First, master the overall information skillfully.

The reading process itself is the process of obtaining information, and the quality of reading depends on how much information is captured.

When doing the topic, you can first look at the author, writing time and comments after the article, and at the same time, you should especially browse what questions are asked later, and guess what the general theme of the article is from the options of the topic. If it is a novel, you should focus on its characters, plot, etc. If it is an argumentative essay, we should focus on the arguments, arguments, arguments and other elements. After understanding the author's main writing intention, we can grasp the whole text and have a good idea to solve the problem.

Second, determine the outline of the regional circle.

Intensive reading is the main way to read a long article, which needs to be pondered word by word. So you should get into the habit of drawing circles and marking more. You can first look at which paragraphs or areas in the article relate to the topic and which sentences are related to it. After determining a certain answer area, you can carefully understand the meaning of each sentence in this paragraph, and then clarify the relationship between paragraphs and understand the thinking of writing. With this habit, you may form a strong analytical and comprehensive ability. When reading, you may ponder the stem over and over again.

Third, pay attention to extract the original text.

Without raw materials, I'm afraid no one can answer correctly or completely. Therefore, the most important and effective way to answer the reading questions accurately is to find the answers in the original text. Most questions can be picked out in the article. Of course, the sentences you find may not be used directly, so you must process them according to the requirements of the topic, or extract words or points or reorganize them. Even if it is a whole summary, we should make full use of the original text.

It should also be noted that many students have strong memory ability for basic knowledge, but weak transfer ability, especially those who are embarrassed about the contextual meaning and function of words, words and sentences. Here, we provide the answer to the 16-character formula for your reference.

1, words cannot be separated from words. Polysemy is very common in Chinese. When understanding the meaning of a word in a word, we must put it into this word to investigate, that is to say, this word can not be separated from this word, so as to accurately understand the meaning of this word. For example, hearsay, Tao, and directions; Like-minded, Tao and reason.

Words and sentences are inseparable. In comprehensive reading questions, it is often required to understand the meaning and function of words in the context. These requirements include the following aspects:

Polysemy. This is very common in classical Chinese. For example, strategy is not driven by its way, strategy and driving force; Face the policy, formulate the policy and whip the horse. In modern texts, it is mostly expressed as contextual meaning. These should be inferred according to the specific language environment, that is, the sentence itself, that is, words can not be separated from sentences. For example, the original meaning of the word "teaching" is politeness, which has different meanings in different language environments. In the article "Fan Jinzhong Residence",

As for the expressive function of a word in a sentence, we should understand it according to the specific language environment, rather than explain it separately from the sentence.

3. Sentences cannot be separated from paragraphs. In other words, the analysis and understanding of sentences can not be separated from specific paragraphs and specific language environment. If you leave the specific paragraphs and specific language environment, many sentences can only be understood in a narrow sense, or even incomprehensible. Only by combining specific paragraphs and language environment will we know what position this sentence occupies in the full text.

4. Paragraph and text are inseparable. Paragraph is an integral part of the article, which reflects the author's writing ideas. Therefore, the reading and understanding of paragraphs can not be separated from the main idea and the center of the article. Otherwise, the understanding of the content or function of the paragraph will be biased.

Reading and applying these will be faster.

Classification of Chinese problem-solving methods

1. Expression: narration, description, lyricism, explanation and discussion.

Second, the expression techniques: symbol, contrast, contrast, suspense, echo before and after, desire to promote first, express meaning by holding things, express feelings by borrowing things, associate, imagine and set off (positive contrast, negative contrast).

Third, rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, quotation, rhetorical question, repetition, intertextuality, contrast, metonymy and irony.

Four, the six elements of narrative: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things.

5. Narrative sequence: sequence, flashback and insertion.

Sixth, description angle: positive description and side description.

Methods of describing characters: language, action, manner, psychology and appearance.

Eight, the perspective of describing the scene: vision, hearing, taste and touch.

Methods of describing scenery: the combination of dynamic and static (writing static by moving), the combination of generalization and concrete, from far to near (or from near to far).

X. Description (or lyric) methods: positive (also called direct) and negative (also called indirect).

XI。 Narrative mode: general narrative and detailed description.

Twelve. Interpretation order: chronological order, spatial order, logical order.

13. explanation: examples, numbers, analogy, comparison, definition, classification, explanation, imitation and quotation.

Fourteen, the plot of the novel is divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.

Fifteen, the three elements of the novel: the character, the plot and the specific environment.

Sixteen, environmental description is divided into: natural environment and social environment.

17. Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

18. Argumentation is divided into factual argument and rational argument.

Nineteen. Argumentation methods: example (or fact) argument, reason argument (sometimes called quotation argument), contrast (or positive and negative contrast) argument, metaphor argument.

