Diseases caused by bacteria are no longer a fatal threat to human beings [2]. Every infectious disease can be treated with antibiotics, and the effect is very good, but this is before antibiotics are abused. About 50% of antibiotics in the world are abused every year, and the proportion in China is even close to 80%. It is precisely because of drug abuse that bacteria quickly adapted to the environment of antibiotics, and various superbugs were born one after another. In the past, a patient could live with dozens of units of penicillin, but now millions of units of penicillin have no effect on the same condition. Because of the infection caused by drug-resistant bacteria, antibiotics could not be controlled, which eventually led to the death of patients. In the 1960s, the number of people who died of infectious diseases worldwide was about 7 million each year, and this number rose to 20 million at the beginning of this century. The number of people who died of septicemia increased by 89%, and most of them died of drug use difficulties caused by super bacteria. Super bacteria encyclopedia business card
The superbug under the microscope is a drug-resistant bacterium. This superbug can cause sores and blisters on people, and even gradually cause muscle necrosis. Even more frightening is that antibiotics don't work on it, and patients will have terrible inflammation, high fever, convulsions, coma and even death. The terrible thing about this pathogen is not its lethality to people, but its resistance to common bactericidal drugs-antibiotics. There are few drugs available for this pathogen. 20 10 British media broke the news that a new superbug NDM- 1 was found in South Asia, which has strong drug resistance and can spread around the world.
catalogue
The production of superbacteria
Discovery of superbugs, case discovery
gene mutation
autoimmunization
Test results of superbugs in China
Four characteristics
China traditional Chinese medicine Kangzhiba
War in the human body
The history of superbugs
History of antibiotics
principal criminal
Coping method
I recently discovered that I am not afraid of all antibiotics.
Superstrong enzyme
There have been fatal cases.
Non-communicable diseases
It's not hopeless.
Related news The British government issued a warning.
Superbacteria and Clinical Plastic Surgery
Opinions of domestic experts
The main reason for this situation.
mode of transmission
Japanese side
Preventive measures in China
Research action
Coming from Belgium
Britain, England
Australia
France
Taiwan Province Province, China
How harmful is the relevant interpretation?
How to deal with it
Who is the culprit?
India protests: Why is it called "New Delhi"?
How to make superbugs?
Production of superbacteria in infected cases
Discovery of superbugs, case discovery
gene mutation
autoimmunization
Test results of superbugs in China
Four characteristics
China traditional Chinese medicine Kangzhiba
War in the human body
The history of superbugs
History of antibiotics
principal criminal
Coping method
Recently discovered
Not afraid of all antibiotics, a super-strong enzyme, there have been fatal cases, and non-communicable diseases are not incurable.
The British government issued a warning about superbugs and the main reasons for the opinions of domestic experts on clinical surgery and plastic surgery. The way of communication, the preventive measures of Japan and China, and the form of communication.
Interpretation in Belgian, British, Australian, French, Chinese mainland and Taiwan Province provinces.
How to deal with the harm and who is the culprit?
India protests: How did the superbug named "New Delhi" become an infected case? Edit this generation of superbugs.
[1] Diseases caused by germs are no longer a fatal threat to human beings [2]. Every infectious disease can be treated with antibiotics, and the effect is very good, but this is before antibiotics are abused. About 50% of antibiotics in the world are abused every year, and the proportion in China is even close to 80%. It is precisely because of drug abuse that bacteria quickly adapted to the environment of antibiotics, and various superbugs were born one after another. In the past, a patient could live with dozens of units of penicillin, but now millions of units of penicillin have no effect on the same condition. Because of the infection caused by drug-resistant bacteria, antibiotics could not be controlled, which eventually led to the death of patients. In the 1960s, the number of people who died of infectious diseases worldwide was about 7 million each year, and this number rose to 20 million at the beginning of this century. The number of people who died of septicemia increased by 89%, and most of them died of drug use difficulties caused by super bacteria. People tried to find a new drug to overcome superbugs, but it didn't work. Moreover, with the worldwide awareness of antibiotic abuse gradually reaching * * *, the status and role of antibiotics have been questioned and strictly managed. At the same time as the spread of bacteria, the research and development of antibiotics has gradually stagnated. Without antibiotics, a once powerful weapon, people began to look for inspiration to fight diseases from simple treatments in the past. Looking for a healthy and natural therapy to resist the attack of super bacteria with human immunity has become a new understanding of diseases for many people.
Edit the discovery of superbugs in this paragraph.
