From the perspective of project management, this paper expounds college students' entrepreneurial projects and how to successfully start a business, points out that college students' successful entrepreneurship refers to establishing profitable enterprises or developing new products that can bring wealth, and puts forward that college students' entrepreneurship should be regarded as a social practice activity, which is constrained by time and budget.
Keywords: college students' entrepreneurial project management and entrepreneurial ability
Since 1998 Tsinghua University held the first national business plan competition, by April 2002, the Ministry of Education designated eight institutions of higher learning, including Tsinghua University, China Renmin University, Beihang University, Wuhan University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Xi Jiaotong University, Heilongjiang University and Nanjing Institute of Economics, as pilot institutions to carry out entrepreneurship education for college students, and there was a general upsurge of entrepreneurship education in universities across the country.
Entrepreneurship is listed by UNESCO as the third ability passport for college students after academic and vocational skills. However, a problem that has been bothering us is: on the one hand, college students are extremely enthusiastic about starting a business. According to some local statistics, 70% of college students are interested in starting a business; On the other hand, the failure rate of entrepreneurship is high. The failure rate of college students' entrepreneurship is as high as 70%, while the success rate is only 2% ~ 3%. Therefore, it is particularly important to publicize and implement the concept of entrepreneurship among college students, enhance their entrepreneurial awareness and cultivate their entrepreneurial ability, so as to prepare for college students who are interested in entrepreneurship.
The entrepreneurial process of transforming entrepreneurial ideas into healthy enterprise entities requires effective management by entrepreneurs, that is, entrepreneurial management. Project management is mainly devoted to solving the problems of creating and managing new projects. The two have something in common. Based on the concept and viewpoint of project management, this paper talks about how college students succeed in starting a business.
1 College Students' Entrepreneurship Project
A project is a unique task, that is, to introduce or produce a new product or service according to certain norms and application standards. This kind of work should be completed within limited project parameters, such as time, cost, human resources and assets. The project has three elements, namely, technical objectives, completion period and budget. The successful implementation of a project is usually restricted by four factors, namely, scope of work, cost, progress and customer satisfaction.
College students' entrepreneurship is an important project in their life, which affects their career direction after leaving campus to some extent. Since college students' entrepreneurship is a project, what is the technical goal of college students' entrepreneurship project? Some people say it's starting a company, some people say it's developing new products, and some people even say it's a successful financing. These are all wrong, at least not comprehensive. The fundamental purpose of an enterprise is to make profits, and new products should reflect value. Therefore, the technical goal of college students' entrepreneurial projects should be to establish profitable enterprises or develop new products that can bring wealth.
Some college students, because the purpose of starting a business is not clear or the motivation is not pure, start a business just to get rid of the boss's addiction and satisfy their vanity. When the money is burned out, entrepreneurship can be regarded as a "complete" period, but the result is disappointing.
The technical goal of college students' entrepreneurship is clear, and the completion period is naturally the longest time for enterprise management (or new product sales) to reach the break-even point. Entrepreneurship is risky, including technical risk, management risk, market risk, talent risk and even policy risk. College students should set up a stop-loss point when starting a business. Some people are optimistic about the market prospect of electric bicycles, and have learned that the sales of electric bicycles in Hangzhou and Ningbo are strong, and they have also opened an electric bicycle store in Wenzhou. The first month's sales volume was ok, and the second month's sales volume dropped significantly. Looking for the reason, I found that there are many electric bicycle shops around. Because the appearance and power of the electric bicycle he runs are all produced in accordance with national regulations, the appearance is stingy and thin, and the horsepower is limited to 20 km/h, while all the shops around are selling nonstandard "electric motorcycles". The appearance is the same as that of fashionable motorcycles, which meets the tastes of local people and grabs business. Soon, Wenzhou Public Security Traffic Police Brigade issued a document explicitly prohibiting electric motorcycles from going on the road, and once again encountered policy risks and had to end operations.
The author agrees that college students' entrepreneurship should be regarded as a social practice to experience the hardships and difficulties of entrepreneurship, accumulate experience and lessons, and prepare for the opportunity to start a business after entering the society in the future.
Budget is the minimum capital needed to start and maintain business operations (or develop new products). The funds needed for starting a business are generally composed of the following parts: ① equipment purchase expenses, including production equipment, office equipment, tools, etc.; (2) Workplace, including housing, decoration and other expenses. ③ Prepayment, including rent, business license and other similar prepaid expenses; (4) Operating turnover, with at least three or four months' working capital, including wages, advertising fees, maintenance fees, repayment of debts, purchase of materials and energy, etc. ⑤ Funds occupied by inventory, semi-finished products, finished products and raw materials. In addition to ideological preparation, knowledge preparation and ability preparation, certain financial preparation is also necessary for college students to start a business. How much money to do how many big things. Ensure that the funds raised are not less than the budget. It is best that the funds can be put in place at one time, at least in stages.
