Hongshan Culture Paper 1 Hongshan Culture Jade Making Technology
Abstract: Hongshan culture jade is the representative of prehistoric jade culture in the West Liaohe River Basin. During this period, the production technology of jade became more and more mature and perfect. Hongshan ancestors have been able to master the basic methods of cutting, honing, round carving, relief carving and general carving, and at the same time, they can also use techniques such as double-sided carving, drilling, boring, hollowing out, line carving, polishing and decoration. According to the structure of jade and the processing marks left on its surface. In the cutting and carving of Hongshan culture jade, the rotating tool-pier is used. This process made by rotating grinding weights is still widely used and is an important tool for making jade articles.
Keywords: Hongshan Culture; Jade articles; Production technology; coiler
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Hongshan Culture ancient jade belongs to the northeast jade system, and its texture is actinolite or tremolite with high hardness. At that time, it was not easy to process such a hard stone without metal tools with the same high hardness. The main means of modern jade processing is grinding jade, that is, putting diamonds on rotating weights, forming them by friction, and then pondering them to make jade. What is the so-called? Jade is uncut, abrasive? . In the process of making jade articles, polishing and pondering are essential production processes. The so-called grinding is also called? Bright? 、? Polishing? , that is, with lac, wood, gourd, cowhide and copper chain, the rough part of jade is polished to make it smooth. By using some chemical powder materials such as oxidation branding as media, jade presents a smooth, moist and crystal clear texture. Thinking is also an important means to process jade articles. Because jade is particularly hard, it must be polished bit by bit by cutting, punching, pressing and hooking with iron plate weight as the tool and water and emery as the medium. Jade-making technology originated from stone technology at the earliest, inherited the grinding technology, and gradually evolved with the differentiation of jade, but it should be later than the differentiation of jade. If we say that the differentiation of jade began with the choice of stones in the Paleolithic Age, then the differentiation of jade-making technology and stoneware technology should begin with the stoneware polishing in the Neolithic Age. There are three kinds of stone making techniques in Paleolithic Age: direct strike, smashing strike and indirect strike, which have little connection with jade making techniques. ? The grinding process is to grind the stoneware surface, grind the edge and shape the stone, which is undoubtedly a great progress in stoneware manufacturing. ? (1) Stone grinding process:
(1) cutting. Beat or cut stones into rough blanks with a certain shape. Dip Gaza's flat stone in water, wipe it with sawdust, cut it into grooves from both sides, and then cut it off.
(2) polishing. Put it on a big stone and add water to grind it smooth.
(3) drilling. Dip a stone drill, bone cone, wooden pole or bamboo tube Gaza in water and grind the upper part of the diamond device. It can be seen that the process of grinding stone tools is completed by cutting, grinding and drilling. These three processes were completely inherited by the early jade-making process, and the differentiation of jade was completed during this period. Although the process of making jade and stone has begun to differentiate, it is not completely separated, which is probably because masons still work in the same workshop. A large number of jade articles have been unearthed in Hongshan Culture, which shows that the ancestors of Hongshan Culture have mastered superb jade-making technology.
The jade making steps mainly include:
(1) cut into wood. In the process of making jade articles, the ancestors in Hongshan Culture generally adopted the technology of cutting into wood, which made the articles roughly have the shape to be processed. After cutting, the jade is shaped, and the shape is basically neat.
(2) polishing. In the process of making jade articles, the ancestors of Hongshan Culture generally did not directly use jade materials cut into wood, but further processed the jade materials to make the edges and corners round and smooth, and processed the plane into radians.
(3) drilling. During the period of Hongshan Culture, our ancestors had mastered the technology of drilling pipes, and after drilling, the sharp edges of the holes should be polished and treated to make the drilled holes regular and smooth.
(4) decoration. Most jades unearthed in Hongshan Culture have decorative patterns. There are two main ways to apply decorative patterns to jades: carving and polishing. Carved lines are generally used to represent animal heads and bird wings.
