China's foreign trade development measures in recent years mainly include: opening wider to the outside world, actively carrying out economic and trade cooperation with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, accelerating the integration of China's economy into the global economy, and further enhancing the vitality of foreign trade. But the most important thing is to realize the sustainable development of foreign trade.

Since the reform and opening up, China's foreign trade development has made remarkable achievements. Over the past 30 years, China has taken advantage of the long-term prosperity of the world economy and the in-depth development of economic globalization, expanded its opening to the outside world, attracted foreign investment, introduced advanced technology, transformed and upgraded its domestic industries, and achieved the leap-forward development of foreign trade by fully participating in international division of labor and competition. China's total import and export of goods jumped from $20.6 billion in 1978 to $2,974 billion in 20 10, with an average annual growth rate of 16.8%, making it the world's largest exporter and second largest importer of goods for two consecutive years.

However, in order to achieve rapid development in the future, it is necessary to constantly improve and perfect policies and measures in all aspects of foreign trade. Compared with the world trade powers, China's export industry is still at the low end of the global industrial chain, the input of resources, energy and other factors and environmental costs are still high, and the international competitiveness of enterprises and the anti-risk ability of some industries are relatively weak. It will be a long process to realize the transformation from a big trading country to a powerful trading country, and hard work is still needed.

Actively participate in and promote the process of regional economic integration and continue to strengthen trade with emerging markets and developing countries. In view of the disputes and frictions between China and its trading partners, China should actively take corresponding trade protection measures. At present, the products involved in trade frictions in China mainly focus on textiles, footwear, tires, auto parts, steel and chemical products, and the controversial issues mainly involve intellectual property rights, trade balance, fair trade, food safety, environmental protection and other fields.

The development of China's foreign trade can be described from the following aspects:

(1) The growth rate of world economy and trade has further slowed down; The real estate boom in the United States is still declining, the subprime mortgage crisis is still deepening and spreading, and it has begun to develop into the real economy such as consumption and investment. Affected by this, durable goods orders and industrial production in the United States have been declining in recent months, the employment situation has continued to deteriorate, the unemployment rate has continued to rise, personal consumption has been weak, the risk of economic recession in the United States is still rising, and the dollar has continued to depreciate sharply against currencies such as the euro. If the economic growth of the United States slows down further, the downward trend of China's export growth to the United States will continue.

Affected by the economic slowdown in the United States, the world economic growth will also slow down further. Recently, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) lowered its global economic growth forecast for 2008 from 4. 1% to 3.7%, which was 0.5 percentage point lower than the forecast in June of 5438+0, and was the lowest growth rate since 2002. Among them, it is predicted that the economic growth of the United States will drop from 2.2% in 2007 to 0.5% this year, the euro zone will drop from 2.6% to 1.4%, Japan will drop from 2. 1% to 1.4%, and emerging markets and developing countries will also drop/kloc-0. The IMF believes that the United States is experiencing the worst financial crisis since the 1930s, and the probability of the global economy falling into recession is 25%. At the same time, the IMF also predicts that the growth rate of international trade will drop from 6.8% in 2007 to 5.6% this year.

(1) US economic situation and the trend of US dollar exchange rate; In 2007, the American economy grew by 2.2%, the lowest level in recent years. In 2008, the American economy continued to show a weak trend. ISM manufacturing index, which reflects the development of manufacturing industry, was continuously below 50 in 1 and February, and was in a weak state. In June, the overall construction expenditure decreased by 1.7%, the highest level since1June, and it has been decreasing for four consecutive months. Among them, the expenditure on residential construction decreased 19.4% compared with the same period of last year. In February, the sales of new houses fell to the lowest level since 13, falling by 1.8%, falling for four consecutive months. The growth of personal real consumption has been basically stagnant since June 65438+February last year, and the consumer confidence index dropped to 64.5 in March this year. As the real estate market cools down, the subprime mortgage crisis worsens, economic growth slows down, and the job market is seriously frustrated. In February, the number of non-farm employees in the United States fell by 63,000, the biggest decline in five years. The unemployment rate was 4.8% in that month, and further increased to 5. 1% in March.