Case discovery
On a blackboard in Staunton River School, the words "I miss Aston" are written. Aston, a student aged 17, died of MRSA bacteria called "superbacteria". MRSA infection is spreading in America. It causes 90 thousand people to be seriously infected every year, so the death toll even exceeds AIDS. Billy Weiss, director of the Bedford County Campus in Virginia, decided to close all 265,438+0 schools in the county. June 65438+10/October 65438+June 2007, students from Staunton River High School took him to his school, so that he could see for himself how many bacteria were bred in this school. The local people fell into panic, and many people sneaked home at work, sprayed the walls with disinfectant and cleaned the rooms to eliminate bacteria. On the same day, the United States issued a MRSA proliferation warning. Five or six states, including Mississippi, North Carolina, Florida and California, have found that students and athletes are infected with MRSA. Microscopic "superbug" NDM- 1
Zhang Lei, an international student at Boston University, saw a warning on the Massachusetts government website that the bacteria can be infected through skin and tableware. Three and a half years ago, Zhang Lei was deeply impressed by the panic caused by SARS. But this time the people around her surprised her. No one in the supermarket snapped up gloves and disinfectant, and even hand sanitizer could not sell a few bottles a day. Football players still run around with injuries, kissing girls, and everything is calm. People are surprised at Zhang Lei's problems. MRSA？ This is the job of experts. Most infected people are also in the hospital. The neighbor's old lady watered the flowers leisurely and said casually, "I heard that the risk of MRSA infection is much smaller than obesity." James Walcott doesn't think so. He can only lie on the sofa most of the time, and even has difficulty playing with children. When you lie in bed at night and need to move your left leg, you must lift it by hand, and sometimes push it directly with your right leg. It all started two years ago, when he came to the hospital for surgery because of his dislocated knee, but MRSA invaded his body through the titanium nail left in his knee after the operation, and the necrotic muscle almost paralyzed him. In the United States, nearly 654.38 million people meet MRSA in hospitals every year like Walcott. MRSA is a drug-resistant bacteria, which is short for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA was first discovered in England in 196 1. Its pathogenic mechanism is not different from that of common Staphylococcus aureus, but the danger is that it does not respond to most antibiotics and will cause fatal inflammation after infecting the weak population. In hospitals, "dirty white coats" are notorious. At present, Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen of nosocomial infection. People bring all kinds of cocci from outside, attach them to doctors and nurses' white coats, and follow them everywhere, sometimes on surgical instruments, and sometimes directly on patients. The probability of MRSA infection in hospital is 6.5438+0.7 million times that of infection outside hospital. The biggest headache for doctors is that because MRSA is resistant to most antibiotics, the time required for patients to cure will be extended indefinitely, and eventually they will die of pneumonia. Fortunately, so far, this multi-drug resistant superbug is still only spread in hospitals. "Ordinary people only know that MRSA in hospitals is a big problem, but they don't know that all professionals who come into contact with MRSA are afraid because we have no medicine to deal with it." A staff member of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said, "What if it walks out of the hospital?" The Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta monitors every move in the bacterial world. It is the "shadow cabinet" of the bacterial world, and it has countless eyes and ears everywhere. Although CDC agents basically don't wear cool "black super", there are many tricks of 007-fluorescent gene detection agent, electrophoresis instrument and microscope for intelligence, and various antibiotics for sterilization. Huge spy networks spread all over the States and counties of the United States, monitoring universities, communities, hospitals and laboratories. Once the new weapons in the bacterial world are released, their battle plans will be submitted to CDC executives by a special intelligence network. 1July, 976, the CDC became famous overnight. A group of veterans gathered at a Philadelphia hotel suddenly developed symptoms similar to pneumonia, such as high fever, cough and fatigue. This unknown disease killed 34 people and spread to the whole country with the demobilization of veterans. The story made the front page of the media, and people everywhere fell into panic. Soon, the White House and Congress could not sit still. The president personally ordered the CDC to be responsible for the whole process, and mobilized health institutions at all levels in the whole Federation to monitor the development of the epidemic. All kinds of information and analysis from all over the world are flying to the CDC like snowflakes, which really smacks of all the people being soldiers. Finally, this "legionnaires' disease" strain was successfully isolated by CDC, and more effective antibiotics were used to deal with the disease. This antibiotic is the famous erythromycin. Since then, erythromycin has been used as a powerful weapon to treat bacterial infections. However, in the spring of 1992, the CDC received the information that erythromycin met with a strong enemy. In rural Wisconsin, NAC-A, a small clinic in an indigenous community, found that 20 patients suffered from the same disease: first, blisters and boils appeared on the skin, and soon abscess appeared beside the pharynx, and the muscles that discharged pus died quickly, followed by symptoms of pneumonia and dying. The epidemic spread rapidly to 24 surrounding communities, and sporadic cases broke out until 1999. Doctors at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that erythromycin treatment was ineffective against this pathogen. This year, the CDC issued an early warning to the whole country: a terrible killer finally escaped from prison and lurked into the general population. This is the masterpiece of MRSA's twin brother, Community Acquired MRSA(CA-MRSA). Its origin remains a mystery. The researchers found that CA-MRSA has a different genetic background from MRSA in hospitals, and it will infect healthy people who have no contact with hospitals for a short time. Unlike MRSA in hospitals, CA-MRSA is not multidrug-resistant, usually only resistant to one or two antibiotics, and most of them can be killed by vancomycin. 