Chairman Mao Zedong once said: "Among the four sons in the late Ming Dynasty, those who really had national integrity dared to break through the customs. After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, he lived in seclusion in the mountains and did not work for the Qing Dynasty. " After entering the Qing Dynasty, he refused to be an official, lived in seclusion in his hometown and built a garden called Shuihui Garden. Its garden is very clever, built by water, without walls, and it is still a famous garden in Rugao. Mao Bijiang has a book, Memories of Mei Ying 'an, which is a famous notebook work. The love story involving the emperor shunzhi's Mao Bijiang and his concubine Dong Xiaowan is a very sad historical story, which is still the object of textual research by scholars.
Mao Shi is Rugao, and Mao Shi has a long history of scholarly family. Mao Guangsheng is a person after crossing the border.
1873 (the 12th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty), Mao Guangsheng was born in Guangzhou on March 15th of the lunar calendar. Mao Guangsheng was brilliant when he was young and was called a child prodigy. At the age of 1 1, he went to visit his seventh grandfather, Zhou Xingyu, with his mother. The seventh grandfather is the brother of Mao Guangsheng's grandfather Zhou Xingzhi, ranking seventh. He was a salt carrier from Guangdong and Guangxi and lived in Guangzhou. Seven grandfathers can write lyrics, and wrote a book "Dongou Caotang Ci", which Mao Guangsheng often reads. Some words were catchy and left a deep impression on him. At this time, there are often opera teams at home to perform, and the lyrics in the opera have a great influence on him, which has cultivated his interest in lyrics and songs. Therefore, he often tries to fill in some lyrics.
Time flies, and a few years have passed quickly. 1890, 17 years old, returned to his hometown of Rugao to take the county exam, won the first place, then took the state exam and won the scholar. I returned to Guangzhou the following year and studied Ci with Ye, a famous scholar in Panyu, Guangdong. Ye is the grandfather of modern scholars. He was a scholar of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty for six years. He worked as a military attache and taught poetry in Guangzhou Yuehua Academy in his later years. 1893 On Mao Guangsheng's 20th birthday, he wrote a word to express his feelings. The inscription is Niannujiao: Unless there is a bright moon, ask who can prove it. This is an ancient moment. Twenty years have passed, and the world of mortals is full of worries. Drunk hat looking for flowers, feasting dancers, empty words. There is running water in the basin, and there was a new spring rain last night. Remember silver candle curtain, drink halberd and carry kettle. This is a dream for two hundred years, and it is the leader of Mo Wen Sao altar. Celebrities' crowns, beautiful skirts and eyes are all the same. There are few deserted gardens, and I don't know what I'm worried about.
There seems to be a sense of melancholy in the words, and a sense of sadness about the fame of the past, but there is always a sense of juvenile maturity of "adding new words". The next year, he returned to his hometown to participate in scientific research, won the first prize and won the prize, and became famous for a while. At this time, even if there is sadness in his heart, it will be reduced. 1896, Mao Guangsheng left Guangzhou and went to Shanghai to meet Liang Qichao. Liang Qichao saw Mao Guangsheng at first sight. He was spirited, clear-headed and full of energy. He was very grateful when his ancestors ventured across the border.
Soon, Mao Guangsheng left Shanghai and went to Suzhou, a picturesque city, to live with his grandfather Zhou Xingyu. This change in living environment had a great impact on his lifelong commitment to study and his special concern for China culture. It turns out that my grandfather Zhou Xingzhi was a famous bibliophile and edition cataloger in Qing Dynasty. He worked as a magistrate in Jianning, Fujian, and then returned to Suzhou. He had many contacts with the literati at that time, such as Tan Xian, Yu Yue, Wang, Zheng, Wen, Cao, Wu Changshuo, etc., and often got together to sing. Mao Guangsheng came to such a family atmosphere where scholars gathered and was influenced by excellent culture. My grandfather's study, called Ruigua Hall, has tens of thousands of ancient books, epigraphy, calligraphy and painting. Mao Guangsheng entered Baoshan, where he studied a large number of rare ancient books and learned from his grandfather.
