No matter in study or work, everyone will inevitably come into contact with papers, which are articles to discuss or study a certain problem. How to write a paper to avoid stepping on thunder? The following is my carefully organized paper on the characteristics and trends of the flow of competitive sports talent resources. Welcome to reading. I hope you will like it.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the forms and characteristics of the current flow of competitive sports talents in China. It is considered that rational flow is the premise to realize the optimal allocation of competitive sports talent resources. At present, the flow of competitive sports talent resources in China is still restricted by many factors, and the distribution of competitive sports talent resources in regions and events is very unbalanced. Only by promoting the rational flow of competitive sports talent resources can we improve the rational allocation and optimal integration of competitive sports talent resources in China. It is suggested that China should establish a "trinity" competitive sports flow model in the new period, and establish and improve the guarantee system and legal system for the flow of competitive sports talent resources.
Paper Keywords: physical education; Competitive sports; Flow of talent resources
Competitive sports talent resources refer to the general name of sports professionals who have received professional training or specialized training in a country or region and can promote the development of competitive sports, including competitive sports athletes, competitive sports coaches, competitive sports referees, competitive sports researchers and competitive sports managers.
China is in the period of social transformation, influenced by tradition, and people's values tend to be conservative; The complexity of social structure and weak foundation have also caused various serious problems in the layout of competitive sports talent resources in China:
There are regional differences in the distribution of (1). Outstanding performance is that endurance talents are mainly concentrated in the northwest, physical talents are concentrated in the northeast, and dexterity talents are concentrated in East China, Central China and South China.
(2) Idle talents and lack of talents coexist. For example, Sichuan Women's Volleyball Team has a high-level coach, but the average height of the athletes is only 1.75m, and no athletes with ideal figure can be found. However, there are more than 100 women's volleyball players under/0.85m trained in Heilongjiang Province.
(3) The outstanding reserve talents of competitive sports are scarce. According to statistics, 196 has 308,282 reserve talents in competitive sports in China,154,774153,508 (about 50%);
(4) There are relatively few first-line and third-line athletes in competitive sports, but there are relatively many second-line athletes, and the allocation of first-line, second-line and third-line athletes is in an unbalanced state.
At present, with the continuous development of competitive sports in China, the scope and speed of the flow of sports talent resources are increasing, and there are more and more economic factors in the flow. How to effectively use and develop sports talent resources, maximize the use of sports talent resources, effectively reduce and use costs, rationalize the cost input and output of competitive sports achievements, and promote the coordinated and sustainable development of competitive sports regions has become an urgent problem to be solved.
1 Main forms of competitive sports talent flow in China
At present, the generally accepted and recognized forms of mobility are leasing, exchange, one-time buyout (also referring to the transfer of clubs), normal personnel transfer, joint training, agreement exchange, contract training, self-employment and so on. In addition, according to the number of talent flow, it can be divided into individual flow and collective flow; According to the flow span, it is divided into intra-provincial and inter-provincial, domestic and international flows; According to the flow effect, it is divided into reasonable flow and unreasonable flow; According to the flow direction, it can be divided into parallel and cross flow, horizontal and vertical, downstream and countercurrent; According to the nature of mobility, it can be divided into forced mobility and free mobility, in-process mobility and dynamic mobility, as well as professionals to amateurs and amateurs to professionals.
2 characteristics of the flow of competitive sports talents in China
2. 1 The flow direction presents two-way interaction.
Competitive sports need a lot of capital investment as a guarantee. In economically backward areas, due to the limitation and shortage of funds, competitive sports talent resources naturally flow to developed areas that can provide good development conditions. This led to the one-way flow of competitive sports talent resources in early China, that is, from the western inland to the eastern coast, from cities, from economically underdeveloped areas to economically developed areas, from non-dominant project areas to dominant project areas. However, with the introduction of market economy, the enrichment of sports talent resources, the improvement of quality and the reform of personnel system, especially with the implementation of the strategy of developing the western region, competitive sports talent resources show the characteristics of reverse flow, that is, multipolarization and interactive flow.
2.2 The flow period is gradually shortened
Because competitive sports have the characteristics of "utility" and "timeliness". Talents with development prospects will definitely not be released permanently by the training unit, and the receiving unit will not bear a heavy burden for talents without long-term development potential. Dual reasons determine that the flow of competitive sports talents is bound to accelerate. In addition, with the popularization of the appointment system of "being able to go up and down, being able to enter and leave", the cycle of the flow of competitive sports talents is gradually shortened and the speed is getting faster and faster.
2.3 The scope of the flow is getting bigger and bigger.
With the introduction of the market economy, the institutional barriers to the change and mobility of talents' employment concepts have been gradually broken, especially the registration system for athletes' representatives in the National Games, the Interim Provisions on National Athletes' Exchange promulgated by 1996, and the Administrative Measures for National Athletes' Registration and Exchange (for Trial Implementation), as well as the improvement of China's professional competitive sports talent transfer system and the acceleration of the marketization process. The scope of talent flow is also growing, gradually shifting from regional flow to national and international flow.
