1. Report summary.

It is also often called informative abstract or informative abstract, which is characterized by a comprehensive and concise summary of the purpose, methods, main data and conclusions of the paper. Or simply refine the paragraph sentences to reveal the whole picture of the paper concisely and logically. Usually, this abstract can partially replace reading the full text.

2. Indicative summary.

Also often called descriptive abstract, descriptive abstract or argumentative abstract (title? ), generally only two or three sentences are used to summarize the theme of the paper, which does not involve arguments and conclusions, and is mostly used for summary, meeting report, etc. This abstract can be used to help potential readers decide whether they need to read the full text.

3. Report-indicative summary.

Express the part of the document with high information value in the form of report summary, and express the rest in the form of indicative summary.

The writing of the abstract of a paper usually begins when the whole paper is nearing completion, so as to include all the contents. However, you can also write it down in advance and make appropriate changes according to the progress of the research. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments and annotations. It requires a brief description of the purpose, research methods and final conclusion of the research work, with the focus on the conclusion. It is an independent and complete essay.