2, 1, natural monopoly, 2, * * * support, 3,, manufacturers monopolize production resources.
3 and 4, monopoly will increase the cost of the whole society, which is not conducive to achieving market equilibrium and effective allocation of resources.
5, 1, legal means, 2, market coordination, 3 policy guidance
Question 2: Microeconomics: Why should monopoly be regulated? Because monopoly will reduce social welfare and produce unnecessary losses.
If a market is completely competitive, consumers can get some benefits and producers can get some benefits, that is, consumer surplus and producer surplus, which add up to total social welfare. In a monopoly market, consumers get no or only a little benefit, and producers get a little more benefit than when they are in perfect competition. However, their total social welfare is less than that in a perfectly competitive market.
This can be explained by graphs, and monopoly graphs can be used.
Problem 3: Monopoly causes market failure and efficiency loss. How to eliminate monopoly with microeconomic policies can not be eliminated, but can only be reduced as much as possible. Textbooks say that it is impossible to reduce anti-monopoly by formulating anti-monopoly policies and laws and regulations and strictly implementing them. For example, the monopoly of state-owned enterprises and large enterprises in China will not control it, but protect it, because the superstructure is determined by the economic base, and the high profits of the economic base will come from monopoly. To put it simply, the two are the same interests, and the so-called anti-monopoly law is only a means to exclude dissidents and protect themselves.
Question 4: In microeconomics, nouns explain what monopoly is. Monopoly comes from the advantage of abusing economic power (including joint advantage), and its abuser should be the operator or the consortium of operators. Practice shows that the advantage of economic strength does not necessarily belong to a certain operator or consortium of operators. On the contrary, it can belong to operator A, operator B, or even a consortium composed of several operators who have no economic advantages. In other words, the advantage of economic strength is not permanently exclusive. It was formed in the competition. The problem is that the possessor of economic advantage adopts non-competitive means in order to maintain his own advantage and does not allow others to compete with him again. The fundamental feature of abusing the advantage of economic power is to dominate the market with centralized economic power or joint economic power, thus making it possible for others to become economic slaves. The restriction of market access caused by economic monopoly is mainly manifested in the exclusiveness of market access opportunities. Once there is economic monopoly, the opportunity to enter the market will be monopolized by individual (or a few) operators. The actor of economic monopoly not only does not share the opportunity to enter the market with others, but also does not share new opportunities to enter the market with other operators. The legal economic monopoly of the country and the monopoly of many public utilities in a certain range need administrative power to implement and guarantee. Whether this kind of administrative power is legal or illegal cannot be clearly defined in legal form in advance, which is determined by the nature and characteristics of administrative and administrative power itself. Market monopoly, franchise, price monopoly, restrictive behavior and intervention behavior carried out by any subject within the scope of legal and administrative authorization shall be legal and legitimate administrative monopoly; Whether the relevant administrative monopoly is within the scope authorized by law and whether it harms competition needs to be determined by anti-monopoly law enforcement agencies and courts according to law. Economic monopoly is not only the non-administrative monopoly of individuals and individuals, but also the administrative economic monopoly of the state and state-owned entities. Judging from the actual situation in China, state-owned entities play a leading role in economic life. No matter whether it has the nature of natural monopoly or legal franchise monopoly, or "economic" monopoly behaviors such as participating in market competition, dividing up and dominating the market, abusing trading power and adopting unfair trading methods like private enterprises, it is not the so-called private monopoly in western countries, but mostly supported by "administrative".
Question 5: How to test microeconomics? Microeconomics needs to be studied hard to do well in the exam! ! Let me talk about some methods:
1: In fact, no matter what you learn, you should pay attention to one method. This method is unique and everyone is different. You can find a way of learning that interests you, such as listening to music. .
Finally, I wish you progress in your study and get good grades.
