Argument: Poverty is also a fortune.
Example 1: "Talented people have been born in poverty since ancient times". Sima Guang was born in poverty; Fan Zhongyan lost his father at the age of two and remarried with his mother. No matter how thick the porridge is, it is hard for him to drink when he was young. Song Lian, a scholar of Longtu University in Ming Dynasty, was as poor as a church mouse. Van Gogh, a Dutch painter, was once poor and often relied on his brother's help in his life. Gorky, the great Soviet writer, was once a waif. Madame Curie just turned ten and went out to work ... It can be seen that poverty is also a fortune.
Advantages: clear views and rich arguments. Disadvantages: the mode of "viewpoint+argument"
Disadvantages: Arguments and arguments are separated from each other, and there is no necessary bridge between them. Argument is argument, argument is argument; Argumentation has lost its proper function, and it is isolated and helpless, so it has lost its foothold. This "unreasonable" argumentative essay is not convincing enough; No matter how full the argument is, it is just a pile of fragmentary materials.
College entrance examination experience: Looking at the argumentative essays of college entrance examination in recent years, most articles with high scores are good at reasoning. Rational analysis of the article can increase the depth of the argument and show the author's careful thinking. "Reasoning" is an indispensable part of argumentative writing. By reasoning, we can make the argument clear, what we advocate and what we oppose, and give people a clear understanding. Through the analysis of arguments, we can reveal the truth contained in them, explain their connection with arguments, and make arguments and arguments form an organic whole. Bottom line: Arguments are commanders, arguments are soldiers, and arguments should serve arguments.
(Example 1) ... These are extraordinary people who were poor when they were young and later became talented scholars. Poor door is the soil where they take root, that is, this barren soil allows them to develop and mature, shape themselves and improve themselves, and finally become towering trees and bloom brilliantly. From this perspective, poverty is not terrible. What is terrible is the loss of confidence and fighting spirit to get rid of poverty. If you are poor, you must work hard. Poverty encourages people to make progress. Isn't this rich?
The success of literature and art needs to be practical. Li He's poems won him a high reputation in Shi Gui. Cao Xueqin mourned Hongxuan and reviewed the wonderful books that have made great achievements in the past ten years. The solid foundation of the seal of Qi Baishi's old man was honed day and night. Behind Mona Lisa's mysterious smile is actually the hard work of Leonardo da Vinci in painting eggs when he was young. ("Talking about Practicality")
The success of literature and art needs to be practical. Although art is the expression of emotion and the release of passion. But a solid foundation determines the effect of expression. Li He's poems won him a high reputation in Shi Gui. Cao Xueqin mourned Hongxuan and reviewed the wonderful books that have made great achievements in the past ten years. The solid foundation of the seal of Qi Baishi's old man was honed day and night. Behind Mona Lisa's mysterious smile is actually the hard work of Leonardo da Vinci in painting eggs when he was young. Generally, people with high artistic attainments, their superb expressive power comes from their solid foundation. Therefore, it can be said that the exquisite ornamentation of the art palace is carved with practicality.
Can't live without you —— Analysis and demonstration
The analysis of famous articles is also called argument-argumentation and proof. Whether argumentative papers are proved or not, it is difficult to reveal the memory connection between materials and opinions, and it is also difficult to show the truth contained in materials.
You can't talk about abstract truth in analysis and discussion. You must put the facts out before you make sense, that is, prove your point with materials. In order for materials to fully prove viewpoints, it is necessary to prove to people the internal relationship between materials and viewpoints through analysis.
In layman's terms, the process of proving to others is analysis and argumentation.
Common fault-don't understand or can't analyze and demonstrate
Viewpoint: We should be frugal;
For example, Zhang San is thrifty, Li Si is thrifty and Wang Wu is thrifty ... so we should be thrifty.
"Why?" So "we want"? If this point is not clearly expounded, that is, there is no analysis and demonstration, such an article is hard to convince.
