How to write a chemical scientific paper 1, title of scientific paper
On the one hand, we should choose the subject to be solved in this discipline, on the other hand, we should choose the most advanced subject in this discipline. The topics are big and small, difficult and easy. Too big, because of lack of academic ability, can not go deep; It is too small. It's simple. When writing, we should determine the specific topics and argumentation angles of scientific papers, do what we can and seek truth from facts.
2. After the topic is determined, it is necessary to determine the topic.
The title should be accurate and appropriate, concise, eye-catching and standardized, and easy to retrieve.
A common and complicated topic is "Study on rapid analysis method of chemical composition of drinking water". In this kind of topic, words such as "about" and "research" will not affect the expression if they are omitted. What research and research does the general contractor include in all the papers, so the above topic can be distilled as: "Rapid analysis of chemical composition of drinking water." After such a change, I feel clean, short and clear.
If the short title is not enough to show the content of the paper or reflect the nature of a series of research, it can be solved by positive and negative titles, and the specific experimental materials, methods and contents can be supplemented by adding negative titles, so that the titles can be enriched and accurate, rather than generalized.
3. Preparation of scientific papers
After determining the topic selection and argumentation angle of scientific papers, we should collect materials and try our best to understand the views and achievements of predecessors on this issue. Learn from the experience of predecessors and solve new problems that have not been solved by predecessors. In the process of collecting relevant materials, we should always think about these materials with our own topics as the center, distinguish between their right and wrong, find out the shortcomings of their arguments and the places that need to be supplemented and developed, and gradually form our own opinions in the process. The process of collecting materials is the process of investigating, thinking, studying and forming arguments.
Making an outline can help us to establish the overall concept, and from the overall point of view, test the status and functions of each part, whether there is a logical connection between them, whether the space occupied by each part is commensurate with its status and functions in the overall situation, whether the proportion between each part is appropriate and harmonious, whether every word, sentence, paragraph and part is needed by the overall situation, whether it is coherent and coordinated, and whether it can serve the theme.
4. Writing of scientific papers
Once the outline of a scientific paper is determined, the first draft should be written. In principle, we should be concise, point out problems, explain problems and analyze problems. The outline is only a preliminary outline, and it is impossible to consider every detail. When writing, follow the thinking of writing. For details such as arguments, examples and demonstration steps, it is likely that some ideas in the original outline are inappropriate and need to be revised and adjusted. It is found that some arguments, examples and arguments are not exact for the time being, so we should consult books again, think, consider, scrutinize and supplement them.
After the first draft is written, it should be revised repeatedly to check whether it meets the requirements.
A good scientific and technological paper is not only prominent in theme and clear in argument, but also rigorous in structure and distinct in levels. When arranging the structure, the following five principles should be followed:
First, around the theme, select representative and typical materials, and make appropriate arrangements according to the needs, so that the theme ideas can be clearly and prominently expressed.
The second is to clear our thinking and correctly reflect the laws of objective things, that is, we must reflect the actual situation of objective things and their internal relations, which is in line with people's cognitive laws.
Third, the structure should be complete and unified, in line with the actual situation of objective things; The development of objective things must go through three stages: beginning, middle and end. Similarly, every article has to go through three stages.
Fourth, we should have an orderly structure. The most important thing in the article structure is hierarchy. Hierarchy is the order of materials in an article. When writing an article, divide the selected materials into several parts, arrange them appropriately according to the needs of the theme, prioritize them, express them in turn, and express the theme coherently and vividly.
Fifth, it should be suitable for the genre of the article. Different genres have different structures. Each style has its own structural characteristics. Generally speaking, argumentative writing is arranged according to the logical relationship within things, so argumentative writing is mainly based on reasoning, which is the same as narrative writing. Things? Mainly different.
5. Format of scientific papers.
6. Summary
It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments and annotations, and it is a high summary of the content of the article. The main contents include:
1) The content, purpose and importance of this research work.
2) Experimental methods used.
3) Summarize the research results and highlight the author's new viewpoints.
4) Research conclusion and its significance.
7. Keywords: including narrative words and free words.
1) Description-refers to the standardized words or phrases that can be used to index the theme concepts of documents in China Thesaurus, mesh and other vocabularies.
2) Free words-new nouns and terms that reflect new technologies and disciplines in the theme of this paper are not included in the thesaurus or words that cannot be found in the thesaurus.
8. Main contents of the introduction
1) briefly explain the main purpose and scope of the research work, that is, why to write this paper and what problems to solve.
2) The work done by predecessors in the related fields of this topic and the remaining knowledge gaps, that is, a brief historical review and a horizontal comparison of the current situation at home and abroad.
3) Theoretical basis, technical route, experimental methods and means of the research, and reasons for choosing specific research methods.
4) Expected research results and their significance.
Writing requirements of introduction
(l) The introduction should be concise, the content should not be lengthy, and the text should not be lengthy, and it should attract readers. The introduction of academic papers depends on the size and content of the papers, generally 200-600 words, the short one is no more than 100 words, and the long one is about 1000 words.
(2) Can shorter papers not be listed separately? Introduction? In the first section, just write a short paragraph before the text of the paper to play the role of introduction.