20. Method of argument: argument and rebuttal (rebuttable argument, argument, argument)

Twenty-one, the structure of argumentative essay: total score, total score, total score; There are often parallel and progressive parts.

Twenty-two, the role of quotation marks: citation; Emphasize; Specific appellation; Negation, irony, irony

Usage of dash: prompt, comment, summary, progress, topic change, interjection.

Twenty-four, others:

( 1)

The function of sentences in the text;

1, prefix: opening point; Render the atmosphere (narrative, novel), bury the foreshadowing (narrative, novel), and set suspense (novel) as an auxiliary foreshadowing for the following; Below the general collar;

2. In the text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above;

3. At the end of the article: point out the center (narrative, novel); Deepen the theme (narrative, novel); Pay attention to the beginning (argumentative, narrative, novel)

(2)

The function of rhetoric: (1) its own function; (2) Combined with sentence context.

1, figuratively personified: vivid;

Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.

2, parallelism: momentum, strengthen the tone, in one go and so on. ;

Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.

3; Questioning: arouse readers' attention and thinking;

Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics

Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc.

4. Contrast: emphasize … stand out …

5. repeatedly emphasize ... strengthen the tone.

(3)

Sentence meaning

In such a topic, there is often a word or phrase in a sentence that is expressed by metaphor, contrast, metonymy and symbol. When answering questions, reveal what they are referring to, and then clear the sentences.

(4)

Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?

Verb: No, because this word is written accurately, vividly and concretely …

Adjective: no, because this word vividly describes ...

Adverbs (such as Du, Da Du, Very Only, etc. No, because this word accurately describes ... (degree, limitation, time, scope, etc. ), it will become ... after being changed, it is not true.

(5)

Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?

No, because (1) doesn't conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence). (2) There is a one-to-one correspondence between this word and the above. (3) These words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be interchanged.

(6)

Induction of paragraph meaning

1. Narrative: Give a clear answer (when and where) to who did what.

Format: (time+place)+people+things.

2. explanatory text: the answer clearly States what the object is and what its characteristics are.

Format: description (introduction)+description object+description content (characteristics)

3. Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is and what the author's point of view is.

Format: What demonstration method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate?

How to improve Chinese reading comprehension ability

As far as the acquisition of personal knowledge is concerned, it generally comes from two aspects. On the one hand, a lot of perceptual knowledge is obtained through personal practice, and then promoted to rational knowledge through thinking, which constitutes a small part of the source of personal knowledge. On the other hand, it directly inherits the knowledge accumulated by human beings in long-term practice and transforms social knowledge into personal knowledge, which is the main or most source of knowledge for middle school students. As Engels said, "it is no longer necessary for everyone to experience it personally." His personal experience, to some extent, can be replaced by the experience of his ancestors. "Reading is the main way to pass on knowledge.

In fact, when studying at school, it is impossible to understand all the knowledge just by attending classes. It can be said that reading in the student days is indispensable. Both teachers and students need books to teach and learn, and it will be difficult to learn without books. You know, the teacher left after class, but the book was always with us.

Middle school is the golden age of life, so we should cherish this carefree and energetic precious time. We should make full use of this stage to study more, inherit the precious knowledge and wealth of mankind and lay a solid foundation for our lifelong career. At the same time, the increased reading ability in reading activities will lay a solid foundation for our lifelong self-study.

(A) constantly improve the basic conditions for reading.

What are the requirements for reading?

(1) Master the basic knowledge of commonly used words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs and articles.

Reading is to acquire knowledge by processing words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs and articles. If you don't master this knowledge, reading will become a "heavenly book".

If middle school students can master 5000 words, reading general articles is not a big problem. Some students' reading ability is poor because they don't have enough expression concepts of words, words (mainly notional words) and phrases, and concepts are the "cells" of thinking. Sentences are linguistic units connected by words according to certain grammatical rules, which are generally used to express judgments and express relatively complete ideas. To understand a sentence, you need to master not only the meaning but also the grammar. Without language, thinking does not exist. Therefore, difficulties in reading are often caused by ignorance of the meaning of words and sentences. Therefore, it is very important to learn Chinese well and enrich your language knowledge consciously in reading.

Scientists clearly pointed out the importance of learning Chinese well with personal experience.

A mathematician said, "It's hard to imagine that a person with no distinction between arts and sciences and full of typos can express mathematical connotation with strict logic." Su, a famous mathematician, said: "I have laid a good Chinese foundation since I was a child, which has provided great convenience for me to learn other subjects." I also think that learning Chinese well can help train a person's thinking and make it more organized. These will be of great benefit to me in learning math well in the future. " People praised Sue as a man.

(2) Master basic scientific knowledge.