To put it another way: analysis and argumentation is to turn simple examples into reasoning with examples.
There are 10 methods to analyze: 1, "causality analysis" 2, "hypothesis analysis" 3 and "meaning analysis".
4. "argument expansion method" 5. "Explanation after Example" 6. "Positive and negative contrast method" 7. "comparative analysis method"
8. Piwen Sketch Method 9. Point-to-surface Analysis Method 10. Dialectical Analysis Method
One of the methods of expanding analysis-1,"causal analysis";
Example 1: Suffering can experience life. Beethoven was deaf in both ears, but he was able to create immortal symphonies under such hardships, which shocked people; Sima Qian suffered from corruption, but he was able to write Historical Records in such humiliation, and history was full; Li Ning, a generation of Prince of gymnastics, suddenly withdrew from sports after crying in Seoul, but it opened up a new world, making the "Li Ning brand" series of sporting goods popular in the sporting goods market in China. Suffering can make people break through the darkness and shine.
Analysis: This narrative passage adopts the total score structure. Three examples of Beethoven, Sima Qian and Li Ning are cited to prove the argument. The problem lies in the lack of analytical language between examples and arguments. So, how to start the discussion? After reading the article, we found that "the result of three characters' suffering" has been told to us, but the reason has not been mentioned at all. Therefore, we can add analytical words of "exploring the reasons" to better connect the case with the conclusion and achieve the purpose of "narrative" serving "discussion".
"Causal analysis": it is an analytical method that grasps the facts stated in the argument and infers the reasons accordingly.
Revision: Sometimes hardships can just experience life and glow. Beethoven was deaf in both ears, but he was able to create immortal symphonies under such hardships, which shocked people. It is precisely because he did not yield to the pressure of fate and stubbornly resisted bad luck that he wrote the song of human mind. Sima Qian suffered from corruption, but he was able to write historical records in such a shame, and history overflowed. It is because he has a firm belief, an iron will, and persists in his ambition in slander and ridicule that he can break through and become a "Shi Sheng"; Li Ning, a generation of gymnastic prince, started his own career in another world after tearfully retiring from sports in Seoul, which made Li Ning brand sporting goods popular in the sporting goods market in China. That's because he knows how to bear failure and is not intimidated by it, so that he can open up a new path in failure. Suffering is both a curse and a blessing For a strong-willed person, it is just a rain curtain on the road of life. As long as you walk bravely, there is another blue sky ahead. [Method: State the reasons directly]
Without rules, there would be no Fiona Fang. Throughout the ages, without exception. Emperor Taizong treated the people like children and bowed to his knees because _ _. Yue Wumu commander in chief "YueGuJun", the nomads from the war, frequently successful, that's because _ _. Comrade Mao Zedong led the Red Army of Workers and Peasants and defeated the Japanese invaders in the protracted war because _ _. In the past, all the people and collectives who made achievements were not strict in law and were bound by written laws and regulations. Because they know that the inertia under absolute freedom will expand rapidly, and only under proper control can people exert their potential and do something useful.
He knows Bai Si's position like the back of his hand, and he has a plan to rule the country and level the world, so the people live and work in peace and contentment.
(2) His military discipline is strict, and his rewards and punishments are clear. The Jin people are ashamed and sigh: "It is easy to shake the mountains, but it is difficult to shake the Yue family army."
(3) The "Three Disciplines and Eight Doctrines" were formulated, strictly implemented, and all forces that could be United were United, so the Japanese and puppet troops had to surrender.
Argument: Break through the pressure of "burying" with struggle.
Throughout the ages, in various countries, many people who have made great achievements have suffered the fate of being buried. Einstein was once buried in the patent office, playing the role of an ordinary clerk. But he never gave up, seized every opportunity to learn and finally opened a new world of physics. Hua once "buried" in a small shop, but he didn't feel depressed. After doing his business well every day, he seized every minute, stayed up all night, studied hard and devoted himself to mathematics, and finally became a famous mathematician.