(3) The introduction should not be the same as the abstract, nor should it be written as a note of the abstract. Some knowledge in general textbooks need not be described in the introduction.
(4) In order to show that the author has a solid theoretical foundation and systematic professional knowledge, and has a broad scientific research vision, the paper fully demonstrates the research scheme. Therefore, if there is a historical review, a comprehensive review of predecessors' work and theoretical analysis, the introduction can be written in a separate chapter and described in detail with enough words.
(5) The purpose of introduction should be to provide readers with enough background knowledge, not to give them suspense. In the introduction, the author doesn't have to be too modest about his research work or his own ability, but he can't brag, raise himself and belittle others.
9. Text
Scientific papers are the core part of proving arguments and expressing scientific research achievements with arguments. It mainly includes the following parts or contents: the object of investigation, basic principles, experimental and observation methods, instruments and equipment, and raw materials. Experimental and observation results, calculation methods and programming principles, data, processed charts, formed arguments and conclusions, etc.
The text can be divided into several paragraphs, and the title of each paragraph has no fixed format, but it can be divided into the following parts (taking the experimental research report paper as an example).
1) theoretical analysis. Including the theoretical basis of demonstration, the explanation of hypothesis and its rationality, and the explanation of analysis method. Its main points are hypothesis, premise, analysis object, applicable theory, analysis method, calculation process and so on. When writing, we should pay attention to distinguish what is known (what are the predecessors), which is put forward by the author for the first time and which is improved by the author, and we must explain it clearly.
2) Experimental materials and methods. The expression of materials mainly begins with the description of the source, nature and quantity of materials, as well as the selection and treatment of materials. The expression of method mainly refers to the elaboration of experimental equipment, experimental conditions and testing methods. The main points of writing are: experimental object, name, source, nature, quantity, selection method and treatment method of experimental materials, self-experiment, instruments and equipment used (including model, name, measurement range and accuracy, etc.). ), methods and processes of experiment and determination, existing problems and measures taken, etc. The explanation of materials and methods must be concrete and true. If it is adopted by predecessors, just indicate the source; If it is an improvement of predecessors, it is necessary to explain the improvement; If it is put forward by oneself, it should be explained in detail, and it can be represented by schematic diagram, block diagram or photo map if necessary. Since scientific and technological research results must be tested, the purpose of introducing these contents clearly is to enable others to repeat the operation.
3) Experimental results and analysis. This is the value of the paper, but also the key part of the paper. It includes giving the results and analyzing the results quantitatively or qualitatively. The main points of writing are: sorting out the experimental results by drawing and/or listing (if necessary), explaining the reliability, reproducibility and universality of the results by mathematical statistics and error analysis, comparing the experimental results with the theoretical calculation results, explaining the applicable objects and scope of the results, analyzing the phenomena and data that are inconsistent with the prediction, and testing the correctness of the theoretical analysis. When giving the experimental results, we should try to avoid telling all the data, but sort out the data and use appropriate expressions, such as illustrations or tables. When sorting out data, you can't just choose the data that meets your expectations, and arbitrarily discard the data that doesn't match or is contrary to your expectations. Some results are abnormal, although they cannot be explained, but don't give up easily, they can be explained; Only by finding conclusive evidence that they are really wrong can they be eliminated. When analyzing the results, we must proceed from the epistemology of dialectical materialism, based on theories and facts, carefully scrutinize the results, not only affirm the credibility and reproducibility of the results, but also analyze the errors, and compare them with the theoretical results (on the contrary, if the topic produces theoretical results, it should be verified by experimental results) to explain the existing problems. Analyze the problem to the point, and don't discuss it vaguely. We should compress or delete those well-known general statements, omit those unnecessary intermediate steps or deduction processes, and highlight the essence. In addition, some shortcomings or mistakes in the experimental design, experimental scheme or implementation method found in the experimental process should also be explained for readers' reference.
4) Discussion on the results. The purpose of discussing the results is to explain the significance of the results, explain the reasons why the results are different from those of the predecessors, and continue to elaborate the author's own views according to the research results. The main points of writing are: expounding the research achievements, explaining the significance of the achievements, pointing out the similarities and differences between my own achievements and previous research achievements or viewpoints, discussing the inconclusive and opposite achievements, and putting forward the research direction and problems. The most important thing is to highlight new discoveries and inventions and explain the inevitability or contingency of research results. The writing of the text of the paper must be realistic, objective, true, accurate and complete. The logic is clear, concise and easy to read.
The specific requirements are as follows:
(1) The argument is clear, the argument is sufficient and the argument is reasonable;
(2) accurate facts, accurate data, accurate calculation and accurate language;
(3) Rich in content and concise, avoiding repetition and triviality;
(4) It is clear and logical, and the expression form is suitable for the content;
(5) Do not divulge secrets, and carry out technical treatment on information that needs to be kept confidential.