Another decorative pattern on Hongshan culture jade is a shallow tile-shaped decorative pattern ground on the surface of jade. This pattern is mainly used to decorate thin jade articles, such as Yu Pei and jade. Because the furrow pattern has the characteristics that the deep line fluctuates with the shape, and the depth, width and width of the furrow are symmetrical, it can appear and disappear with the change of light irradiation and the swing of the utensils, which is more suitable for expressing the layering and three-dimensional sense of jade.
Although there are great similarities between jade-making technology and stone-making technology in production, there is also an obvious difference between them, that is, polishing technology. As mentioned above, most polished jade articles will use polishing technology to make the surface of jade articles more delicate and tidy than stoneware. The separation between jade-making technology and stone-making technology is due to the appearance of jade-making tools, which has brought unprecedented revolution to jade-making technology.
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The main tool for making Hongshan jade is a hammer. Jade grinding machine was called jade grinding machine in Ming Dynasty. Jade carving machine? Was it called in the Qing Dynasty? Water stool? . In the whole process of making jade, the tool hammer for cutting jade plays an important role. It is the most important and effective tool in jade making. This tool pushes the jade-making process to a new stage, which indicates that the jade-making process is completely separated from the stone-making process and becomes an independent process.
There are hooks, leaves, holes, blade-shaped edges and hook-shaped ornaments in Hongshan Culture jade. Such as Yulong, 26 cm high, 2.3 to 2.9 cm in cross-sectional diameter, 30? 28? Its bottom area is 840 square centimeters and its thickness is 2 centimeters. ②? The head is short, the kiss extends forward, slightly pouting, the mouth is closed, the nose is truncated, the end face is nearly oval, and two symmetrical round holes are used as nostrils. Longan is spindle-shaped, with a round front end and an upturned tail. These can only be done with tractors. When the hammer was invented is a long-debated problem in the jade history of China.
For example, Jo Yeo-jeong of China thinks that Ji Yun was invented by primitive society: by the time of Tang Yu, there were many kinds of jade, and the jade was well made. Rubbings are used instead of handicrafts. ? (3) The bronze pier machine appeared in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, with a kneeling structure and a height of about 30 to 50 cm. One hand pulls the bowstring to rotate, the other hand drags the jade to ponder. The so-called jade man is a person who sits in front of a mound machine and grinds jade with jade soaked in water and sand. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, iron heavy objects were manufactured, and auxiliary workers specializing in the rotation of heavy objects appeared. By several people * * * cooperate to complete the work of grinding jade. The iron weight greatly improves the working efficiency. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there was a heavy machine with one foot on the high table. What we are talking about now appeared in the Tang Dynasty? The mill? . During the Tang and Song Dynasties, people used? Run over? Training? Hey? It is vivid and easy to understand to use the rotation of the drum to symbolize the jade cutting machine. Grinding jade is the mechanism of using jade. At the end of Ming Dynasty and Song Dynasty, Tiangong Kaiwu recorded that when jade was first cut, iron was used as a disc, and sand was filled in the basin. The disc was turned with feet, and the jade was cut with sand, and it was cut off one by one. ? (4) This is the record of jade machine in Ming Dynasty.
In the Qing dynasty, cranes were called? Water stool? . At the request of British doctor Bujun, Li Chengyuan wrote "On Jade Painting" in 189 1 year (Guangxu 17), which is a relatively complete picture of cranes. ⑤ him? Look at the jade, ponder over all kinds of paintings and make a picture? (Preface to Jade Drawing), sketches were made through on-the-spot investigation, and each picture was supplemented with text descriptions, which not only described the scene of jade craftsman's labor operation, but also recorded the important tools one by one. From this we can see how the jade workers in Qing Dynasty operated the water stool. This kind of grinder was improved by a jade craftsman. It is a first-class ancient jade grinding equipment, and it is called one-person high-legged table crane (high stool or water stool). There are two kinds of modern hammers: one is an electric hammer, which is made of diamond powder, so it is also called a sand hammer, and the rotation speed is 10 ~ 5000 rpm; ⑥ The other is a snakeskin drill, which is similar to a dentist's tooth trimmer, and its rotating speed reaches 3,000 to 20,000 revolutions per minute. ⑦ Modern weights do not need to be dipped in water and sand, but only use fine running water, which is more efficient. Therefore, the application of hammer in the process of jade making not only improves the work efficiency, but also makes jade more vivid and exquisite, leaving a valuable cultural heritage for people.