Why didn't they "suffocate" because of "burying" and make achievements? Because they are unwilling to endure the fate of being "buried"; No matter how unfavorable the situation is, they never lose their courage and strength to go up; They firmly believe that a swift horse that never loses its ambition will eventually take off. Therefore, in the case of "burying", they did not complain about others, but worked hard and finally broke through "burying" and stood out. [Method: Ask yourself and answer yourself]
You know yourself. Zou Ji's wives and guests are selfish and unanimously affirm that Zou Ji is more beautiful than the beautiful Xugong in the north of the city, but Zou Ji is not confused by the illusion.
Why can Zou Ji discover the essence of the problem through the compliments of his wives and guests? Because he always keeps a clear head and knows himself.
Argument: Believe in yourself and be the master of your own destiny.
At the end of the Han Dynasty, heroes were everywhere. Cao Cao, who lives in the northern central plains, is eyeing up. He wrote a letter to Sun Quan, saying, "The generals will hunt in Wu." Wu in one's hand suddenly fell into a state of panic. Some people fight the main battle, others surrender, and they can't agree. Wu Zhu Sun Quan fought the main battle, and Zhang Zhao and others tried their best to persuade Cao. In the end, where to go? At the critical moment, Sun Zhongmou drew his sword and said categorically: "Loneliness has been decided, and people who give up will do so!" So with the glory of Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Jun "lost its wall" and lost its beauty.
Why does Wu Can occupy one of the three pillars in the crowd and achieve hegemony? Sun Quan's belief in himself is self-evident! Believe in yourself at the critical moment and give yourself an answer of "I have made up my mind".
[Methods: Hypothetical causality method]
Tell the causal relationship between things in hypothetical language and make people obey you.
In order to invent a new drug, Ollie insisted on the experiment, but failed. He tried 606 times before he succeeded and made a new drug named after the number of experiments. From this perspective, persistence in the end is victory.
The advent of new drugs is the result of persistence. If Olesi only experimented once and gave up after failing, of course, no new drugs would come out. That is, he experimented for 605 times, and after failing, he stopped insisting. There is no way to make a new drug. It was because he persisted in the end that he won the final victory. So it can be said that sticking to the end is victory.
Commentary: Make a hypothetical analysis, that is, if your example is positive, then you should make a hypothetical analysis from the opposite side; The example you gave is a negative example, so you should make assumptions from the front. Because it is hypothetical, it is called hypothetical causality.
One of the methods of expanding analysis -2. Hypothetical analysis;
"Six Kingdoms": In order to make the three countries get their places, Qi people can't be attached to Qin, assassins can't, and good generals are still there, so the number of victories and defeats and the principle of survival are not easy to measure compared with Qin.
Hypothetical analysis: use hypothetical reasoning to analyze the listed arguments to prove your point of view, and make the cases and analysis examples set off positively and negatively, which is very convincing.
Note: If the given example is positive, then hypothetical analysis should be made from the opposite side; If the given example is negative, then we should assume that the analysis is positive.
What makes Wei Zhi awe-inspiring? What makes Wei Zhi fearless in front of the son of heaven? It's responsibility! "Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world." Wei Zhi knew that as a courtier, he had to shoulder the responsibility of thinking about the whole world and country. So he added a mirror of life to the world with his courage and unyielding. In this mirror, the persistence of Wei Zhi's advice, the source of prosperity in the Tang Dynasty and the significance of responsibility are reflected. What made Cong Fei give up his wealth and donate money to others? What made Cong Fei worry about poor children at the last moment of his life? It's responsibility! Looking into the children's eyes full of expectation and longing, Cong Fei realized that it was his lifelong responsibility to help them. So he ran around and donated all the money from the concert to poor children. His spirit of responsibility shows everyone the great personality behind a singer. Responsibility, let their image shine and shine infinitely. Responsibility, let their names stay in history forever, let people see that their personality is great and noble.
