Argumentative writing is a style of analyzing and commenting on a certain issue or thing and expressing one's own views, positions, attitudes, opinions and propositions. Argumentative writing has three elements, namely argument, argument and argument.

The basic requirements of an argumentative essay are: correct viewpoint, serious generalization, practical significance, concise and comprehensive use of various expressions; The basic requirements of argumentation are: true and reliable, fully typical; The basic requirement of argument is that reasoning must be logical.

When writing an argumentative essay, you should consider the argument, what to use as an argument to prove it, how to demonstrate it, and then draw a conclusion. It can be that we first put forward a general argument, then discuss and analyze each sub-argument, and finally draw a conclusion; You can also quote a story, a dialogue, or describe a scene first, and then analyze the facts layer by layer and draw new conclusions. This writing method is called total score, which is a common composition method for middle school students. You can also ask a question that everyone cares about at the beginning of the article, and then answer it one by one, step by step. This is a difficult writing method. It is also necessary for the author to deliberately compare two different things in the opposite way.

Argumentative writing is a style that uses logic, reasoning and proof to explain the author's position and viewpoint. This kind of article either puts forward some views and opinions from the front, or refutes other people's wrong views. Comments in newspapers, essays or feelings in daily life all belong to the category of argumentative writing.

Argumentative writing, also known as argumentative writing, is a style of analyzing things, discussing things, expressing opinions and putting forward opinions. By stating facts, reasoning and distinguishing between right and wrong, the author can determine whether his views are right or wrong, and establish or deny some views. Argumentative writing should have clear thinking, sufficient arguments, concise language, reasonable arguments and strict logic.

Argument is an expression that the author analyzes and comments on objective things to show his own views, opinions and attitudes. It usually consists of three parts: argument, argument and argument.

Argumentative essay type: 1 argumentative essay 2 argumentative essay

1, independent variable?

Argument is the author's view, viewpoint and proposition on a certain problem or a certain kind of event in the article, which requires correctness, distinctiveness and pertinence. For example, in the article "Persistence is Victory", persistence is an important condition for a person to achieve academic or career success.

success belongs to the persevering

People all want to achieve something in their careers or studies, but only some people have won, while quite a few people have fallen into the pain of failure. Why?

As the saying goes, "success comes naturally." It stands to reason that those losers can completely taste the joy of victory, but they often lack a necessary condition for victory, that is, persistence. This is the reason why they failed. The meaning of "persistence" has been implied in the above proverb. Obviously, if a person wants to achieve academic or career success, in addition to personal efforts, persistence is also very important to achieve this goal.

Dickens, a famous British writer, usually pays great attention to observing and experiencing life. No matter whether it is windy or rainy, he insists on observing and listening to the streets every day, recording the fragmentary words of pedestrians and accumulating rich living materials. In this way, he wrote a wonderful description of dialogue between characters in david copperfield and left a vivid description of social background in A Tale of Two Cities, thus becoming a generation of English writers. He achieved great success in his literary career. Edison spent ten years developing storage batteries, but he still insisted on failure. After about 50 thousand experiments, he finally succeeded in inventing the battery and was awarded the title of "king of invention"

Dickens and Edison won the final victory by persistence, which made Dickens leave many excellent works for people and added many excellent works to the treasure house of world literature. Persistence enabled Edison to overcome many difficulties and made indelible contributions to the progress of mankind. It can be seen that persistence can make people succeed in their careers and studies.

Those losers often give up their efforts at the last minute and miss success. I remember a Swedish chemist who seemed to find a new element when extracting iodine from seawater, but he flinched in the face of this complicated extraction and experiment. When another chemist spent a year, after numerous experiments, and finally added a new member to the element family-bromine, which was immortalized, the Swedish chemist could only.

