Keywords:: analysis of the causes of air pollution in Shijiazhuang City, government behavior countermeasures
I. Overview
The bell of 2 1 century has rung. Looking back on the 20th century, China's economy has made great progress and the level of productivity has been greatly improved. However, the improvement of productivity under the traditional mode has promoted economic growth and brought profits to enterprises, but at the same time, it has also made our earth home riddled with holes and overwhelmed.
65438-0987, the World Commission on Environment and Development released a long report "Our Common Future". The report puts forward the definition of "sustainable development" for the first time, that is, "development that not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not harm the ability of future generations to meet needs". This definition clearly expresses two basic views:
Human beings should develop, especially in poor areas;
Development should be limited and should not endanger the development of future generations.
Shijiazhuang is a modern emerging industrial city in the north of China, and it is the political, economic, cultural and technological center of Hebei Province. Total area 15848 square kilometers, with a total population of 8.45 million. The traffic is developed, and Beijing-Guangzhou, Shitai and Shide railways meet with Beijing-Shenzhen, Shigang and Shitai expressways. In recent years, Shijiazhuang's industry has developed rapidly and people's living standards have improved significantly. However, the rapid economic growth has brought serious environmental problems. It is he who has become a famous environmental pollution city in China. Among them, air pollution is the most prominent: especially after the wind reaches a certain level, dust is flying all over the sky and garbage is rampant in some areas.
Second, Shijiazhuang air pollution status and causes analysis
1. 1 air pollution in Shijiazhuang.
In recent years, with the development of urban industry, air pollution has become increasingly serious and air quality has further deteriorated. This week's air quality test by Hebei Environmental Monitoring Station in April 1 1 showed that the primary pollutant in Shijiazhuang was inhalable particulate matter (PM 10). Because they are small in diameter and mixed with bacteria, they can be inhaled by the human body and cause diseases. At the same time, because they are light and not suitable for settlement, they always float in the air, and the sun shines on these tiny dust, which is absorbed or scattered, resulting in a gray sky and a significant decline in visibility. Dust pollution is also very serious, especially after rain, which is more intuitive. The windshield of the car is covered with mud, even the glasses are covered with mud. Due to poor garbage disposal in a few areas, piles of garbage rotted on the ground, hammered with the wind, and a stench came to the nose, which was disgusting. Waste water and waste gas discharged from factories also affect air pollution to varying degrees, which brings serious inconvenience to citizens' work and life.
Cause analysis of air pollution in Shijiazhuang 1.2
1.2. 1 Terrain and climate factors are the basic reasons that affect the air quality in Shijiazhuang.
Shijiazhuang is located in the south-central part of Hebei Province, bordering Taihang Mountain in the west and the vast North China Plain in the east, south and north. At the same time, Shijiazhuang has a temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, characterized by cold and little snow in winter, dry and windy in spring, hot and rainy in summer and sunny and cool in autumn. These special geographical and climatic factors make the air pollution in Shijiazhuang face severe challenges. Due to the southeast wind, pollutants such as inhalable particles over Shijiazhuang moved westward with the wind, and after being blocked by Taihang Mountain, they turned eastward and returned to their original places. Similarly, when the northwest wind blows, due to the huge barrier of Taihang Mountain, the northwest wind is intercepted in Shanxi, and some pollutants can't be blown away, so they can only stay over Shijiazhuang.
1.2.2 Urban construction is an important reason that affects air quality in Shijiazhuang.
Questionnaire on air pollution sources of gas in Shijiazhuang
According to the classified statistical analysis of major air pollution, its main sources can be summarized as three aspects: (1) fuel combustion (2) industrial production process (3) transportation and so on. According to statistics, the air pollution caused by the above three aspects accounts for 70%, 20% and 10% respectively. In direct fuel combustion, the amount of air pollutants emitted by combustion accounts for about 96% of the total fuel combustion emissions, among which the smoke, SO2, NOX and CO emitted by coal combustion account for 99%, 93%, 865, 438+0% and 97% of the total fuel combustion emissions respectively. Although the air pollution emissions from various industrial production processes only account for about 1/5 of the total air pollution emissions, the emission points are relatively concentrated. High concentration, so the air pollution in industrial and mining areas or local areas is more serious. Mobile sources such as motor vehicles may cause serious CO, NOX and HC pollution in busy streets, such as Yuhua Road and Zhongshan Road.