1997, another variant of CA-MRSA was found in new york, which carries a strong toxin encoded by a gene called PVL. This is a peptide, which is a compound formed by amino acids. It will cause the explosion of immune cells called neutrophils, destroy the main defense force against infection, and quickly destroy the lungs within 24 hours, leading to death. Similar varieties are 17. Their appearance means that the MRSA family began to walk out of the hospital and start killing people. Prisons, gymnasiums and other places have become new bases for CA-MRSA infection, and pathogens have spread rapidly in Britain and the United States, and there is a trend of spreading to the whole world. Brazilian officials announced on the 20th that a new superbug, drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC), has been discovered in 0/6 public and private medical institutions in China. Although it is different from the name of the superbug "NDM- 1", which originated in India this year, it is also a super drug-resistant bacterium. All antibiotics have failed. At present, this bacterium has killed at least 15 people in Brazil, with 135 confirmed cases. The authorities are stepping up research on countermeasures to prevent the situation from expanding. The Brazilian Ministry of Health pointed out that even carbapenem antibiotics, regarded as the last line of defense, have no effect on the drug-resistant bacteria "Klebsiella pneumoniae", and the number of infected people has surged in the past few weeks. The failure of the ace of carbapenem antibiotics means that some Klebsiella pneumoniae have also been upgraded to "superbugs", which are as powerful as the recently popular "NDM- 1" and invincible to all antibiotics. According to the Brazilian Ministry of Health, patients who have just had surgery or have low immunity are at high risk of being infected with this bacteria. According to American media reports, this kind of bacteria has been found in hospitals in more than 20 States in the United States, especially in critically ill patients. Fishman, president of the American Association of Health Epidemiologists, said that Tel Aviv, Israel, is also dealing with the bacteria.
gene mutation
It is reported that this new "superbug" was discovered by experts who studied superbugs in patients in the intensive care unit in Hangzhou, China this year. In fact, all "superbugs" are mutated from ordinary bacteria. It is also because of the abuse of antibiotics that bacterial genes mutate, thus producing "superbugs". Besides taking medicine and injections, there are also many antibiotics in the chicken, duck and fish we eat. Because they are fed antibiotics during their growth, the bacteria that attack them may mutate. When the mutant bacteria attack humans again, humans can't resist. As a result, the new drugs developed are getting shorter and shorter. Of course, most Klebsiella pneumoniae has not mutated, and most antibiotics are still effective against it.
autoimmunization
Autoimmunity is the best weapon. In fact, people usually attach a lot of bacteria. But as long as they are healthy and have strong resistance, these bacteria have no possibility of making waves. To stop the super bacteria from raging, the main battlefield is in the hospital, because there are people with the weakest resistance there. In response to the superbug incident, the Brazilian government appealed to people to remember to disinfect and wash their hands as long as they enter and leave medical places, and do the most basic personal hygiene protection to avoid the continuous spread of bacteria. Experts appeal that the key to prevent more bacteria from mutating into superbugs lies in the rational use of antibiotics in all aspects of society, frequent washing of hands by ordinary people, cultivation of good living habits and improvement of immunity. Autoimmunity is the best weapon against superbugs.
Edit this paragraph. Superbugs are in China.
test result
[3] Pictures of superbugs
[4] Three NDM 1 gene positive bacteria, commonly known as superbugs, were detected by China CDC and China Academy of Military Medical Sciences. Among them, two strains of bacteria were sent for inspection by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Ningxia Autonomous Region, and the strains were isolated from two samples of neonatal feces in a hospital in this area; The other strain was sent for inspection by a hospital in Fujian Province, and was isolated from the specimen of an elderly inpatient in the hospital. The MRSA infection rate in China is also rising. MRSA infection in Shanghai hospitals accounted for only 5% of Staphylococcus aureus infection in 1970s, rising from 1994 to 50%~77.9% in 1996, and reaching 80%~90% in 2006. Although the fatal CA-MRSA variant has not appeared in China, MRSA cases have been multi-resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin, erythromycin and cephalosporin. 20 10 10 Voice of China "Chaoguang News" reported that the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention just reported three cases of super drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria infection today (26th), including one death 1 case. With the impeccable armor of "immunity to antibiotics", MRSA quickly surpassed hepatitis B and AIDS, ranking first among the three most intractable infectious diseases in the world. What causes this superbug to be immune to antibiotics?