At this time, Mao Guangsheng had learned to write lyrics and collected them into a book. On one occasion, Tan Xian, a famous poet in the late Qing Dynasty, borrowed a collection of Mao Guangsheng's poems from a friend. After reading it, he felt that there was a "deep memory and resentment voice" in his words, which he liked very much. He plans to evaluate it. Unexpectedly, his friend wrote back and had to return the collection, which is very regrettable. Later, Mao Guangsheng compiled an episode of Xiao San Wu Ting Ci, but Tan Xian still commented that "He Ting Ci was very successful". In addition, Wang, the leader of Lingui School of Ci at that time, also commented on his ci as: "coquettish and affectionate, intending to be a national dynasty." When it is bamboo? The water cloud sword is divided into one. " Bamboo? Zhu Yizun, a famous poet in Qing Dynasty, refers to Jiang Chunlin, a famous poet in Qing Dynasty. Compared with these two poets, Wang's ci is somewhat exaggerated, but it also shows the position of ci in the minds of the great poets at that time.
1898, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao initiated the Reform Movement of 1898, and Mao Guangsheng entered Beijing to participate in the activity of "writing on the bus", ranking among the best in the Bulgarian National Assembly. Mao Guangsheng has a deep relationship with Xu Lin, one of the "Six Gentlemen of the Reform Movement of 1898". On the eve of Xu Lin's arrest, Mao Guangsheng did not escape the fate of being killed. He stayed with Xu Lin all night to show his love for his comrades. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Mao Guangsheng stayed in Beijing. At that time, he was recommended to take an economics course, but he was removed from the exam because he mentioned a foreigner's name-Rousseau. The minister of marking papers at that time was Zhang Zhidong. He regretted that Mao Guangsheng was so talented, but he was not hired. He approved a sentence on the test paper and said, "What can I do if I quote Rousseau?" In the next two years, Mao Guangsheng traveled to Suzhou, Yangzhou, Guangzhou and other places, sometimes helping to read the examination papers of Tong Sheng. When marking papers in Yangzhou, he chose the first candidate-Liu, who later became a famous scholar.
1900, Mao Guangsheng finally took a small position as a doctor of punishments, which coincided with the death of Sai Jinhua, a well-known figure in Kyoto, in Beijing for abusing the maid, and was jailed in punishments. The criminal law of the Qing Dynasty stipulated that the master abused his handmaid to death and refused to give her life. The heaviest punishment was exile, so Sai Jinhua was sentenced to three thousand miles away. Mao Guangsheng expressed deep sympathy for Sai Jinhua. It turned out that he had a friendship with Sai Jinhua: once Sai Jinhua asked him to meet in Taoranting, and he rushed to the pavilion to wait for a long time, but Sai Jinhua did not keep his promise. Afterwards, Sai Jinhua called Taoranting "Crane Pavilion" to make fun of him. This time, Sai Jinhua violated the criminal law. For the sake of old friends' friendship, Mao Guangsheng discussed with his colleagues that he would exile thousands of miles to the northeast or northwest, such as Heilongjiang and Yili, and release thousands of miles to the south instead. You can be exiled to Shanghai from Huizhou. In this way, Sai Jinhua came to Shanghai. Later, Sai Jinhua became famous in the Shanghai Concession, with a sea of people, thanks to the help of the Mao family. This is another story. Two years later, Mao Guangsheng taught history and geography at Wucheng School in Beijing. In Wucheng School, he works as a teacher with his colleagues Lin Qinnan and Wu Rulun. Once upon a time, all three of them were in Beijing, famous for their articles, and were called "three outstanding ancient writers". At that time, Wu was 60 years old, Lin was 50 years old and Mao was only 29 years old. He can be described as an article friend who forgot the year, and he is also famous in Kyoto. Also in this year, Mao Guangsheng was admitted to the Department of Economics, transferred from the Ministry of Punishment to the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and remained a doctor. In his spare time as an official, Mao Guangsheng did not give up the study of Ci and began to write Ci by hand. 1908 published five volumes of "Little Three Wu Ting Thorns" in Selected Works of Chinese Studies. Why is it called "Little Three Pavilion"? It turned out that there was a landscape called "Little Three" in the water painting garden built by Mao Bijiang, Mao's ancestor, hence the name.
There are three scenes of Wuxi, Taiwan and Pavilion among the poets in the Tang Dynasty. Mao Guangsheng's theme of this scene can be said to be both a nostalgia for his ancestors and a self-promotion of Mao Shu. "Little Three Wu Ting Thorn" takes poets in the late Qing Dynasty as the object, collects and comments on the works of poets who have more contacts with themselves, and also retains some rare works, whereabouts and ci thoughts of poets in the late Qing Dynasty.