2 Team-the key to college students' successful entrepreneurship
Usually, the most important task of a successful project is to set up a project team. Choosing the right project team members to work in the project team is the key to the success of the project.
The success of college students' entrepreneurial projects also depends on a good entrepreneurial team. Successful entrepreneurship requires comprehensive knowledge and experience in many aspects, such as management knowledge, marketing knowledge, financial knowledge, legal knowledge and even product technology knowledge. Most young college students have no practice in this field, let alone experience, so it is difficult to be all-rounder. Therefore, those who know technology should find partners who know management, and those who know management should also find partners who know technology. When setting up a team, entrepreneurs must choose like-minded and independent elites to join the team and clarify the responsibilities of team members. As a team leader, entrepreneurs must also master communication skills and learn to listen, influence and negotiate, so as to maintain and consolidate the fighting capacity and work efficiency of the whole team.
3 Plan-Business Plan
Planning is the basic component of project management. Without a detailed and effective plan for any project, the probability of failure will greatly increase. In fact, the plan is a road map to guide the project implementer how to get to the desired location from the current location. Without it, project implementers may not be able to achieve their goals. The same is true of college students' entrepreneurship, which also requires a detailed and feasible business plan as a prerequisite for success.
A business plan generally includes: ① plan summary: including company introduction, main products and business scope, market overview, marketing strategy, sales plan, production management plan, managers and their organizations, financial plan, capital demand, etc. ; ② Product (service) introduction: including product concept, performance and characteristics, main product introduction, product market competitiveness, product research and development process, new product development plan and cost analysis, product market prospect forecast, product brand and patent; ③ Personnel and organizational structure: including the organization chart of the company, the functions and responsibilities of each department, the heads and main members of each department, the company's salary system, the company's shareholder list (including stock options, proportions and privileges), and the background information of the company's board members and directors; (4) Market forecast: including market profile, competitor profile, target customers and target markets, market positioning, market segmentation and the characteristics of our products. ⑤ Marketing strategy: including the choice of market organization and marketing channels, marketing team and management, promotion plan, advertising strategy and price decision; ⑥ Manufacturing plan: including product manufacturing and technical equipment status, new product production plan, technical upgrading and equipment updating requirements, quality control and quality improvement plan; ⑦ Financial planning: including cash flow statement, balance sheet and income statement.
The business plan must answer two basic questions: one is the funds needed for starting a business or expanding business; The second is how to get the reward the fastest.
The essence of a business plan is to stop and think about how to do it better before you really start a business. It's like a sand drill before the war. Through the sand table drill, we can find the existing problems and shortcomings, find ways to overcome them, and think things through. It must be recognized that the purpose of writing a business plan is to do things well, not to look good.
4 project control
Project control, in the final analysis, is the management of the project, that is, making a plan and then executing it as planned. If everything goes according to plan, management will become a simple task. However, the actual situation is not so simple. Due to the change of environment, the deviation of understanding and the lack of ability, the actual situation deviates from the plan. It is necessary to use project control to ensure that the project is carried out around the plan. Project control is to monitor the project regularly or irregularly according to certain standards, find the deviation between project activities and standards, and take necessary measures to solve it. It is necessary to control the progress, cost, quality and risk of entrepreneurial projects.
In the process of starting a business, college students should always check the implementation of their plans, whether they are carried out as planned, and whether the progress is faster or slower than expected, for example, time has passed 1/3, and the market expansion has reached1/5; Or the cost is more than half, and the business volume is only 1/3 and so on. It is necessary to find problems in time, review them in time, put forward solutions quickly and correct them.
5 conclusion
Entrepreneurship education gives college students facing employment pressure another choice, but college students who are interested in entrepreneurship must clearly realize that entrepreneurship is risky. Successful entrepreneurship must be guaranteed by certain financial resources and entrepreneurial ability.
College students start a business to start a profitable enterprise or develop new products that can bring wealth, rather than being addicted to the boss. We must make a good plan before starting a business, control the whole process in the implementation process, and correct the deviation in time.
College students should take starting a business in school as a social practice activity, experience the hardships and difficulties of starting a business, accumulate experience and lessons, and prepare for starting a business in the future.
refer to
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