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Manufacturing technology of typical jade articles in Hongshan Culture.
(1) Yulong. The dragon is called the totem of China people. Since ancient times, it has a supreme position in people's minds, and its production technology is exquisite. Hongshan Yulong, dating back more than 5,000 years, was first discovered in Sanxingtala Village, Mengniu Special Banner, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, in the spring of 197 1. This jade dragon is carved from a whole piece of emerald uranium rock jade with ivory rose pattern on it. The details are represented by round carving and line carving, and the forging section is oblate. Its snout stretches forward, slightly upturned, its mouth is closed, its nose is flush, its upper edge rises sharply, its eyes are prismatic, its front corner is round and dull, its tail is slender and protruding, its forehead and jaw bottom are engraved with fine prismatic meshes, and its neck ridge has a long mane, which is about 20 cm long, accounting for one third of the dragon's body, and it is bent into a flat sheet and rolled up to its back.
(2) Yu Pei with animal faces and Yu Pei with dog clouds. Yu Pei with animal face pattern is made of rectangular thin jade, with symmetrical double corners, hollow eyebrows, ears, nose and mouth, and 3-7 fangs at the lower part, which is sharp and ferocious. The wire harness is used in the production process. Gouyun Yu Pei used the method of polishing and hollowing out to shape the curved groove angle. Wide and gentle slopes are formed on both sides of the hollowed-out part, and a wide and gentle linear groove is polished along the contour direction at the part outside the hollowed-out part. These slopes and grooves can refract light from different angles, and have a layered and three-dimensional sense, and the shape is beautiful and smooth.
(3) horseshoe-shaped jade hoop. It is shaped like a horseshoe, hence its name, because it is annular. The surface of this kind of jade looks simple, but it takes a lot of time to carve. When the primitive ancestors carved this kind of jade, they used a wire saw to find the gap (that is, drilling a small hole on the edge of the jade with a drill pipe, putting on a rope, adding a proper amount of water and abrasive to cut it back and forth), and taking out the core to make it appear arc-shaped wear marks. In ancient times, when there was no metal silk thread, it really took a lot of effort to make a jade carving by bamboo fiber or animal skin rattan.
(4) jade. Most of them are rectangular, the edge of jade is blade-shaped, and the cross section is similar to a diamond. Two small holes are often drilled in the center of the upper side for threading. There are also two or three jade in Hongshan jade. The method is to carve two or three round holes from small to large on an oblong jade piece, and then cut and grind a herringbone on both sides of the outer edge according to the position of the middle hole and polish it into a blade shape.
(5) bluebird. Most of them have flat bodies, and their wings are often spread out? Appearance, the longest is not more than 4 cm, the head is upturned, the tail is square, the claws are close, there is a small hole in the abdomen near the head, the middle of the abdomen is thick and the sides are thin, and the back is flat. The bird's feathers are outlined in lines.
(6) jade turtle. Cut out the shape first and carve a circle around it. The turtle's head, claws and tail are all painted with a few strokes of male lines, then polished and smooth, and some have holes in the tail. Jade turtle is slightly square, generally about 5 cm, crawling, with a slightly raised back.