2.4 The flow process develops in the direction of planning and dual regulation.
At present, the flow of competitive sports talent resources in China is influenced by market system and planned economy system. The outflow and introduction of competitive sports talents must first be approved by the unit where the talents belong, and there are instructions. In addition, individual human resources are also influenced by some institutional factors, such as household registration and archives. Without the consent of the talent management unit, a considerable number of these talents cannot flow. However, after receiving the plan of talent outflow and introduction, the whole talent outflow and introduction must rely on the market to complete the transaction. Due to the dual adjustment of planning and market, the terms and amounts of transactions made by the same talents for different buyers and sellers often vary greatly. The role of will make the transaction amount fluctuate greatly; The relationship between households can affect the final transaction object, and the market operation only exists to a certain extent and scope.
3 the role of the flow of competitive sports talent resources in China
3. 1 Coordinate the relationship between mobility and stability of competitive sports talent resources
The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward Scientific Outlook on Development in the new era-insisting on people-oriented, insisting on the people's dominant position in the construction cause, and taking the road of sound, fast and sustainable development. Similarly, the development of competitive sports should adhere to Scientific Outlook on Development and take the road of sustainable development. Competitive sports talent resources must be rationally allocated according to the relationship between market supply and demand under the joint action of objective economic laws and competition mechanism. The government management department should treat the flow of competitive sports talent resources dialectically from the individual demand of talents and correctly handle the relationship between the flow and stability of competitive sports talent resources. It is not advisable to artificially promote and restrain the flow of talents, or to blindly emphasize the mobility of talents while ignoring the stability of talents. The stability and mobility of competitive sports talent resources are dialectical unity. Only by striving for stability and stability in sports can we achieve the goal of promoting stability and development with flow. Only by coordinating the relationship between mobility and stability of competitive sports talent resources can we give full play to the dominant position of competitive sports talents and realize the sustainable development of competitive sports.
3.2 Realize the rational allocation and full utilization of competitive sports talent resources.
The rational flow of competitive sports talent resources can realize the rational allocation and full utilization of competitive sports talent resources, make the limited competitive sports talent resources play the maximum benefit and promote the more balanced development of competitive sports. It avoids the situation that the stronger the strong, the weaker the weak, and plays a positive role in the change of interval pattern and the balance of power. In addition, the competition generated by the flow of competitive sports talents can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of talents and give play to their potential. For example, the NBA, which we are familiar with, has a scientific recruitment and draft system, which ensures that their teams can select top players on a global scale and distribute (flow) these players to various teams reasonably, so that all teams in the NBA have equal strength, and the competition is always fierce, wonderful and ornamental, realizing the rational allocation of talent resources and maximizing benefits.
3.3 standardize and prosper the competitive sports talent market
At present, some leaders and decision makers have misunderstood the "Olympic strategy" because of the idea of quick success and instant benefit. They all focus on getting cards, and only pay attention to the cultivation of top talents, ignoring the cultivation of secondary, developmental and reserve talents. What's more, in order to make achievements, we often "pull out the seedlings to encourage them" and "fish with exhausted resources". Problems such as high elimination rate, neglect of studies, and difficult employment have always existed, and often mistakes in a certain link have caused lifelong harm to competitive sports talents. The rational flow of competitive sports talent resources can avoid this blindness in the use of competitive sports talent resources, gradually cultivate talent markets at all levels, improve the competition, training and selection systems of competitive sports talents at all levels, gradually standardize and prosper the competitive sports talent market system, and make the competitive sports talents flow scientifically and reasonably.
3.4 Strengthen the exchange of competitive sports talent resources and learn from each other.
At present, it is a very common phenomenon that competitive sports talents flow across countries and regions. Practice has strongly proved that the flow of competitive sports talents can quickly optimize the structure of competitive sports talents in countries and regions. It enhances the mutual exchange and complementarity between talents; It has promoted the rapid improvement of sports technical level, which has also become the successful experience of many world sports powers.
3.5 accelerate the comprehensive integration of China culture.
The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to build a harmonious socialist society and a harmonious culture of the whole society in the new period. This is not only the urgent expectation of all the people, but also the urgent task faced by China's reform and opening up, economic development and social progress to a certain stage. Through the flow of competitive sports talents, we should establish a stable talent flow system and competition performance system, give full play to the star effect and social function of competitive sports talents, bridge the gap between Chinese cultures, exchange needed goods, eliminate barriers, meet the needs of different groups, make sports, a special culture, take root among the people, promote the construction of a harmonious society and accelerate the comprehensive integration of Chinese cultures.
4 China's competitive sports talent resources development countermeasures
4. 1 Establish a "trinity" flow model of competitive sports talent resources.
Absorb the essence of China's traditional system and western autonomous sports system, gradually reduce the role of the government in the flow of competitive sports talent resources, change the government-led into macro-control, and gradually change the government's responsibility into the long-term planning, strategy and goal of formulating the flow mechanism of competitive sports talent resources; Policies, regulations and systems for regulating the operation of the talent market; Supervise the implementation of policies, regulations and systems on the flow of talents; Punish the illegal behavior of the main body of the talent market. Gradually strengthen the role of social groups, enterprises and individuals in the flow of competitive sports talents, give full play to the basic role of the market in the flow of talents, and finally establish a "trinity" flow model of competitive sports talents with national macro-control, social autonomy and market autonomy.