2. Western economics is a purely theoretical discipline, and the knowledge it contains is basically more modular. That is to say, compared with political economy, it has less practical things, and the places that can be linked with reality are mainly macro-fiscal policy, monetary policy, inflation theory, open economy theory and so on. In addition, there are many theoretical models in western economics, which should be paid attention to. Here are some specific points:
The first and most important thing is graphics. It can be found that the whole theoretical system of western economics runs through a series of graphs, and almost every chapter and section has graphs. Without the cooperation of graphs, a principle cannot be explained. So when reviewing, I drew every graphic in a notebook, and explained the graphic and the policy implications it represented. After summing it up, you can always take it out and look at it, carefully understand each picture and remember it. Many problems can be solved by graphics even if they don't require drawing graphics.
Secondly, important concepts should be understood and memorized. General professional examinations have noun explanations. According to common sense, this is a basic question, for you, and you can't lose points. These important concepts don't need to be recited word for word, but they should be understood first and memorized on the basis of understanding. You can use your own words.
Finally, the mastery of knowledge should be systematic. This is also particularly important. Because western economics involves many different schools, the theoretical models, viewpoints and policy propositions of different schools are different. There will probably be a question for you to compare the similarities and differences between them. Therefore, in learning, we should consciously associate memory. When we see a school's factor analysis, we should recall which schools also have this analysis, and where are the similarities and differences. For example, consumption theories include Keynes, Friedman and modigliani. The theory of money demand includes money quantity theory, money transaction theory and Keynes's liquidity trap. The manufacturer theory includes four types of manufacturers, as well as their demand-supply curves, equilibrium states, equilibrium conditions and efficiency comparisons. It can be seen that the correlation between these theories is great, so you should also reflect this bias when reviewing. You can summarize these related knowledge points in a book, and the process of summary is also a process of understanding and systematic mastery.
Because the basic position and function of western economics are extremely important, the review and examination of western economics should generally pay attention to: (1) accurately understand and master basic concepts, and be able to use them flexibly. Some basic concepts cannot be solved by rote learning. We must understand it from different aspects, and we cannot generalize it. On the basis of mastering these basic concepts, we can relate related knowledge and content according to the basic concepts. For example, demand change and demand change are two completely different concepts, and the elasticity of demand and the slope of demand curve are different, but many people may be confused, so we should understand the economic meaning behind the concept. For another example, we should be able to think of the consumer behavior theory behind the demand curve from the change of demand. From the perspective of demand elasticity, it is necessary to analyze the influence of different demand elasticity on manufacturers' income. Moreover, the courses to be tested in this major can also be linked, such as analyzing the interest rate determination theory from the changes of demand curve and supply curve, and so on. Therefore, only through comparison and association can we really learn western economics well and use it flexibly in other courses to reduce the learning burden. (2) Master the overall knowledge framework. At this point, you need to visualize the whole picture of this course in your mind at any time, instead of piecemeal or a lot of knowledge that needs to be reminded by others. Grasping the logical structure of the whole knowledge can avoid the omission and blind spots of knowledge points. Taking microeconomics as an example, we should know that the whole content of microeconomics is to demonstrate Smith's "invisible hand" principle, which is the direct purpose of general equilibrium theory, and general equilibrium needs the equilibrium of various markets. Therefore, microeconomics strives to demonstrate the balance between product market and factor market. The equilibrium of product market is the equilibrium price theory, and >>
Question 6: Explain how to solve the monopoly problem with economics and formulate and implement the anti-monopoly law.
2. Restrict mergers and acquisitions that may form a monopoly.
3. Split monopoly enterprises. 4. Restrict all kinds of collusion, trust and price alliance among enterprises.
Question 7: (Microeconomics) Why is monopoly inefficient? * * * What measures should be taken against monopoly? Economics is the study of the way for the whole society to get rich, and its task is how to rationally allocate manpower, financial resources and material resources to better meet the needs of human survival and development. In order to arrange and use all kinds of resources reasonably, we must improve the utilization efficiency of resources and get as much output as possible with as little input as possible. The meaning of efficiency is varied. Here, we can say that efficiency refers to the effectiveness of resource allocation, even if the limited resources of society can be arranged and used reasonably and effectively. It can be said that economics is to solve the problem of how to allocate resources, improve efficiency and promote development.