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From the comparison of jade-making technology in Hongshan Culture and Liangzhu culture. Liangzhu cultural settlement is located in Taihu Plain on the coast of the East China Sea, belonging to marine culture. 1936, Mr. Shi of the West Lake Museum carried out small-scale development in six locations near Liangzhu Town, Hangzhou County, Zhejiang Province, unearthed a batch of clay black pottery, collected a batch of stone tools, and investigated the jade-brown wall buried tomb discovered in 1930. He sorted out these materials in time, wrote a book "Liangzhu" and preserved these archaeological materials. From 65438 to 0959, the famous archaeologist Xia Nai named the site Liangzhu Culture according to the naming principle of archaeology. Liangzhu culture is the first Neolithic culture discovered in southern China. Before and after the discovery of Liangzhu culture, ancient Liangzhu jade articles were unearthed many times in Hangjiahu area. 1903 A large jade jade was unearthed in Tianning Temple Bay; 1930, a batch of jade articles were unearthed at the northern end of Sujia Highway Bridge; 1937 More than 90 jade articles were found in Shuangqiao. Archaeologists generally believe that the jade age of Liangzhu culture is between Zhou and Han Dynasties. Since the excavation of Caoxie Mountain in Wuxian in 1973, the age of Liangzhu culture has been determined for the first time. Nine large Liangzhu cultural cemeteries, including Zhanglingshan (1977) in Wuxian, Jiangsu Province, have been excavated successively, and thousands of jade articles and decorative jade articles have been unearthed. Both Hongshan and Liangzhu cultural jades come from tombs, and the number of jades depends on the scale of tombs, which is proportional to the number and scale of artifacts. However, there are some differences between Hongshan jade and Liangzhu jade in the production process.
Hongshan Culture's jade carving technology has lasted for quite a long time and has rich experience in making jade. The biggest feature of jade carving in Hongshan Culture lies in the skillful use of jade materials by jade craftsmen, which can better grasp the modeling characteristics of the objects and portray the images of the objects vividly. What is the biggest feature of Hongshan culture jade making? Spirit likeness? . The jades of Hongshan culture are all integrated, without lines, while turtles and birds are only depicted in the main parts, and the lines are all trunking, either hidden or present, full of changes. Yulong's body is bright and clean, and his head is finely carved. The perforation, polishing and carving of Hongshan ancient jade are very concise and decent.
Compared with Hongshan jade, Liangzhu ancient jade is profound, rigorous and symmetrical. Lacking the delicate aura of Hongshan jade, it is famous for its line carving technology. The best embodiment of the production level of jade in Liangzhu culture is the depiction of animal facial patterns. There is a vertical groove in the middle of the four sides of the square column-shaped jade cong. The two sides of the groove are basically equidistant, and the distance between the upper and lower sections is almost equal, with minimal error. Yan's animal face map is basically the same, and the animal face is not in the middle of the side, but in the rotation angle. The two halves form a complete animal face, which makes the nose and mouth of the animal face more vivid. The thinnest grain on an animal's face is only 0.7 silk meters, and the inner eye socket is only 2 mm in diameter, which can only be clearly distinguished under a magnifying glass. Jade carving is superb.
In addition, the methods of hollowing out in the production process are also different. Hongshan Culture is mainly decorated with hollowed-out patterns, which is called? The harness was hollowed out? Yu Pei, like a hook cloud, is made by grinding both sides with weights. The hollowed-out end is pointed, the hollowed-out part is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, and the edge is as thin as a blade, which is the unique hollowed-out feature of typical jade articles in Hongshan Culture. Liangzhu culture is characterized by the combination of drill and cord, which is called? The wire was hollowed out? .
The authenticity of jadeite can be distinguished from its production process. The scientific discovery of hundreds of jades of Hongshan culture has promoted the filling and enriching of ancient jade culture in China, and also led to the history of our country? Jade soldier era? Re-presentation of the concept of civilization and re-discussion of the origin of civilization. 1 1 The archaeological research on the nature of jade and the cultural characteristics reflected by jade has further improved the historical value and artistic value of Hongshan Culture jade.