4.2 Actively advocate multi-channel participation from all walks of life.
In the process of transition from planned system to market economy system, the original training system of competitive sports reserve talents in China has been strongly impacted, and the middle and low level competitive sports reserve talents in the three-level training network have begun to shrink. Judging from the current actual situation, the road of cultivating reserve talents only by professional competition system under the planned economy system has become narrower and narrower. With the further promotion of sports socialization and the strengthening of China's national economic strength, all social forces such as social groups, enterprises, schools and individuals have the strength and desire to participate in the cultivation of competitive sports talent resources. Therefore, we should actively change our ideas and make full use of this part of social resources. Under the new flow mode, social forces take the investment of personnel and funds, paid training, paid training and paid transportation as the starting point. Its forms are: cooperative system, joint-stock system, individual or private club, single school and study class. It is worth noting that with the diversification of stakeholders, in the process of social forces' intervention, sports administrative departments should pay attention to goal orientation and policy leverage, so as to coordinate the goals of social forces and sports departments in the allocation of competitive sports talent resources.
4.3 Promote the rational flow of competitive talent resources and improve the talent market.
Government departments should do a good job in macro-control and micro-control of the flow of competitive sports talents, improve the management mechanism of talent flow, strictly implement various relevant regulations, and develop in the direction of getting in and out, coming and going freely, and attracting talents. Introduce market mechanism, establish sports talent market, establish a unified national talent market system, and strengthen the construction of talent market intermediary institutions, social security system and coach training system. While improving the entry, training and exit mechanism of athletes, the state gives certain economic compensation, encourages retired athletes to choose their own jobs, and gradually creates a series of systems to create conditions for the re-employment of competitive sports talents through job-transfer training, self-help in production, job introduction and other means, and solve the resettlement problem of retired athletes through the talent market. "
4.4 Strengthen the construction of talent market and develop online talent market.
To improve the competitive sports talent market, the construction of market environment is particularly important. Gradually establish the concept of attaching importance to talents, respecting talents and making good use of talents. Only in this way can we really do a good job in the flow of competitive sports talents and realize the rational allocation of talent resources. With the rapid development of science and technology in the 20th century, the Internet has spread all over all walks of life. Sports management center and provinces (cities) have established websites. Almost all kinds of national competitions have implemented the athlete registration system, which provides convenient conditions for the establishment of online competitive sports talent market. Therefore, the next step should be to establish an online talent database, improve the relevant conditions of the online talent market from the aspects of policies, regulations and mechanisms as soon as possible, and develop the online competitive sports talent market.
4.5 Breaking the barriers to the flow of competitive sports talents
At present, due to the protection and restriction of regional, unit and policy talents, the cross-regional and cross-unit flow of competitive sports talent resources is blocked. Due to the unstable and imperfect policy environment, irregular operation and inadequate management during the social transformation period, there are many contradictions and disputes around the flow of competitive sports talents, some of which are still very sharp, which have affected the stability of some local teams and the enthusiasm for developing competitive sports, and further affected the further optimization and combination of competitive sports talent resources and the enjoyment of * * * *. The sports administrative department shall, on the basis of perfecting the registration management of competitive sports talents, establish a system of regular service and regular flow and rotation of competitive sports talent resources between regions, especially between talent-deficient regions and talent-rich regions. Formulate a tilted system, such as providing opportunities for going to college, improving wages and benefits, and evaluating and hiring professional positions. Establish interest-oriented mechanism, such as establishing cross-regional training of competitive sports talents and agreement scoring system. Encourage the cross-regional flow of competitive sports talent resources.
4.6 Establish and improve the guarantee system for the flow of competitive sports talent resources
At present, the flow of competitive sports talents in China is not smooth, and "talents" are unwilling to leave their original "units", which has a lot to do with the lag of social security construction and the low sense of security of "talents" in China. Only by establishing and perfecting the social security system of competitive sports talents and solving their worries of diversion and flow can we eliminate the dependence of competitive sports talents on "units", freely flow in the whole society and make the market become the basic force of talent flow. The social security system includes society, employment placement, disability insurance, social welfare and special care.
4.7 Establish and improve the legal system of competitive sports talent resource flow.
At present, the market-oriented mobility of competitive sports talents in China is still low, and there are still many problems in the market-oriented behavior of talent mobility: there are still many irregular behaviors in talent mobility; Talent price positioning is chaotic; Individual employers and individuals do not comply, and default or breach of contract occurs from time to time; The phenomenon of "overlord clause" in employment contracts is everywhere, which needs to be solved by legalization. At present, it is urgent to establish and improve market regulations and systems, including the Measures for the Administration of Competitive Sports Talents Registration, the Exchange System of Excellent Competitive Sports Talents, and the Measures for the Administration of Joint Training of Competitive Sports Talents.
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