Example 4: "There are no identical eggs in the world. If you draw one and then another, the shape will be different. Even if you look at the same egg from different angles, its shape is very different. Only by practicing the basic skills of drawing eggs can we draw better pictures. " Teacher Da Vinci's earnest teaching tells a truth: basic skills training is very important. Leonardo da Vinci became an outstanding painter in the European Renaissance because he cultivated a solid painting foundation from the teacher's stage.
Analysis: This passage states the result of Da Vinci's struggle and briefly analyzes the reasons. It should be said that there are both "narration" and "discussion". But the reasoning is, can we go deeper and more thoroughly?
Imagine that he doesn't have a solid basic painting skills, he can't observe the nuances of the same object from different angles, he can't find that the object of creation changes with the changes of light and shade, and he can't realize that "there are no identical eggs in the world". Can he create the Mona Lisa, an oil painting that is considered unique in the world? That "mysterious smile" can never be erased by a trustworthy hand. No matter what you do, you should start from laying the foundation. As the saying goes, high-rise buildings rise from the ground, which is also the profound educational significance of Leonardo da Vinci's story of painting eggs.
Analysis: This revision assumes from three angles of the opposite of the case, using parallelism and questioning, which is extremely strong and irrefutable, and convincingly deduces the conclusion that "Leonardo will not succeed in the future if he has no solid foundation", making the reasoning more complete and sufficient.
Beethoven got ear disease at the age of 28 and died at the age of 57. For more than 20 years, he struggled with terrible deafness. However, Beethoven did not give in to fate. He fought against the disease with tenacious will, and finally wrote the most famous and combative work "Symphony No.9" in his life a few years before his death.
Excuse me, what is the reason for Beethoven's success? That is tenacious will and indomitable spirit of struggle. Just imagine, if Beethoven lacks tenacious will in the environment, will he still become the greatest musician in the world? Obviously, the answer is no. So I am convinced that only with tenacious will can we conquer any peak in the world.
Asking a few "if not" and "why" can make the argument deeper. )
Argument: Innovation can promote social development.
Haier Group always insists on technology as a means and support for development. In the development process of more than ten years, from technology introduction to resource integration and independent innovation at home and abroad, we have adhered to the R&D concept of "technical innovation topics come from market problems" and "design creates high quality and high added value". Through technological innovation, the Group has achieved long-term success in China market and international market, with an average annual growth rate of 78%, and maintained its leading position in household appliances and other related fields.
Obviously, Haier's success lies in innovation. If Haier Group sticks to the rules, does not carry out technological innovation, and does not update its research and development theory, perhaps Haier has long been eliminated by the market, and the brand "Haier" will not be well-known at home and abroad. It is precisely because of the continuous innovation of Haier Group that the brand "Haier" was launched. Therefore, innovation is an inexhaustible motive force for Haier's development and an inexhaustible source for promoting social development.
Another example: when demonstrating the importance of "faith", Sima Qian was cited as an example, saying that after he rotted, "he did not die." It is the belief in completing the historical records that supports him and gives him the courage and determination to continue to live. This belief supported him and allowed him to finally complete the historical records. " Then he analyzed: "If Sima Qian did not have the belief that he must complete the Historical Records, he would never have such a tenacious will to survive, and Sima Qian would not be known to future generations. Will Historical Records, known as "the swan song of historians and the blank poem Li Sao", still have such complete and precious historical materials today? It was faith that supported Sima Qian and made him a great writer and historian.
One of the methods of expanding analysis -3. Meaning analysis:
There is a story: five frogs climbed high in a game. Facing the high wall, the onlookers kept saying, "It's too high! Too high! " As a result, four frogs "retreated" and only one deaf frog climbed to the top. Climbing a higher wall for the second time, the onlookers kept cheering. Four frogs succeeded, but faced with a distant goal, the deaf frog fell down.