Pay attention to and release:
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② Yang Boda. Further Discussion on Jade Cutting Tools [J]. Journal of nanyang normal University, 2007, (2): 72-76.
③ Yang Boda. Further Discussion on Jade Cutting Tools [J]. Journal of nanyang normal University, 2007, (2): 72-76.
(4) Song Ying Xing. Tiangong Wu Kai [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1933. 308.
⑤ Yang Boda. Further Discussion on Jade Cutting Tools [J]. Journal of nanyang normal University, 2007, (2): 72-76.
⑥ Zhao Yongkui and Zhang Jiamian. China jade carving technology [M]. Beijing: Beijing Arts and Crafts Publishing House, 2000.33.
⑦ Zhao Yongkui and Zhang Jiamian. China jade carving technology [M]. Beijing: Beijing Arts and Crafts Publishing House, 2000.34.
Juxian Wei. Archaeological annals of wuyue [J]. Shuowen Monthly, 1939, (3).
Pet-name ruby Yin Zhiqiang. A Comparative Study of Jade Articles in Hongshan Culture and Liangzhu Culture [J]. Northern Cultural Relics, 1988, (1): 8- 12.
Go to school in Yang Boda. Further discussion on jade carving tools [J]. Journal of nanyang normal University, 2007, (2): 72-76.
Jade Types of Hongshan Culture in Hongshan Culture Literature II
Abstract: There are many kinds, shapes and types of jades in Hongshan Culture. According to their shapes and functions, jade articles in Hongshan Culture can be divided into four types: decoration, tools, animals and religious ceremonies. These jade articles with diverse shapes and profound meanings can not only help us understand the living state and mental state of our ancestors at that time, but also reflect their unique understanding and innovative spirit and cultural inheritance and exchange.
Keywords: Hongshan Culture; Jade articles; type
Hongshan Culture is an important Neolithic culture in China. This ancient and rich culture is mainly distributed in northern areas such as Inner Mongolia, western Liaoning and northern Hebei, among which the Liaohe River Basin is its birthplace. 197 1 year, the Great Jade Dragon in the Three-Star Big Tara Map in Onniute Banner was identified as the remains of Hongshan Culture, and the discussion and research on Hongshan culture jade articles began to flourish. Since 1970s, the jades of Hutougou in Fuxin and Niuheliang in Chaoyang have been continuously excavated, and the jades of ancient Hongshan culture have been shocked at home and abroad, and academic circles have also studied them at all levels. This article will mainly discuss their types.
First, the decoration category
Like the bronzes and stone tools made by primitive ancestors, there are a large number of decorative jade articles in Hongshan Culture, which can be worn on people's hands, ears and necks.
Yuhuan-Yuhuan is a kind of wall with different sizes. Large ones can be worn on wrists and arms as bracelets and arm bracelets, and small ones can be worn on hands, ears or clothes as string ornaments. The jade discovered by Niu Heliang is worn on the wrist;
Jade Beads-There are many kinds of jade beads in Hongshan Culture, such as round beads, hemispheres, fan rings, flat pieces, etc. They can be strung together as accessories on clothes or worn around the neck. More than 60 jade beads were unearthed in Nasitai, Bahrain Right Banner, and a large number of jade beads were also found in other sites such as Chengzishan and Hutougou.
Jade? -Most of them are flat, round or circular with a notch on them. Judging from the unearthed situation, jade? It is often placed in the ear of the grave owner, so speculation is a very important earring. Are there two pieces of jade unearthed from Nantaizi Site in Hexigten Banner? , round, the tomb owner has a gap in his ear.
Second, tools.
In the archaeological sites that have been discovered, tool-like jade articles are very similar to some stone tools or ceramic making tools, so tool-like jade articles should be carved by imitating actual tools.