Four characteristics
Analysis 1: No absolutely effective drugs have been found at present. Xiao Yonghong said that although the Ministry of Health had previously issued a guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of NMD 1 infection, a careful study of this guideline found that it was "possibly effective" rather than absolutely effective, and emphasized the combined use of two or more drugs. "We can only choose some drugs that are relatively likely to be effective according to clinical judgment, which brings great difficulties to correct medication." Xiao Yonghong said that some people doubt whether there is a super antibiotic that can respond quickly to NMD 1, but there is definitely no such antibiotic at present. He also said that among the three cases of NMD 1 reported by the National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, two children sent stool samples due to diarrhea, and it was found that Enterococcus faecalis was carrying NMD 1, not Escherichia coli detected in India. From a clinical point of view, this is not as significant as Escherichia coli. Analysis 2: It must be recognized that antibiotics have two sides. Xiao Yonghong and other experts have the same view on why the so-called super bacteria are produced: the extensive use of antibiotics leads to the continuous accumulation of bacterial drug resistance. He said that the public must realize that antibiotics have two sides and must be used reasonably. Xiao Yonghong said that the rumor that Wyeth Company may exaggerate NMD 1 in order to promote its own drugs may be minimal. He said that the research on drug resistance did not suddenly emerge this year, and the international medical community has been paying attention to it. In addition, in the paper published in The Lancet magazine in August this year, the characteristics of NMD 1 were described very strictly. Analysis 3: It will never be a large-scale infection like the flu. Since there is no absolutely effective drug, can NMD 1 be a large-scale infection? For this question, Xiao Yonghong said absolutely not. He analyzed that NMD 1 itself is not contagious, and it uses other bacteria as carriers to strengthen the drug resistance of these bacteria. For example, Escherichia coli carrying NMD 1 shows super drug resistance, and its spread also needs the help of Escherichia coli. "At present, it only appears in certain groups such as hospital inpatients and people with particularly low resistance, and it will not spread on a large scale like influenza virus, so the possibility of similar influenza outbreaks is zero." Xiao Yonghong said. Analysis 4: I am extremely worried that the vector will become highly pathogenic bacteria. Since there will be no large-scale infection, why are all countries facing NMD 1? Xiao Yonghong explained that NMD 1 has caused great pressure on public health. "First of all, we need to find appropriate and effective diagnosis and treatment methods for infected cases. If the mortality rate of these cases is high, the pressure on the public health system can be imagined. " More importantly, he said, the research and development of related drugs is under great pressure. "At present, it is found that the carrier of NMD 1 is relatively few pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli. If the vector becomes more pathogenic bacteria, such as cholera and typhoid fever, it will be more harmful, which is the biggest concern of the public health system. " [5]
China traditional Chinese medicine Kangzhiba
Chinese medicine will be developed in five years. According to experts, since the emergence of super bacteria, western medicine has been at a loss, and medical scientists and pharmaceutical companies have begun to look to Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine has a wide range of sources and complex components, and has multi-target antibacterial effect. Such as honeysuckle, isatis root and andrographis paniculata, can not only inhibit and kill bacteria and viruses, but also regulate and protect human immunity. There are many reports that Radix Isatidis, Flos Lonicerae, Herba Andrographis and other traditional Chinese medicines have certain effects on improving drug resistance. The existing varieties of anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory Chinese medicines are: Baiyun Mountain Banlangen Granule, Baiyun Mountain Kouyanqing Granule, Guanghua Lianzhi Anti-inflammatory Capsule, Zhong Yi Biyan Pill, Qixing Xue Xin Series (granules and tablets), Jingxiutang Qingre Xiaoyan Ning Capsule, Star Qingkailing Series, Chen Liji Houjiling Capsule, Pan Gaoshou Shedan Chuanbei Pipa Ointment, Xingqun Xiasangju Granule, etc. There are also Jin Lianhua soft capsules for clearing away heat and toxic materials produced by Guangdong Luofushan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd.. Traditional Chinese medicine products against drug-resistant bacteria.
Edit this war in the human body
In extreme cases, hospitals are full of antibiotics. Especially dangerous are children in the intensive care unit. Their wounds have not healed, their immune systems have not recovered, and they are in a weak stage, lying helplessly in a powerful cocoon of antibiotics. Antibiotics enter the body to help white blood cells resist the invasion of germs. blue mould