Silently watching each other immersed in the joy of victory. Two chemists, one of whom held on and won; The other one didn't hold on and didn't succeed. It can be seen that persistence is the last obstacle to victory. In the darkest moment, that is, the moment when the light comes, the more you need to persist. Because persistence is victory. (Li Sheng)

Step 2 argue

Argument is evidence to prove the correctness of argument. To prove the correctness of the argument, first of all, the argument must make people feel authentic and can fully prove the argument. Secondly, the argument should be typical, which can achieve the effect of "taking one as ten". Thirdly, the arguments should be novel, and try to find some fresh arguments, which can give people new feelings and enlightenment. Remember, people who are not sure about the author should not blindly write the author's name.

For example, the positive and negative examples of Dickens, Edison and Swedish chemists quoted in the article Persistence is Victory are all arguments used to prove the argument, which are both typical and credible.

3. Demonstration process?

The process of argumentation refers to the process of explaining and proving the correctness of an argument with evidence. It requires profound and thorough exposition and pays attention to the art of reasoning. Taking the exercise "Persistence is victory" as an example, this composition uses two typical examples: the story of Dickens, Edison and Swedish chemist, which proves that persistence is victory from two aspects of the text. This process is the process of argument.

Deductive argument?

Deductive argument is a method to deduce the essential characteristics of individual things from known general principles and laws. If it is from special to general, then it is from general to special. Using deductive argument requires that the major premise and minor premise must be true, correct and consistent, and the reasoning is logical, otherwise mistakes will occur. For example, the exercise "Persistence is victory" uses deductive argument.

In addition, there are many ways to demonstrate, such as using the past to discuss the present, using numbers, parallelism and description. The more methods we master, the deeper and more convincing our reasoning will be, and the more convincing our logic will be, which can be gradually mastered in the learning process.

Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argument.

Write an opinion according to the topic and explain it in detail. Persuasive ability is very important, and three elements are indispensable. Take a closer look at the following, and you can try to write more in the future to make progress in your composition. In addition, names and celebrity examples should be registered in order to be better used in composition.

Argumentative writing contains three elements: argument, argument and argumentation.

(1) argument

(1) What is an argument? Argument is the viewpoint to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is also the viewpoint and proposition to be expressed by the author. To read an argumentative essay, we must first find, refine and understand the arguments of the article.

(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the whole paper.

(3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, or at the middle or end of the article. In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the argument of the paragraph.

(4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves.

(5) The proposition and establishment of the argument should pay attention to:

(1) correctness. The persuasiveness of an argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, and the correct reflection of objective things depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even a lie, no amount of arguments can convince people. Therefore, the correctness of the argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.

Clarity. What is for and what is against should be very clear, not ambiguous.

(3) novelty. The argument should be as original and profound as possible, and can transcend other people's views. It's not repeating other people's platitudes, nor is it irrelevant and general. It should be as original and original as possible.

(2) arguments

(1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove the argument.

(2) Types of arguments: ① factual materials, ② theoretical materials.

The factual materials used as arguments can be A. Specific cases B. Summarized facts C. Statistical data D. Personal experiences and feelings.

(2) The theoretical materials used as arguments can be: a. classic works and predecessors' wisdom, b. folk proverbs and sayings, c. scientific axioms and laws, etc.

(3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of argument and argument. The argument is to prove the argument, so it should be closely linked.

(3) Demonstration

(1) What is an argument? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. Arguments in argumentative essays are to solve "what to prove", arguments are to solve "what to prove" and arguments are to solve "what to prove".

Proof is to solve the problem of how to demonstrate. The purpose of argument is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments.

(2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation.

(1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments; (2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with powerful arguments. Argument and rebuttal are proofs, one proves its correctness from the front and the other proves its error from the back. They can use basically the same argument method.

(3) Basic argumentation methods: including induction, example, deduction, analogy and comparison.

(1) induction. Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. Through many examples or arguments, summarize their characteristics, and then draw a general conclusion. Inductive method can give an example before drawing a conclusion, or put forward a conclusion before giving an example to prove it. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Illustration is a method to prove an argument with individual and typical concrete examples.