This story tells us that our mentality is a very important factor in overcoming difficulties.
Meaning analysis method: it is to reveal the essence or meaning of things through the phenomena provided by arguments, or to give high praise to them, or to reveal their key points and harms, so as to prove the influence, value and effect of the viewpoints and propositions put forward by arguments.
Do you still remember the stories of Zhao Kuo's "An armchair strategist" and Ma Su's "Lost Street Pavilion"? It is like a double-sided alarm clock, always reminding the world: when you need to listen to other people's opinions, you must be open-minded and never be self-righteous! There is a proverb in Poland: "People who often ask for directions will not get lost." World famous painter da? Finch once said: "You should listen to others' opinions patiently and seriously consider whether the person who accuses you is reasonable. "In China, there are many aphorisms in this respect, and the list is endless. Like "little profit, full loss." "Modesty makes people progress, and pride makes people fall behind." "Good medicine tastes bitter and is good for illness, but advice when most unpleasant is good for action." "A wise man loses when he is careful, but a fool gains when he is careful." "One fence, three piles, one hero, three gangs" and so on all illustrate a problem, that is: listen to different opinions from all sides with an open mind, learn from others' stones, attack them unprepared and learn from each other's strengths.
Example 6 argument: cheating is not feasible.
During the Warring States period, there was a Mr. Nanguo, who was unlearned and unskilled. He heard that Qi Xuanwang likes to listen to music ensembles, so he joined the band, pretending to be an expert and getting paid. Later, after Qi Xuanwang's death, Qi Huangong liked to listen to solos, so he asked people who played bamboo slips to play them to him one by one. Mr. Nan Guo couldn't get along any longer, so he had to slip away. This is the origin of this idiom.
These four words sum up very well. The good thing is that it points out the key point of Mr. Nanguo, which lies in a filler word.
People are not born to blow. It is understandable that Mr. Nan Guo Can doesn't blow his whistle, but he shouldn't pretend to be an expert, cheat and pretend to be an expert, and make a living by cheating, so that he finally runs away and laughs generously.
Reveal the essence of things by revealing the phenomena provided by arguments.
Ex. 7: Even the most rational person may make wrong judgments and bear all kinds of sweet burdens of affection, friendship and love.
Zhu Gekongming, as wise as ever, reused his friend Ma Su, who had no real talent and knowledge, at the critical moment of the battle of Jieting, resulting in his six trips to Qishan without any achievements, which became a lesson of cronyism for thousands of years.
At the beginning of Tang Huang Ming's reign, a generation of Ming Di made great efforts to achieve the prosperity of Kaiyuan. Later, in order to "ride a princess in the world of mortals, talk and laugh," he spared no expense in building a new building, wasting people's money and neglecting state affairs. As a result, he ended up with a tragic ending.
Northern Song Shenzong originally tried to support the political reform of Wang Anshi, the prime minister of the dynasty, but could not bear the tears of his grandmother, the Queen Mother, and finally wavered, lost heart and gave up. A young crop law was set on fire, and the social ideal of this 1 1 century's most outstanding politician was shattered.
History has warned us again and again with cruel facts: the intimacy of human feelings is enough to paralyze, confuse and even make people dizzy. However, should each of us turn a blind eye to the true feelings of the world and be a just person who wants nothing? The answer is no, if we separate our feelings from our judgment on things, we can be detached.
For another example (Example 5: Argument: Innovation can promote social development) Haier Group's concept of "boldly trying and forging ahead" has enabled Haier Group to win a great victory in the market confrontation and enter a new stage of rapid development. Yang Mianmian, president of Haier, once said: "Every innovation of ours, whether successful or not, has given Haier a new life." . Innovation and reform are not only the quality of a company, but also the quality of people. This kind of quality is like a pearl in the dark, guiding our direction.
Writing is nothing more than talking-saying good things in an orderly way. As long as you put your heart into it, you are sure to write a good composition. I wish you an early progress!