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Papers in Cantonese and Putonghua
In other words, Cantonese and Mandarin are parallel at the same classification level. Cantonese is not a dialect subordinate to Putonghua. The relationship between Cantonese and Mandarin is just like the relationship between Spanish and Portuguese. They belong to the same language family, but not the same language. On the website of UNESCO, the languages of all countries are listed. In the column of China, Mandarin (also called Manchu) ranks first, and Cantonese in Guangdong ranks second. In fact, it is generally believed that Cantonese is an independent language. Cantonese is defined as a language by foreigners. As early as the late Qing Dynasty, foreign missionaries and foreign scholars in the Republic of China believed that Cantonese was the language of the southern minorities in China, not Chinese. It is an indisputable fact that Cantonese originated from the mixture of ancient Vietnamese and ancient Chinese. Western scholars generally believe that Cantonese is an independent language, while China scholars generally believe that Cantonese is one of the dialects in China. China people, even Asians, have different concepts of language from Europeans and Americans. Linguists generally believe that if there is no direct communication between two discourses, they can be defined as two different languages. If there are big or small differences between them, but they can talk directly, they can be defined as two different dialects of the same language. According to this classification standard, Cantonese and Mandarin are basically unable to communicate and should be classified as two different languages. However, for a long time, domestic officials have always defined Cantonese as a dialect, probably to prevent Guangdong from engaging in localism because of its unique language. Each language has its own characteristics in usage and pronunciation. We respect the national policies and requirements for promoting the use of Putonghua, but languages often do not exist in isolation. Language is the carrier of culture, and its meaning goes beyond the general communicative function. Therefore, there is no contradiction between the promotion of Putonghua and the preservation, use and protection of Cantonese, our mother tongue. In reality, in the birthplace of Cantonese, the use of Cantonese is shrinking. The official language is compulsory in daily teaching, and teachers are required to use Mandarin instead of their mother tongue. Many young people have fewer opportunities to speak Cantonese, and they don't even know what many popular Cantonese words mean. Moreover, due to the influx of more and more migrants into Guangdong, the living environment of Cantonese is getting narrower and narrower, and the chances of using Cantonese in life are getting less and less. Unfortunately, some occasions with national influence allow other dialects to appear, but Cantonese has never been seen before. Compared with foreign countries, canton is internationally recognized as Guangfu dialect. This Cantonese dialect covers a wide range, and Cantonese is widely used by Chinese in Southeast Asia, Europe and America, among which there are many Cantonese scholars and influential people. The total population of Cantonese may exceed 100 million, which is already a big language from the perspective of the United Nations. Many China people who have sneaked into the United States say: It is better to learn Cantonese first than to learn English. Foreigners all know that there are Mandarin and Cantonese. Cantonese has long been included in the list of internationally recognized languages. This is not a man-made result, but a historical one. It is not easy for other languages to enter this ranks. For example, the most active people in Taiwan Province Province have not fully recognized the language of Taiwanese internationally, let alone Shanghainese and Minnan dialect, which also want to enter this ranks. Cantonese is spoken by many people overseas, and its influence is even greater than that of Mandarin. Cantonese is still the most commonly used language of overseas Chinese all over the world, and it is even understood by many people than Mandarin. This is because a large part of the early overseas Chinese immigrated from Guangdong, and when some Southeast Asian countries entered Malaysia, they actually referred to China people as Cantonese people. At present, about 67 million people around the world speak Cantonese, which is widely used. Cantonese is not only widely used in overseas Chinese communities, but also supports Cantonese culture centered on Hong Kong culture and South Guangdong culture, which makes Cantonese have a strong influence and can be said to be one of the most vibrant languages in the world at present. Cantonese has an international name Canton. At present, Cantonese has become the fourth largest language in Australia (Australia speaks English, Italian, Greek, Cantonese and Arabic), the third largest language in Canada (Canada speaks English, French and Cantonese) and the third largest language in the United States (the United States speaks English, Spanish and Cantonese). Besides, Cantonese is the only Chinese dialect (such as Cantonese or Chinese) that has been independently studied in foreign universities. Not long before this, the Cantonese Liao Chinese group in New York Chinatown started a Cantonese class, which was also based on protecting the lives of Cantonese people. UNESCO's Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity mentioned that defending cultural diversity is inseparable from respecting human dignity. Everyone has the right to use the language of his choice, especially to express his thoughts in his mother tongue, and to create and disseminate his own works. In any case, Cantonese is the basis of communication between Lingnan culture and Lingnan people, and we will never deny defending our views like our mother.