(2) deductive method. Deductive argument is a method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the connection between premises and conclusions is necessary. There are various forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning, selective reasoning and so on, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. For example, the major premise "all metals can conduct electricity" and the minor premise "iron is".

(3) Comparative method. Comparative argument is an individual-to-individual argument method. Usually divided into two categories, one is analogy and the other is contrast. Analogy is a method of comparing different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, so as to draw a conclusion. Contrast method is a method to prove an argument by comparing different things with opposite or opposite properties and characteristics in some aspects.

(4) Refutation method: There are three ways to refute an argument, namely, ① refuting an argument, ② refuting an argument, and ③ refuting an argument. Because argumentative writing is composed of three parts: argument, argument and argument, refuting argument or argument has the same effect as directly refuting argument. A refutation can be combined with several refutation methods to enhance the strength and persuasiveness of refutation.

(1) Refuting an argument, that is, directly refuting the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, is the most commonly used method in refuting. (2) refuting the argument, that is, revealing the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because a wrong argument will inevitably lead to a wrong argument. (3) Refuting an argument is to expose the logical errors of the other party in the process of argumentation, such as the contradiction between major premise and minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, the contradiction between arguments and arguments, and so on.

[Edit this paragraph] Three elements of argumentative writing

Explain in detail the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

Parameters:

Definition: the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed (events, phenomena, people, ideas, etc.). )

Form: a complete sentence with a clear statement of the subject.

1. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can distinguish between master and slave.

2. How to find the central argument? Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Location can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by readers.

Note: rhetorical questions and figurative sentences cannot be used as arguments.

Argument: it is the material to support the argument and the reason and basis used by the author to prove the argument.

1. Fact demonstration: The role of facts in argumentative writing is obvious. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is consistent with the logic of the article. Representative examples, conclusive data, reliable historical facts, etc. )

2. Theoretical arguments: arguments are always familiar to readers or generally recognized by society. They are the result of abstracting and summarizing a large number of facts.

Argument: the process and method of proving an argument with arguments.

Relationship with argument: proof and proven

Arguments and arguments in argumentative essays are organized through argumentation. Argumentation is the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments, and it is the logical connection between arguments. Argumentation is to solve "what needs to be proved", argumentation is to solve "what to prove" and argumentation is to solve "how to prove".

The demonstration method is as follows:

1. Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; (Function: Demonstrate opinions concretely and forcefully, and enhance the persuasiveness of the article)

2. Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, epigrams of famous people at home and abroad, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument; (Function: Strongly demonstrate opinions and enhance the authority and persuasiveness of the article)

3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison; (Role: Highlight the point of view and be impressed)

4. Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. (Function: Vividly demonstrate the viewpoint and make the article easy to understand, easy to understand and accept. In addition, in refutation, the refutation methods of "spear belt, shield belt attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.

5. Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complex and related to the specific cited materials, including quotes, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes, etc., and their functions should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.

Demonstration mode:

Argumentative papers are generally divided into argumentative papers and refuting papers.

1. argumentative essay: argumentative essay is an argument method that expounds the author's views and opinions on certain events or problems from the front. When expressing attitude, we should pay attention to the following three points:

(1) These views and opinions must be well thought out or practiced, truly unique and correct, or ideas that can actually solve practical problems. Readers should feel innovative, increase their knowledge and improve their understanding of things.

(2) It must be demonstrated around the issues discussed and the central argument. What kind of question is raised at the beginning, and the conclusion comes down to this question. In the process of argumentation, we should not stray from the topic of Wan Li, give full play to it at will, and change the topic at will. If there are several sub-arguments, each sub-argument should be related to and subordinate to the central argument. All arguments should revolve around the central argument. Only in this way can readers clearly understand the sub-argument and the central argument. Argumentative writing is very logical.