Yufu-Yufu is similar to a common stone axe, with a trapezoidal arc blade, which is very beautiful but has no cutting edge. It should be a non-practical jade. Yufu unearthed in Nastai, Bahrain Right Banner is rectangular, which is very close to the shape of the stone axe found in Hongshan Culture site.
Jade stick-This kind of jade is very common in Hongshan culture jade, and it can be divided into two types, one is a short column with one end raised in an arc shape and two ridges, the other is a round sharp corner, and the other is a long column with one end inclined in an oval shape and the other sharp corner. The four jade sticks unearthed from Hutougou site belong to the second category, and the 1 jade stick unearthed from Niuheliang site belongs to the first category. According to the shape of this jade stick, it can be speculated that it is made by imitating the stone vertebra and the stone rolling stick. The famous archaeologist Gu Fang proposed that it is a drumstick used by shaman wizards.
Jade hook-this kind of jade has not been unearthed much. One piece was unearthed in Nastai site, which is blue, flat, with edges on both sides, a hook in front and a hole at the end, among which there is a groove between the inner and auxiliary parts, so it should be used as a combiner.
Third, animals.
This kind of jade also occupies a large proportion in the excavated sites, including pigs, birds, fish, turtles and other animals.
Jade Pig Dragon-this is a very typical representative of Hongshan Culture, and it has been excavated in many sites. There is little difference in the shape of the Jade Pig Dragon in different places. They are all curled up, with a head similar to that of a pig, round eyes with vertical ears, a slightly open mouth, and horizontal grooves and wrinkles between their eyes. As can be seen from the above, this kind of jade is rich in the physical characteristics of pigs related to human life, then? Pig Long Bian Theory? Have a large number of supporters. There are two kinds of jade: one is curled like a ring, connected or similar from end to end, with a big head, upright ears, wide eyes and a round hole on the head. This kind of jade is found in Niuheliang, Aohan Xiawa, Nasitai and Jianshan in Balinzuoqi. There is another kind, the head and tail are obviously separated, the eyes are spindle-shaped, there is no ear, and there is a long hook at the back of the neck. This kind of jade dragon is rare. At present, only one jade dragon has been unearthed in Samsung Tara. It is beautifully carved, polished and perfectly shaped. This is by far the best preserved dragon image in China.
Double pig's head ring-this kind of jade is only unearthed in Zhichengzi Mountain at present, with 1 piece. The whole jade is long, with a triple arc at the top, three side-by-side round holes in the middle and two pig's heads at both ends. The two pig's heads are similar in expression, with big ears, raised foreheads, diamond eyes and four funnel-shaped holes in the middle of the flat bottom.
Only this jade 1 piece was unearthed from Niuheliang site, which was in the middle of the tomb owner's abdomen, so some scholars such as Guo Dashun speculated that it was decorated. The color is light green, the body is flat, the ears are big and pointed, and the eyes and nostrils are engraved with round holes. Nose and mouth are indicated by negative lines, with closed lips and wide corners of the mouth, with two small holes in the middle, which can be tied and tied.
Jade bird-this kind of jade has been excavated a lot, in addition to official excavation, there are collections and handed down products. Various postures and shapes have been unearthed in Hutougou, Nasitai and Fuxing of Fuxin County.
Jade? That's what folks call an owl? Images are also more common. There are two main types: one is that the wings are slightly open, the claws are persistent, and there are two or three transverse perforations in the back, which can be seen in the four sites. There is also a large wingspan, arc-shaped, claw-free, with holes in the back, which can be seen in Hutougou site;
Jade turtle is also a common type of jade in Hongshan Culture, which shows that turtle is an important existence for people at that time. A tortoise shell was unearthed from Niuheliang site, which was beautifully carved, especially the tortoise shell carving was very detailed and realistic, and it was also the earliest jade turtle in the era so far.