There are two basic means or the most common means to allocate resources, namely, planning and market. The former regulates the economy through the conscious allocation of resources by the state, while the latter spontaneously regulates the allocation of resources through the market. Of course, today's countries in the world generally focus on market regulation, and on the basis of giving full play to the basic role of the market, strengthen national macro-control and intervene in the economy by planned means.
Adjusting the allocation of resources by market means is actually using the three major mechanisms of the market, namely, price mechanism, supply and demand mechanism and competition mechanism, to guide producers and operators to adjust and arrange production activities and realize the optimal allocation of resources. The market is an effective means to realize the rational allocation of resources, but it is also conditional. To give full play to the role of market allocation, we must have a series of preconditions, for example, we must have a fair and just market order and form a unified, open and competitive market system; For example, the market should timely, flexibly and accurately reflect price fluctuations and changes in the relationship between supply and demand to ensure full competition. On the contrary, if there is no good market order, if the transmission of market price signals and supply and demand information is not timely and accurate, but distorted and distorted, and if the market is not fully competitive, then the market cannot give full play to the regulation of resource allocation, leading to low efficiency of market regulation.
In today's booming market economy, to give full play to the role of the market, we must create a series of conditions for the market to play its role, such as standardizing market order, breaking monopoly, solving many problems such as abuse of administrative power. As far as monopoly is concerned, because a single or a few monopoly manufacturers can control the supply of a commodity and affect its price, they can obtain excess profits by raising prices and reducing production. At the same time, due to monopoly, they use their monopoly position to restrict and hinder competitors from entering, while other manufacturers cannot enter the market or have higher entry restrictions. In addition, in the absence of competition, enterprises lack the enthusiasm to improve management, thus lacking efficiency. Therefore, monopoly will lead to the inefficiency of resource allocation, which will inevitably hinder the effectiveness of the market and is not conducive to the development of the market economy.
In fact, some monopolies are related to the abuse of administrative power. Some administrative organs abuse administrative power and collude with enterprises to artificially monopolize the production and sales of certain products. Especially in the development of local economy, there are still some phenomena, such as implementing local protectionism, restricting the inflow of foreign products, protecting the production and sales of local products, and even protecting backward enterprises.
* * * To create conditions for the market, we should not only give full play to the basic role of the market, but also strengthen national macro-control. In view of monopolistic behavior, * * * should take various measures to break the monopoly. For example, in order to stop monopolistic behavior, maintain market competition order and ensure the healthy and orderly development of market economy, the Anti-monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China, known as the "Economic Constitution", came into effect on August 1 2008.
Question 8: The problem of microeconomic monopoly 30 points 1
p= 10-q/2
tr=pq=q( 10-q/2)= 10q-q^2/2
mr=dtr/dq= 10-q
mr=mc=2
10-q=2
q=8 p= 10-8/2=6
Profit =(6-2)8- 10=22
Method 2
Profit = tr-TC = pq = q (10-q/2)-10-2q
D profit /dq= 10-q-2=0.
q=8
p=6
Profit =(6-2)8- 10=22
Question 9: Microeconomics, how to calculate Q-A when monopolizing? And how to calculate Q B when there is an agreed monopoly but B breaches the contract? I can't see clearly. . . I guess it feels like a Cournot model.
When monopolizing, the monopoly output is calculated and divided by 2, which is the respective output of the two manufacturers. Monopoly output is the output that maximizes the overall interests of two manufacturers.
In this case, every manufacturer has the motivation to expand production and improve profits. The default output is the output re-derived on the premise of giving the other party half the monopoly output, which is definitely higher than the original output.
Once one party defaults, the other party will change the output accordingly until it reaches the oligopoly output. Not an oligopoly.
Question 10: Sun Yat-sen University, Key of Microeconomics, 98 points. For the exam, the main points are as follows:
1、PPF
2. Supply and demand curves (what happens when moving)
3. How did the supply-demand curve come into being? (From the perspective of production cost and utility)
4. Price and output analysis of competitive market and monopoly market.
5, indifference curve
6. Elasticity (demand and supply)
7. In addition, it is enough to know all the concepts and definitions upstairs.
The rest is not the point.