Generally speaking, there are three English reference formats: APA (American Psychological Association) and MLA (ModernLanguageAssociation) and Harvardreferencingsystem.

I. APA

APA reference format is one of the most common and widely used formats. The APA format stipulates that the names of "referees" must be arranged alphabetically by Familyname, including the prefix of firstname. For example, james smith should be changed to "Smith J"; SaifAlFalasi was changed to "Al-FalasSaif". Arabic names usually add a hyphen between the surname and the prefix, so the surname and the prefix are self-contained. ) The specific format is:

1. Books: surname, first capital letter of first name (year), book name (italics). press

2. Periodicals: surname, first capital letter (year), article name, periodical name (italics), volume number (number of issues) and page number.

Second, MLA.

Different from APA format, in MLA specification, the author's name should be complete, and the full name and the initials of the middle name should be indicated. There is no comma between the log name and the log volume, only one space is used. The first word and the first letter after the colon in the title of the article must be capitalized, and the first letter of every word except articles, prepositions, coordinate conjunctions and infinitive symbols ("to") must be capitalized. Specifically:

1. Book: full name of surname. "Book title." Place of publication: publishing house, year, page number.

2. Periodical: surname, full name, article title, number of issues (year): page number.

Third, Harvard format.

Many universities in Europe and Australia generally require the use of Harvard University Literature Reference System. The format of citation notes in the text of Harvard format is: when the author's name does not appear in the sentence, add () at the end of the sentence, and the author's name and publication year should be marked with (). When the author's name appears in the sentence, add () after the name, as long as the year is indicated in (). The format of Harvard format in the bibliography at the end of the article is:

1. Books: surname, first capital letter of first name, year, book name (in italics). What version? Publisher: Publisher. Page number.

2. Periodical: surname, first capital letter of first name, year, article name, periodical name (in italics), volume number (number of issues) and page number.

Fourth, network literature:

Last name, first capital letter of first name, year, article name, periodical name (in italics), volume number (number of issues), page number and website address. If a document has two authors, the last name part is and or&; Link. If there are three or more authors, add others after listing the first author.

To annotate ...

Annotation is a further explanation or supplementary explanation of a specific content in the text of the paper. Notes should be placed in the footer of this page and marked with circle codes ①, ② and ③.