(3) "Reason" is often based on "breaking". In the process of argumentation, we should mention some wrong views and opinions, deny and refute them, so as to enhance persuasiveness and prevent readers from misunderstanding their own views.

2. Refutation: Refutation refers to expressing opinions on certain events and problems, exposing and refuting wrong and reactionary views or propositions.

(1) refute an argument. Refutation is mainly to refute an argument, because the fundamental purpose of discussion is to elaborate and express opinions. If we can't agree with each other's views and opinions, we should refute and deny them in various ways and point out their absurdity or fallacy. Refuting an argument is directly refuting the other's argument.

One of the ways to refute an argument is to directly point out the error of the argument, directly refute it with conclusive and irrefutable facts, or make a thorough analysis and dissection in theory and directly point out the error.

Another way to refute the argument is to reduce to absurdity. The reduction to absurdity is based on certain arguments and is reasonably extended according to logical laws, but the extended conclusion is absurd. Because the extended conclusion cannot be established, the arguments extended from this conclusion cannot be established. In writing, using reduction to absurdity to reveal its "right and wrong" can get a good effect of clarifying understanding.

To refute an argument, you can also use reduction to absurdity, that is, the author does not directly point out the fallacy of the other argument, but establishes a new argument that is tit for tat with the other argument, and this new argument is established after full argumentation, so the other argument does not refute himself.

When using reduction to absurdity, we should pay attention to the contradiction and incompatibility between the refuted argument and the argument proved by ourselves. Only in this way can we meet the requirements of the law of contradiction in logic and achieve the purpose of affirming this and denying that.

(2) refute the argument. Refuting an argument is a radical way to refute the other side's argument. In the process of argument, argument is the pillar supporting argument. If the argument cannot be established, then the argument will lose its support and break itself.

(3) refute the argument. Refutation argument is to deny the argument put forward by the other side by exposing the loopholes in the logical relationship between arguments in the process of argument. In such an argument, it is necessary to make a calm analysis of the other party's remarks, find out the contradictions in logical reasoning, and then expose them forcefully.

(4) Draw inferences from others and seek truth from facts.

Second, the argumentative structure

1. The basic structure is to ask questions (introduction), analyze problems (theory) and solve problems (conclusion).

It can be divided into two categories.

A. vertical style: discuss the structure step by step.

Example 1. "Layer by layer deepening" type, first put forward the argument, then demonstrate it from the opposite side, and then further discuss it from the front.

Example 2. "start recording, turn around" style: break the topic at the beginning and lead to discussion; Then take the lead and explain the problems discussed; "Turn" is a double proof argument from all angles; In the final analysis, it is "combination."

B. horizontal style: parallel expanded discourse structure

For example:

There is a kind of "general-sub-theory-general" style, which first puts forward the argument, then expounds it from several aspects and finally summarizes it;

There is a style of "general theory-divided theory", which first puts forward arguments and then demonstrates them from several aspects.

There is a style of "divided theory-general theory". The things to be discussed are always analyzed in several aspects, and then a comprehensive conclusion is drawn.

In a word, to analyze the structure of an argumentative essay, we should first understand the internal relationship between paragraph levels, and also pay attention to the transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the preceding and the following.

Common exam questions:

(1) Find the argument and summarize it (person name+event name+argument attribute)

(2) Argument function (providing arguments or sub-arguments)

Specifically, such as:

Facts and arguments: the viewpoint is proved by truth and strength.

Theoretical argumentation: enhance the persuasiveness of the article and reflect the characteristics of accurate and rigorous language.

(3) Comparative demonstration: through the comparison between _ _ _ and _ _ _, highlight the viewpoint and prove it more emphatically.

Metaphorical argument: use _ _ to compare _ _ to make the point vivid and easy to understand.

The specific context should be analyzed concretely.