When writing the text, pay attention to the following two points:
(l) Grasp the basic viewpoints. The text and even the whole paper always take the author's basic viewpoint as the axis, and materials (facts or data) should be used to explain the viewpoint, forming the unity of materials and viewpoints. Views are not inherent or subjective in the author's mind. The correct viewpoint comes from the objective reality and from the induction, generalization and summary of materials reflecting the characteristics of objective things. On the basic point of view, the newly discovered problems should be analyzed and expounded in detail. If we can't go deep, we must also strictly demonstrate. Otherwise, you can't draw a correct and valuable conclusion, you can't convince readers, and readers won't accept it. General questions only need to be briefly described, and questions that have nothing to do with basic ideas don't need to be written at all, even if there is only one sentence.
(2) pay attention to accuracy, that is, scientific. Scientific papers especially emphasize scientificity, which should run through the whole paper, and the requirements for scientificity in the text are more prominent. In writing, we should adhere to the principle of seeking truth from facts and never resort to deceit or carelessness. There should be no technical errors in data collection, recording, arrangement and expression. When describing facts, introducing situations, analyzing and discussing problems, we should choose words and make sentences accurately, and strive to avoid ambiguity and ambiguity. Formulas, data, charts, words, symbols, etc. What is given should be accurate, and there should be no subtle omissions.
10, conclusion
Scientific papers usually have conclusions at the back of the text. Conclusion is the logical development of experiments, observation results and theoretical analysis, and the understanding of the nature and laws of things obtained by judging, reasoning and summarizing the data and results obtained from experiments and observations, which is the general argument of the whole paper. Readers' habit of reading a paper is generally to read the title first, then the abstract, and then the conclusion. After reading the conclusion, they will consider whether the paper is worth reading and decide whether to read the full text. Conclusion is an important content that can arouse readers' interest in reading, and it is also an important basis for literary workers to write abstracts. Therefore, it is very important to write the conclusion of the paper. The contents of the conclusion mainly include: what problems are explained by the research results, what laws are drawn, and what practical or theoretical problems are solved; What supplements, modifications and confirmations have been made to the previous research results, and what innovations have been made; What problems remain to be solved in the field studied in this paper, and the basic ideas and keys to solve these problems.
The requirements for writing a conclusion are:
1) should be accurate, complete, clear and concise. The conclusion should be realistic and well-founded, the language should be firm, the data should be accurate and reliable, and it should not be vague or ambiguous.
2) When judging and reasoning, you can't leave the experiment and observation results, and don't make unfounded or illogical reasoning and conclusions.
3) The conclusion is not the reappearance of the experimental and observation results, nor the simple repetition of the summary of each paragraph in the paper.
4) The evaluation of the results should be fair and proper, and should not be complacent. When the evidence is insufficient, don't rashly deny or criticize other people's conclusions, let alone use excuses to belittle others.
5) Be very careful when writing conclusions. If the research is innovative but not enough to draw a conclusion, you would rather not write it or jump to conclusions, and you can have some discussions based on the experimental and observation results.
1 1, reference
In scientific papers, all opinions, data and materials quoted from previously published documents (including the author's own past) should be marked where they appear in the paper, and a list of references should be listed at the end (after the thank-you paragraph). This work is called reference record.
The purpose and function of reference records
For a complete paper, the record of references is essential. To sum up, the purpose and function of reference recording are mainly reflected in the following five aspects.
1) can reflect the author's scientific attitude and the real and extensive scientific basis of the paper, as well as the starting point and depth of the paper.
2) Recording references can easily distinguish the author's achievements from those of predecessors. Although the research results reported in the paper are the author's own, it is inevitable to quote the achievements of predecessors, including viewpoints, methods, data and other materials. If you mark the quoted parts, the achievements of others will be clear. This not only reflects the author's respect for the work of others, but also eliminates the suspicion of plagiarism and plagiarism.
3) References can serve as an index. Readers can easily search and find relevant books and materials through the recorded references, so as to have a more detailed understanding of the quotations in the text.
4) Recording references helps to save the length of the paper.
5) Recording references is helpful for sci-tech information personnel to carry out information research and bibliometrics research.
Descriptive principles of references:
1) only records the most needed and latest documents.
2) Usually only published documents are recorded.
3) Adopt standardized description format.
12, Problems needing attention in writing scientific papers
For those who write a scientific paper for the first time, the title of the paper should not be too big, the length should not be too long, the issues involved should not be too wide, and the issues discussed should not be too deep. We should put forward some new ideas on the basis of predecessors' knowledge as much as possible.
The second step is that the topic of the paper can be bigger and deeper. The topic of the paper can focus on a certain point, such as an important side of an important issue or the focus of a current issue, which solves this point and is of great significance to promoting the overall situation.
The third step is to have original opinions on the basic problems and important difficult problems of a certain major, which will promote the improvement of the academic level of this major.
Step 4: You have profound and extensive knowledge in related fields of a subject, and you can use this knowledge to provide creative insights for a subject, which will play an important role in promoting the development of the subject or make an important breakthrough in improving the level of the subject.
Note that there is no need to pursue a comprehensive discussion of big issues. The topic you write can be small but important. Actually, there are many topics. Choosing topics that you are familiar with and engaged in and are beneficial to your future work can not only sum up the gains and losses of your work, but also promote the development of your work.
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