19 1 1 At the beginning of the year, Mao Guangsheng came to Tianjin to help Liang Qichao run a newspaper. After the Revolution of 1911, Mao Guangsheng left Tianjin and went to Beijing to find a job in Beiyang government. 19 13 years, first went to Wenzhou to be a representative of customs supervision and diplomatic negotiations. During his tenure, Mao Guangsheng was very concerned about local culture, rebuilt the Xie Wang Temple and the Poetry Museum, collected Wenzhou literature, compiled 100 volumes of Yongjia Poetry Biography, and collected more than 20,000 poems by more than 2,000 poets since the Tang Dynasty. Mao also made full use of his expertise in edition research, and carved "Yongjia Poets' Ancestral Hall Congke" and "Yongjia Monks' Monument Biography", which preserved a large number of ancient poems and local documents. 19 17, Mao Guangsheng wrote "Joking Words", which briefly combed and researched the development of ancient operas, and briefly introduced the roles, instrumental music and drama tools in operas, especially in connection with Wenzhou local operas, making the article an important document with the nature of local opera research. This year, he was hired as an adviser to the Ministry of Finance, and because he had served as a doctor in the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce in the Qing court, Beiyang government appointed him as the president of the National Economic Investigation Association of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. So he left his beloved Wenzhou and began to investigate the national economic resources. A few years later, Mao Guangsheng was appointed as the supervisor of Zhenjiang Customs, and he was still interested in local culture. During his tenure, he paid 100 yuan out of his own pocket, raised 600 silver dollars from local people, and republished the famous Jiang Zhi in Shunzhi Town, which preserved the social, economic and cultural historical materials of the Yuan Dynasty. This book was praised by Ruan Yuan, a great scholar in the Qing Dynasty, as "recording the story in detail, promoting and abolishing it, paying tribute to its products and leaving its name in history" ... Since the Ming Dynasty, it has never been recorded, so it is a rare secret book. The second edition of Mao Shi Gold Organization has made a beneficial contribution to the prosperity of local culture. Soon he was transferred to Huai 'an, where he published Chuzhou Series after only one year. Chuzhou is the title of Huai 'an in Tang and Song Dynasties. The series includes 23 kinds of poems, inscriptions, paintings, calligraphy, monographs and local chronicles from Han Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. Among them, Mr. Sheyang Wencun, written by Wu Cheng'en, the author of Journey to the West, is precious and the most complete compilation before the Palace Museum discovered the original book Sheyang Xiancun Draft.
1928 After the victory of the Northern Expedition, Mao Guangsheng came to Nanjing. At that time, Dai was the dean of the examination institute, and he was recruiting talents. Mao Guangsheng accepted the post of censor (see "Mao Heting and His Collection" in the second issue of Archives and History (200 1)).
During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Mao Guangsheng came to Shanghai and devoted himself to writing. There are in-depth studies and writings on the subset of Confucian Classics in China's ancient books, such as The Classics of Three Kingdoms, Yi Zheng in Li Ji, The Theory of that Family and The Theory of Yin Na. In terms of historiography, there are "Table of Tubo Descent in Tang Dynasty" and "Chronology of Mongolian Origin"; The manuscripts of Guan Zi Ji Jie are unfinished, including Huainanzi, Yanzi Chunqiu, Wen Zi, Liezi, Chunqiu Fan Lu and so on. In terms of lyrics and songs, there are four tones linked to the sink, inverted cup test, Song Zhang Qu sentence and new? Yun Yao Ji Za Qu Zi, Jiuzhai Lenz, etc. These are academic monographs and papers with considerable skills. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Mao Guangsheng applied for editing the National History Museum and drafted many biographies. He had many contacts with celebrities at that time, such as Liu Yizhi, Wang Bijiang, Yin, Yu Youren and Cheng Qian.
From the late 1930s to the early 1940s, Ceng Pu's novel "Evil Sea Flower" was popular in Shanghai. /kloc-in the winter of 0/943, Mao Guangsheng also read this book, which made him think for a moment and decided to write some anecdotes about the characters and deeds of "evil sea flowers" he knew. The text is mainly based on the names of people in the book, with false anecdotes, which record in detail everyone's native place, teacher's inheritance and occupation. Later, these manuscripts were included in "Evil Sea Flowers" edited by Mr. Wei Shaochang.
One day, Mao Guangsheng's son brought a man to visit Mr. Wang. After talking, he learned that the visitor turned out to be Qian Zhongshu who returned from studying in Europe. During the conversation, Qian Zhongshu saw Mao's Notes on Ren Yuan's Poems in the Back Hill and appreciated it very much. Later, Qian Zhongshu recorded this meeting in Tan Yi Lu, and commented on Mao's Supplementary Notes, saying: "His books are an excellent way to test and present articles. The so-called "broken tendons and broken bones" by Joaf Liu Zhifeng and Yan Yiqing is unexpected. "
1949, New China was just established, and everything was in a hurry. Mao Guangsheng was a secretary of literature and history in the old days. Although he is knowledgeable, the government has no time to take care of the resettlement problem, and Mao's life without a job was once in trouble.