(3) supplement the arguments according to the arguments (function: make the arguments more comprehensive, powerful and universal)

(4) Anti-inference point

(5) Analyze whether the arguments used in the paragraph are appropriate (query: attribute, comprehensiveness, typicality and echo relationship)

First, the three elements of argumentative writing:

Argument: It is the soul and commander-in-chief of an article. Any article has only one central argument, and generally there can be sub-arguments. The argument should be correct, clear and general, and should be a complete judgment sentence. Never be ambiguous.

There are generally four kinds of positions in the debate:

① Title

② At the beginning

③ In the middle of the article

④ Ending

Step 2 argue

There are two kinds of materials used to prove arguments: factual arguments and theoretical arguments.

Pay attention to when choosing factual arguments:

Must be typical. You can use it at any time, both at home and abroad. Most people know it, at least in newspapers and TV.

It better be novel.

The statement of the argument should be accurate, the narrative should be summarized, and the argument should be proved.

The argument of choosing truth should pay attention to:

① It can be famous sayings, epigrams, proverbs, proverbs, theorems, formulas, etc.

It should be accurate and accurate, and cannot be tampered with or distorted.

(3) It is necessarily related to the argument and can prove the argument.

3. Argumentation: the process of proving an argument with arguments.

① Basic types of argumentation: argumentation and refutation. Argument is discussed from the front, and rebuttal is discussed from the back. We usually write argumentative essays based on arguments.

② The basic structural level of argument: syllogism structure.

Put forward the problem (what is it) → analyze the problem (why) → solve the problem (how to do it)

Namely: introduce the conclusion of this theory.

General parameter structure:

A, summation structure b, control structure c, progressive structure d and parallel structure

③ Common demonstration methods:

A. Illustration (also called argumentation): Use typical examples as arguments to prove arguments. As the saying goes, facts speak louder than words.

B. quoting (also called reasoning) can not only quote the theoretical arguments mentioned above, but also quote some famous sentences in classical poetry. On the one hand, it can strengthen the power of argument; On the other hand, it can enrich the content of the article and enhance the literariness of the argumentative paper.

C. Contrastive argumentation (also called positive and negative argumentation): This method can enhance the significance of argumentation and let readers know what the author is for and against.

D. Metaphorical demonstration (also called metaphorical demonstration) enhances the vividness, literariness and persuasiveness of the works.

Second, the concrete embodiment of argumentative logic.

The language of argumentative writing must be accurate, vivid, rigorous and targeted.

There should be a very clear logical relationship between paragraphs, such as total score, contrast, progressive hierarchy and juxtaposition. This relationship should be highlighted by turning sentences, such as "you", "you", "although", "of course" and "admittedly".

Third, argumentative writing needs more philosophical thinking.

Argumentative writing especially punishes evil and promotes good, exhorts and guides people, so it must be persuasive and have a correct value orientation.

Having a serious political lesson and reading rational articles and famous sayings often will improve our ideological quality and cognitive ability, which is of great benefit to our writing, especially argumentative writing. It will enrich the content of the article, deepen the thinking and improve the persuasiveness.

Beginners learn how to operate these argumentative papers,

We can start with imitation. Take an article as an example. The most typical is Wu Han's "Talking about Bone":

1, Introduction: At the beginning, we in China have backbone.

Then use Mencius' words to explain the argument that "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent".

2. This part: Prove the argument with three examples: Wen Tianxiang is rich and cannot be lewd; The poverty of the poor who do not eat can not be moved, and the strength of Wen Yiduo can not be bent.

3. Conclusion: Explain the backbone of the proletariat today and issue a call.

There is a transition between the three parts: between introduction and theory, there are "many touching stories of our ancestors with backbone and his positive educational significance", which leads to the following three examples. There is a transition between theory and conclusion: "Mencius said these words more than two thousand years ago, but until now, they still have his positive significance."

Between the first and second situations, there is a transition between "another story" and "another example". These transitional sentences make the article seamless.