There are many rivers passing by near the site of jade fish-Hongshan Culture. The fishing and hunting of ancient people is an important guarantee for people's survival and an important material for decoration and modeling. Jade fish is a flat cone with concave lines on the neck, shallow grooves on the left side and holes in the eyes;
Jade silkworm-silkworm is also an important sacrificial creature of ancient ancestors. Without the knowledge of nature, people hope that they can regenerate like silkworms and pray for adequate food and clothing. Four jade silkworms were unearthed in Nastai site, which are similar in shape, rough in production and primitive in posture, and are the earliest silkworm statues excavated so far.
Fourth, religious ceremonies.
In order to pray for good weather, ancient ancestors produced various witchcraft and religious ceremonies, which were more distinctive than other types.
Jade, Double Jade and Triple Jade-Jade is round or Fiona Fang in shape, with a round inner edge and a thin edge. There are 1-4 round holes in the middle of one side, and a few have no holes. This kind of jade can be found in Hutougou and Niuheliang ruins. Double jade is small on the top and big on the bottom. The upper end has three shapes: semicircle, arc and sharp circle, and the lower end is round or Fiona Fang. There are two holes in the middle, the edges are thinner, and there is a dent in the connection between the upper and lower bodies. This kind of jade is rarely unearthed, and 3 pieces have been unearthed at Niuheliang site. There are two kinds of triple jade, one is similar to double jade in shape, but the circular hole in the middle of the body gradually becomes larger from top to bottom, and there are dents on the side of the body. 1 piece unearthed from Hutougou. There is also a long strip, one side is straight, the other side is triple arc, and there are three round holes in the middle. 1 piece excavated from Nastai site in Inner Mongolia. Jade hoop-shaped vessels, which are also typical representatives of Hongshan culture jades, are numerous, mostly flat cylindrical, with flat abdominal walls, and some jade hoop-shaped vessels have two round holes at the edge of their flat mouths. Unearthed at Niuheliang site and placed under the skull or chest of the tomb owner;
Groove cloud-groove cloud is flat and thin, shaped like cirrus or mutant animals. Compared with other jade articles, the shapes of hook-shaped vessels are more diverse, including five kinds. One is rectangular, with a round hollow in the middle, the hook angles on both sides are slightly straight, and the sides of the vessel are very smooth. The excavation of Niuheliang site belongs to this category; The second type is also rectangular, with a hollow center but a hook cloud shape, shallow grooves on the periphery and obvious hook angles on both sides. The excavation of Chengzishan and those four sites belongs to this category. The third type is roughly square, with the same middle part as the second type. There are a pair of hooks at the upper and lower ends, a sharp protrusion at the upper edge and a sharp protrusion at the middle part of the lower end. There are longer hook angles on both sides of the body, and the lower end is bent outwards into a circle. The jades unearthed from Bayantala Sumu in Bahrain Right Banner belong to this category. The fourth type is oval, with three triangular round holes in the middle, the upper side and two sides are arc-shaped, and the lower side has sharp teeth in the middle. The excavation of Niuheliang site belongs to this kind; The last one is a rounded rectangle, straight up and down, slightly curved left and right, with three triangular round holes in the middle, small square protrusions in the middle of the left and right sides, inward sharp corners at both ends of the lower side, and shallow grooves at the front and rear sides. At present, only 1 jade has been unearthed at Niuheliang site.
In fact, in addition to the above four types, there are also figure jades in Hongshan culture jades, but at present, the number of such jades is small, and there are still many doubts in the academic research on their characteristics that need further discussion. This kind of jade has different shapes and sizes, mainly divided into stone statues and jade ornaments. Two stone statues and four faceted stone ornaments were unearthed at Nastai site. 1 jade unearthed in Bahrain Right Banner.
To sum up, Hongshan culture jade is mainly divided into animal modeling and religious ceremony, and other types are not prominent. These jade articles with diverse shapes and profound meanings can not only help us understand the living state and mental state of our ancestors at that time, but also reflect their unique understanding and innovative spirit, and reflect the cultural inheritance and exchange.
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