Soon, Chen Yi, then the mayor of Shanghai, learned about this and went to an old house in Model Village, Yan 'an Road, Shanghai where Mao Lao lived in July. 1950. As soon as we met, Mayor Chen Yi said, "I have admired it for a long time!" He also asked about Mao Lao's life and writings with concern, and the host and guest talked about poetry together. When he left, Chen Yi said to Mao Lao, "I know you are poor now. I will give you some money first. You should take care of yourself and study writing with peace of mind, and your life problems will be properly arranged. " I am grateful when I am old, and I write and study quietly at home. Unexpectedly, a few days later, the Shanghai Cultural Relics Preservation Committee sent a letter of appointment to hire Mao Lao as a consultant of the Cultural Management Committee. Therefore, Mao Guangsheng wrote a fan for Mayor Chen Yi and invited Mr. Wu Hufan, a Shanghai master painter, to paint in return for Chen Yi's kindness in meeting him. Before Chen Yi was transferred to Beijing, he also talked about Mao Guangsheng's life and writings many times, which made him feel that he lived in a suitable place in his later years and met his bosom friend at the right time.
1In the early spring of 957, Mao Guangsheng came to Beijing to visit his son Mao and stayed at his home. After coming to Beijing, I dared to write a letter to Chen Yi to catch up. Chen Yi was already a marshal. After receiving the letter, he sent a secretary with a personal letter to the place where Mao Lao stayed, and invited Mao Guangsheng to visit the Palace Museum and have tea in the imperial garden. Mao readily agreed, accompanied by long-time friends Cheng Qian and. In June, at the request of Chen Yi, Mao Guangsheng wrote Several Opinions on the Current Rectification. After the article was published in the newspaper, the People's Daily reporter came to his former residence for an interview, and wrote a sentence from the Eighth Five-Year Plan-an interview with Mr. Mao Guangsheng, which was also published in the People's Daily. Two articles were later reprinted by many newspapers at home and abroad.
It's already summer. One morning, Mao Guangsheng received a phone call from the State Council at his son's home in Beijing, saying that a central leader would visit him in the afternoon. He wants to know, who is it? Marshal Chen Yi won't call first when he comes. Soon, Chen Yi called to tell him that Premier Zhou was coming to visit him. At 3 pm, a black car came to an abrupt end at the gate. I saw Premier Zhou Enlai in a light gray Chinese tunic suit steadily walking up the stairs, and his son Yan Shu was busy greeting him. The Prime Minister asked, "Do you dare to stay at home?" "Dad is waiting for you." The Prime Minister held Yan Shu's hand and studied it carefully, saying, "We met in Chongqing. At that time, we didn't know you were the son of a crane. " Mao Guangsheng followed to meet him. The Prime Minister said with a smile, "I heard from Comrade Chen Yi that Crane had already come and wanted to visit him. The China People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is in a meeting and just closed yesterday, so I am free today. Sorry, sorry! " The old man said, "You are a busy man. How dare I bother you? " The Prime Minister sat down on the sofa and took a sip of tea. At that time, it was hot and dry in the midsummer in Beijing, but the Prime Minister was neatly dressed and did not even untie the neckline. Yan Shu just turned on the electric fan, and the Prime Minister waved to stop it, saying, "The old man is too afraid of the cold to stand, so turn it off." Then he began to stop: "Uncle Kochi and Crane have been colleagues for many years. After the death of Chun Li, he stopped being an official, converted to Buddhism in his later years, and was down and out. After liberation, I took him to live in Beijing and died only a few years ago. The crane is a little late, but it's too late. "
It turned out that Ji Zhi was the sixth uncle of Prime Minister Zhou, named Ji Zhi. In the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), he was admitted to Ding You Keju, and then he took a subject in Guangsheng. In the late Qing Dynasty, Zhou Ren was transferred to Jiangbei Magistrate and Governor Wang Shizhen as Chief Copywriter. Wang Shizhen appreciated that he could beat the imperial court and appointed the postal department as a doctor and in charge of the highway department. At that time, Mao Guangsheng successively served as a doctor in the Ministry of Punishment and the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. Both of them are fellow villagers in the south of the Yangtze River and have become bosom friends. After entering the Republic of China, Zhou served as the secretary-general of Jiangxi Governor Chun Li, and was soon transferred to Yuan Shikai's command room, which is the nature of the