(1) fuel combustion. In Shijiazhuang, natural gas has not been popularized in residents' lives, and coal is still the first choice fuel for people. In the coal-fired market, high-sulfur coal still dominates. Due to the limitation of economic conditions, it is impossible for people to give up cheap high-sulfur coal and buy environmentally friendly low-sulfur coal. This leads to a large amount of SO2 emission. At the same time, because Shijiazhuang is located in North China, it is cold in winter and needs heating. In order to save money, some units have implemented self-sufficient heating systems, which have increased the amount of coal burning and caused a heavy burden to the atmosphere.
(2) Industrial production process. In recent years, Shijiazhuang textile industry has developed rapidly, and it is one of the cotton textile industrial bases in China. The chemical industry is also an important development sector. There are large-scale North China Pharmaceutical Factory and Shijiazhuang Fertilizer Plant, and the coal industry also occupies an important position. These industrial and mining enterprises are the most polluted enterprises even if they are the key development departments in Shijiazhuang. Moreover, most of these industrial and mining enterprises are concentrated in urban areas, such as Huabei Pharmaceutical Factory and Shijiazhuang Fertilizer Plant with considerable scale. In addition, there are some powder metallurgy factories and printing and dyeing factories that are also the main force of air pollution in Shijiazhuang.
(3) Transportation. In recent years, Shijiazhuang's economy has developed rapidly, and transportation has also developed rapidly. Especially in recent years, the number of private cars has increased dramatically. However, the development of traffic has brought serious environmental problems. Automobile exhaust COntains a lot of co, which is very harmful to human body, especially some diesel cars and cars with black smoke. Exhaust gas mixed with a large number of inhalable particles is an important factor leading to diseases. According to Dr. Grace Wai Wong of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the inhalable particulate matter in the exhaust gas emitted by a diesel vehicle is almost the sum of 100 gasoline vehicles, which is a serious pollution source. However, Shijiazhuang allowed diesel vehicles to enter the city, which led to a sharp increase in the concentration of inhalable particulate matter in the air.
(4) Municipal construction. There is a common problem in the slope of roads in Shijiazhuang, that is, the pedestrian lanes on both sides of the road are obviously higher than the road surface and perpendicular to the road surface, showing a concave shape. As a result, the dust on the road could not be blown away and accumulated more and more, which is also the direct reason for Chen Tianqi's development. According to statistics, the inhalable particulate matter in urban dust accounts for about 40% of the total, but people tolerate the dust caused by bare ground, construction sites, demolition sites, gravel yards, etc., and never take effective measures to fundamentally control it. In addition, the chemical components in industrial wastewater are also prone to chemical reactions, producing gases harmful to human body.
(5) Industrial layout. Some industrial and mining enterprises in Shijiazhuang are mostly concentrated in the northeast of the city, and some are distributed in different areas of the city. The dispersion of these industrial and mining enterprises means that the air pollution of the whole city is affected to varying degrees.
(6) greening. As a new industrial city, Shijiazhuang's greening has not kept pace with industrial development. Only the internal greening of the government, some enterprises and institutions and government organizations has basically reached the standard, but the greening of the whole city is far from meeting the requirements. Only in the past two years, several trees have been planted in the South Second Ring Road, and other places are still bare.
1.2.3 Market failure. The so-called market failure refers to the phenomenon that the incompleteness of the market (such as the existence of monopoly power, the lack of liquidity of production factors, the existence of huge externalities, and the lack of knowledge and information) weakens the role of the market economy. That is, the market economy cannot achieve its theoretical benefits. From the perspective of sustainable development, externality is an important factor of market failure. Externality refers to the situation that the income and cost borne by an individual or an economic unit are the direct result of the behavior of other individuals and economic units without any compensation. For example, a chemical fertilizer plant pollutes the atmosphere, but ordinary people are forced to bear the damage caused by air pollution. It can be seen that market failure has also led to air pollution.