If you don't master the basic concepts and knowledge of natural science and social science, it will bring a lot of inconvenience and even difficulty to reading. Some people say that in the 2 1 century, if you don't understand biochemistry and ecology, you may not even understand newspapers. Some special terms such as "ecological balance", "ecosystem", "genetic engineering" and "gene" often appear in newspapers, and many people seem to understand them.

(3) can use reference books.

When reading, it is inevitable that some words are unknown and some can't be remembered at the moment. At this time, if you have reference books such as Xinhua Dictionary, Modern Chinese Dictionary and Chinese Idiom Dictionary at hand, you can look them up in time to eliminate reading obstacles. Of course, we should prepare some corresponding reference books according to the needs of reading and be ready to consult them at any time.

If the reference books are complete and skilled, reading will be much smoother. Of course, you can further enrich your knowledge by searching reference books.

(2) study purposefully and in a planned way.

Facing the vast sea of books, if reading has no purpose and plan, it will be at a loss.

Middle school students spend most of their time in the classroom and finish the learning tasks of the day every day. So there is not much time available for reading, especially after class. If reading has no purpose and plan, precious reading time will not be fully and profitably utilized.

Middle school students' reading should be based on the following objectives:

It is conducive to learning basic knowledge, giving full play to strengths, making up for weaknesses and improving reading ability.

Pay attention to when arranging the reading plan:

Read some related extracurricular books around the textbook. For example, reading some history of science and technology and biographies related to in-class learning will help to improve the interest in in-class learning, enrich the content of in-class learning and make your thinking more active.

Read some related extracurricular books around your hobbies or characteristics. A student who likes science can regularly go to the reading room to read relevant newspapers and magazines, and a student who likes liberal arts can regularly read various literary publications or read literary masterpieces during holidays.

As for the choice of extracurricular books, you can consult teachers, excellent senior three students or classmates, and parents. Learning from their good experience is really a good way to save time. Choosing a good book can gain more in less time.

Choosing a good book and reasonably allocating reading time can not only improve reading efficiency, but also affect classroom learning. If you persist for a long time, the weaknesses in your study can be made up, and your personal strengths can be brought into play, which not only promotes your study in class, but also enriches your spiritual life after class.

Many students lack purposefulness and planning in reading. They often read detective novels and martial arts novels out of ignorance, reaching the point where they can't put it down. They burn the midnight oil to read these books and fail to finish their homework, which seriously interferes with and affects their study in class. This is a bad reading tendency.

(C) handle the relationship between expository writing and intensive reading.

Reading widely means reading books extensively, the purpose of which is to have a general understanding of the contents of books, so as to discover the essence and much-needed knowledge in books. Extensive reading can learn from others, as Lu Xun said: "Reading only one person's works will not have a good effect and won't get much benefit. You must pick many flowers like bees to brew honey. If you bite in one place, your income will be limited and boring. "

Explanatory writing is to read a large number of books in a short time and create conditions for intensive reading. The reading method of the general outline is: look at the catalogue, find useful content from the catalogue, and then browse the relevant parts, so as to choose books in the bookstore; Look at the content tips, read the first few paragraphs and the last few paragraphs of the book, and master the general content of the book; You can also use the fast reading method, that is, reading at a faster speed to get the general idea.

On the basis of elaboration, choose the best books of its kind for intensive reading. After intensive reading, read other books of the same kind. When intensive reading, you should "chew slowly", think more, read repeatedly, and take notes carefully.

Mathematician Zhang Guanghou said when talking about learning a math booklet: "I read this paper for more than 20 pages for more than half a year, because I always touch these pages with my hands, leaving a clear black line on the edge of the blank book. Repeated study like this will greatly promote our research work. My wife said,' This is not learning! Just like eating a book. "

To read books intensively, we should understand them once, that is, to understand the basic contents of books; Second, remember what you understand; Three meetings, that is, these understanding knowledge will be used; Proficiency refers to being able to skillfully express knowledge learned from books or use knowledge to analyze and solve problems.

Middle school is a basic education, which is the stage of laying the foundation, so the goal of intensive reading should be aimed at textbooks and main reference books.

(4) be diligent in thinking.

Einstein said, "find out what can lead you to the depths in the books you read, and throw away everything else, that is, throw away everything that overtakes your mind and lures you away from the requirements." In other words, when reading, we should grasp the essence of the book and realize the transformation from shallow to deep.

Coleridge, an English poet, once divided readers into four categories: the first category is like an hourglass that leaks sand, which is injected and leaked out, leaving no trace at last; The second kind is like a sponge, which sucks everything and squeezes everything, leaving things intact and even dirty; The third kind is like a bag for filtering soybean milk, where all the soybean milk flows, leaving only bean dregs; The fourth effort, like digging a gem, abandons the slag and only wants pure gems. The meaning of this passage is that when reading, we should take the essence and discard the dross.