highest military Senate, as the secretary. When Mao Lao heard the Prime Minister mention his old friend, he couldn't help feeling sorry. He recalled the past and said, "He is a very honest man. I used to be his Huai 'an customs supervisor. I haven't been with him for decades. I am a juren of Guangxu Wu Jia, and he is a juren of Ding You, separated by a subject. Are his works "Poems of Late Xiangzhai" and notes still being printed? "The Prime Minister said," I learned to write old-style poems in my early years, which may also be influenced by my uncle. I've read the poems of Crane Lao, too. When you were in Huai' an, it seemed that you also carved the Chuzhou series and saved local documents. " Mao Lao smiled and said, "It's nothing! Everywhere I go, I always like to collect local documents and engrave collections, which is also a reward for the place. During my tenure in Ouhai, I carved the Congke of Yongjia Poets' Ancestral Temple and collected the books that Xie Lingyun gave to Mr. Huang Er. When I was in Zhenjiang Pass, I also carved "Records of Zhenjiang Shunzhi." The Prime Minister asked, "Who does Mr. Huang Er mean?" Mao Lao said, "In the late Qing Dynasty, Huang, a famous man in Rui 'an, was named Shao Di, and his uncle praised Kun Zhong. Mr. Shu Song is my husband and the grandfather of General Manager Jiang and Zong Ying. " The Prime Minister said, "It turns out that the Huang family are still close relatives." The Prime Minister conveniently took an old folding fan from the coffee table and admired Zhang Daqian's paintings. He seems to be mumbling: "Zhang Daqian's paintings are really kung fu." Pointing to the inscription on the fan, he asked, "Mr. Ma Xulun seems to have said that Mao's ancestors were Mongols. Does this surname have anything to do with Xiongnu Khan modu chanyu? " Referring to the origin of the family, Mao Guangsheng said that according to genealogy records, the ancestors came from the descendants of Qi Huan, the southern king of Kublai Khan's nine towns in Yuan Shizu, and had nothing to do with Mao Dun. "Then you are the yellow belt." The Prime Minister said humorously. During the conversation, I don't think time flies. The Prime Minister got up to leave and said to Mao Lao, "Today is a rare day. I have such a two-hour break. I'm more happy to see the old crane. Chairman Mao entrusted me with a message. He saw your article in People's Daily and wanted to meet and talk. He hopes the crane can stay for a few more days. " To get up and see him off, the Prime Minister resolutely refused to let him go downstairs, so he stood at the stairs and waved goodbye to the Prime Minister (see Good Earth, 1998, No.6, Remember Premier Zhou's words).
Sure enough, one night a few days later, Chairman Mao sent two cars to send Mao Lao to Zhongnanhai. After the car slowly pulled into Zhongnanhai, I saw Chairman Mao waiting in front of the door. Seeing the car coming, he hurried forward to meet it and shook hands with the old man. After being admitted into the study, the two chatted for a long time. Talking about the current situation, Chairman Mao said, "You used to advocate innovation, but later we called for revolution. Everyone is trying to save China, and we are on the same road. " When I am old, I feel like a spring breeze person. Later, when it comes to poetry, the old-timer brought his four books, namely, On Sin Zhai Ci, Zhang Ge Yin Sentence, Si Sheng Gou Shen and Bei Dao Kao, to Chairman Mao, who happily accepted them.
Before leaving, Chairman Mao asked Mao Lao, "Can Mr. Mao come and take a message today?"
Mao Lao said frankly: "The Party is undergoing rectification, and I have experienced several dynasties. * * * The producers' party can make China so powerful. Like a lion, it is inevitable that he will have a few lice. The ancients said: lice are small, but they are also harmful. Be careful! " After listening, the chairman repeatedly said, "Well said, well said, I will keep it in mind!"
When he got up to say goodbye, the chairman personally escorted him into the car and covered the upper edge of the car door with his hand for fear that he would hit his head. A feeling of being respected made him unforgettable.
When Mao Guangsheng returned to Shanghai, his health became worse and worse. Chen Yi invited him to attend the CPPCC meeting many times, but he was unable to come because of illness.
1In August, 959, Mr. Mao Guangsheng died in Shanghai, and his body was buried in Wulong Cemetery in Lingyanshan, Suzhou.
Mao Guangsheng's tomb was destroyed in the Cultural Revolution. After the Cultural Revolution, later generations built a cenotaph in Cherry Valley of Beijing Botanical Garden, and Mr. Zhao Puchu wrote an inscription for it. 1997, the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Cultural Relics approved the tomb of Mr. Mao Guangsheng as a cultural relics protection unit in Haidian District.