accurately stipulate that the quotation is more than 30 lines), the quotation must be separated from the text and start a new line, which requires the left side to indent, reduce the font size or change the font, without quotation marks, but remember to put the page number in brackets at the end of the quotation. For example:

Paine et al. (1983) added that a good compliment follows the "if-then" rule:

The "if-then rule" points out that if a student is doing what you want.

Encouragement-What do you want to see students do or are doing again?

More often in the future (if you are sure it is a student)

Doing)-Then (and only then) you should praise the students for it (page 46). [3]

Second, the annotation writing standard at the end of the article

1. All the bibliographies are arranged in alphabetical order by author's name. When an author has more than one book, the order is arranged by year. When an author has published more than one book or paper in a year, lowercase letters A, B and C are added after the year to show the difference. The advantages of this arrangement are: there is only one alphabetical bibliography, which is convenient for readers to consult; Footnotes are not required for the whole document; Easy to modify, even if you want to delete or add comments at the last minute, you can add or delete them at any time without reordering; No matter how many times any annotation is quoted in the text, each annotation will only appear once in the bibliography.

2. Bibliographic information should be obtained from the title page instead of the cover.

3. The notes of each reference should contain certain contents or elements and be arranged in a certain order.

(1) Annotate content elements and order of works:

Author's surname and first name in capital letters, (year of publication), book title, place of publication: publishing house.

For example, White, R. (1988). Advertising: what is advertising and how to do it. Second edition. London: McGraw will.

5 1 hint: English names are generally written in the order of first name and last name. For example, Mark Valerie, this is just the opposite of Chinese. When the surname appears before the first name, it will be followed by a comma. In other words, as long as it is followed by a comma, it means that the surname comes before the comma, not the first name, for example, Wolery, M.

(2) Elements and order when there are multiple authors in the same work:

Capitalize the author's last name and first name, (year of publication), chapter title, In: capitalized editor's first name, last name, ed. Or eds. The title of the book, reprinted works indicate the edition number, series indicate the volume number, publishing place: publishing house, publishing year, paper page number.

Such as Wright P. (1986). Reaction to advertising content and judgment on advertising influence. In: J. Olson,&; Edited by K. Sentis Advertising and consumer psychology. Vol.3 new york: Praeger, 1986, 108- 1 17.

(3) The elements and order of annotation of academic journals and journal references:

Author's surname and first name in capital letters, (year of publication or distribution), title of paper, name of publication, total volume (current issue number), page number.

For example, Greco, A.J., & Swayne, L.D. (1992). Old customers' sales reaction to point-of-purchase advertisements. Journal of Advertising Research, 32 (5), 43-63.

Note: When there are more than one author, a comma should be used between the author and the author, and the first letter of the name should be capitalized with a period.

(4) Annotation elements and sequence of academic meeting minutes:

Author's surname, initials, (year), title of the paper, in: initials of editor-in-chief of conference proceedings, surname, ed. Or eds. Name of the meeting, meeting place, time, publishing place, publisher and page number of the paper.

Note: If it is not a conference collection, but a conference exchange paper, you don't need to write the editor's name and the collection name, just give the conference name, specific time and place.

Such as silver, K. (1989). E-mail: a new way of communication. See: 9th International Online Information Conference, edited by D.I. Raitt, London,1February 3-5, 1988. Oxford: Learning Information, 323-330.

5] Description of referees of corporate bodies (such as government departments or other institutions):

Name of document issuing organization, (year), document name, issuing place: publisher, report or document number.

For example, the Independent Television Commission. (199 1).ITC advertising standards and codes of conduct. London: International Trade Center.

[6] Notes on quoting online information or electronic publications:

Nowadays, more and more information carriers are electronic publications or the Internet, especially the information on the Internet is always the fastest and latest, and some are fleeting. Some are constantly updated, that is, constantly changing information; Some are only published online, and there is no printed version; Some of them don't have exact dates, so it's difficult to tell when they were created, which brings us a problem: we can't confirm the old and new documents. Therefore, sometimes it is inevitable that fish are real eyes. In this case, when quoting, we should first do some work to identify the authenticity, and then give detailed retrieval information, website address and download time truthfully. Its specifications are as follows:

Author's surname, initials, (date), title, [online], (edited, edition), publishing place: publishing house, website name: [download time].

For example, the Netherlands, M. (1996). Harvard system [online]. Bournemouth University at Poole. Available from the following locations:

Note: If you don't have time to publish online, you don't need to indicate it, but you must give the download time anyway.

Three. * * * Code of conduct to be observed

The annotation standard of references is a code of conduct that academic researchers should abide by. At present, the labeling standards of various languages in the world are not uniform. There are Harvard system, British standard BS 5605, APA (American Psychological Association), MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association), MLA (Modern Language Association) and so on. No matter what kind of comments we use, it is important to be consistent in the document. Even in the Harvard system, there are some changes in the use, such as the publication date after the initials of the author's surname and first name in the bibliography, some with brackets, some without; For the titles of papers included in journals and papers, some use single quotation marks and some use double quotation marks; When a book has multiple authors, some give the surnames of at most two authors, and some give the surnames of at most three authors. In addition, some academic journals also have their own annotation norms, so when we want to contribute, we need to pay special attention to the specific requirements of this particular journal. However, in any case, the most basic thing is that there must be annotations, otherwise, this is not just a question of academic norms, but an issue of academic ethics.