Hua said: "Comrades with high school education can recall the elementary school arithmetic and junior high school algebra they studied in the past. Do you still have that much in your mind? " Not that much. Because we understand it, we can use it, which means that the book has become thinner. "This passage means that reading should change from many and miscellaneous to few and refined.

To sum up, when reading, we should try our best to "keep precious stones", "lead deep" and "read thin books". So be diligent in thinking.

Specifically, we should do the following:

(1) Try to understand.

When reading, you should think while reading, and try to understand and grasp the central ideas and basic principles mentioned in the book. When reading, think about each paragraph and understand the truth. Read the whole text, read it together, think about it together, and find the connection between paragraphs, so as to understand an article, a text or a chapter as a whole.

(2) Clear your mind

Ye Shengtao, a famous educator, once said: "The article is thoughtful, and the truth is known by following the Tao." This means that every article embodies the author's idea, and only by following this idea can we understand the essence of the article. It can be seen how important it is to clear your mind for reading.

When reading natural science works, we should not only understand the conclusions of principles, laws, laws and formulas put forward in the book, but also clarify the ideas of the article and see how these conclusions are derived. Dr. Li Zhengdao said, "After reading a paragraph, you should close the book and go your own way. If you can't get out, go to the book and think about why you can't get out and why others can't get through. "

(3) Being able to ask questions

There are generally two kinds of problems found in reading: one is to think that some viewpoints in the book are incorrect and incomplete according to one's own knowledge, and put forward different meanings or supplements; One is because they don't have enough knowledge, so they have problems that they don't understand. With the improvement of knowledge and ability, middle school students will find that the first type of problems gradually increase and the second type of problems gradually decrease.

Once problems are found, you will gain more by reading relevant books and thinking deeply, and you may find new knowledge and gain new insights.

(4) Independent memory, learn to express accurately.

After reading, check the effect of reading again through memory. Be good at expressing what you understand in concise language and writing it in your reading notes for future reference. Qian Weichang said: "To read a book, we should know its outline, understand its main spirit and main problems, learn the most important things first, and then look back to see what problems we have solved and what problems have not been solved." For problems that can't be solved at the moment, it's best to write them down in a small notebook so as to solve them later. "

(5) take reading notes.

William Liebknecht said in the article "Remembering Marx": "As long as there is a little possibility, he will continue to work. Even if he goes for a walk, he will take a notebook from time to time and write something on it. " In order to write Das Kapital, from August 65438 to June 853, Marx extracted the works of 70 different authors.

Marx wrote down the time and place of taking notes on the cover of his notes, numbered them, and some even added a title ... Every note was marked with a page number, and many notes were catalogued and summarized for future reference.

Hegel also has a unique habit of reading and studying, which is to classify the books he has read according to linguistics, aesthetics, geometry and psychology and put them in labeled folders. In this way, when he needs any materials, he can get them at any time. He persisted in this habit all his life.

There are 5,000 cards extracted from A Brief History of Chinese Novels written by Lu Xun.

(1) Deepen understanding and consolidate memory.

The process of taking notes is a process of deepening understanding and strengthening memory. Some people say, "It's better to read it a thousand times than to copy it by hand." Even the simplest excerpt requires brains to extract the most wonderful places. As for writing experiences, it is even more necessary to use your brain. Therefore, the desire to "take notes" will inevitably urge you to concentrate on reading. In addition, notes are natural compared with books.

(2) It helps to accumulate information and make knowledge "stored outside"

After reading for a long time, you can accumulate a lot of materials that meet your needs through notes to make up for the lack of mental memory. Because mental memory is often inaccurate and not lasting, it is inevitable to forget, remember wrong or confuse. If the materials are classified and preserved, they can serve the study and future work for a long time. As long as they are not lost, there is no problem of "forgetting". As long as you look at it before use, these "foreign storage" materials can be converted. Make the use of knowledge handy. When recalling Marx, Paul Laffargue said: "He has a habit of rereading his notes every once in a while and marking places in the book to consolidate his very powerful and accurate memory."

Many middle school students trust their memories when reading, and are too lazy to write, so that when they need to use the gains of reading to analyze and solve problems, they forget all about it, which is very regrettable.

Other middle school students take a lot of notes, but they don't know how to sort them out regularly and how to keep them properly. Therefore, when they need it, they are too chaotic to find it and become "dead materials."

Generally, intensive books can be taken notes with notebooks, and extensive books can be taken notes with loose-leaf paper, and then sorted regularly.

If you learn to take reading notes and accumulate information in middle school, it will not only promote classroom learning, but also help students learn a set of reading methods and improve their reading ability, which will certainly bring great benefits to their self-study after they take up their jobs.

Hope useful to you