Since last September, the Federal Reserve has cut interest rates seven times in a row, and the federal funds rate has been lowered by 3.25 percentage points to 2%. The US Congress and the Bush administration reached an agreement on the fiscal stimulus plan. The whole scheme is implemented in two years, and the tax refund in 2008 is $654.38+52 million, and that in 2009 is $654.38+60 million. However, the role of interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve and government stimulus measures in defusing the risk of economic recession in the United States is not obvious at present. In the first quarter, the US economy only grew by 0.6%, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) predicted that the US economy would grow at zero in the second quarter. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke has admitted that the economic growth rate of the United States in the first half of this year may be very small or even shrink. According to the latest report of the International Monetary Fund, the American economy will fall into a mild recession in 2008, with an annual economic growth of only 0.5% due to the cross-influence of the subprime mortgage crisis and financial market turmoil.

Since the outbreak of the subprime mortgage crisis, the exchange rate of the US dollar has continued to fall. In 2007, the dollar fell nearly 10% against the euro, and the decline has not diminished since 2008. By the end of March, the US dollar composite weighted index closed at 70.3 1, down 4% from the end of last year. Among them, the exchange rate of the euro against the US dollar closed at 1: 1.5805, and the US dollar depreciated by 7.6% compared with the end of last year. The exchange rate of USD against JPY closed at 1: 99.85, down 10.6% from the end of last year. In view of the increasing risk of economic recession in the United States, it is widely expected that the Federal Reserve may cut interest rates further and the European Central Bank may maintain a neutral monetary policy. In addition, emerging market economies will continue to divert US dollar assets and other factors, and the weak trend of the US dollar in the first half of 2008 is still difficult to reverse.

(two) the international primary product market prices continue to climb; In 2007, affected by the sustained growth of the world economy, strong demand, rising production costs and the sharp depreciation of the US dollar, international commodity prices rose for six consecutive years, especially the prices of crude oil and agricultural products. At the end of the year, the international crude oil price almost doubled compared with the beginning of the year, the price of grain and oil rose sharply, and the prices of other agricultural products such as beverages, livestock and poultry products and industrial agricultural raw materials such as cotton, wool, wood and natural rubber also rose in an all-round way. According to statistics of relevant UN agencies, international food prices rose by 42% in 2007.

Since 2008, uncertainties in world economic development have increased, and global primary product prices have generally fluctuated and risen. The prices of major agricultural products such as crude oil, gold, wheat, rice, soybeans and soybean oil have hit record highs, which has increased inflationary pressures in various countries. In order to curb inflation, food importing countries increased their purchases, and exporting countries imposed export restrictions one after another, which distorted the world grain trade pattern, tightened supply and stimulated international food prices to rise further. It is expected that food prices will remain high for a long time to come. High food prices may aggravate the imbalance of world economic development and further increase global inflationary pressure.

From the analysis of the present situation, the supply and demand situation of the global primary product market will not be greatly improved in the future. Although the exchange rate of the US dollar has been repeated, it has generally softened, and the price will continue to fluctuate at a high level due to factors such as speculative capital speculation.

(3) The impact of accelerated appreciation of RMB in China is more obvious; Judging from the situation reflected by enterprises, the main factors affecting exports at present are the acceleration of RMB appreciation, rising raw material prices, rising labor costs and environmental protection costs, the increase in interest rates and the adjustment of foreign trade policies last year. In the long run, these factors will be conducive to the optimization of foreign trade structure and the transformation of development mode. For example, rising wages will help improve the distribution structure of national income and expand domestic consumption; The rising cost of environmental protection is conducive to promoting energy conservation and emission reduction and transforming the mode of economic development. However, in the near future, the adjustment of enterprise structure and the digestion of rising costs need a process, which may affect enterprise profits in the short term. Since the second half of last year, the nominal exchange rate of RMB has accelerated. In the first quarter of this year, the RMB appreciated more than 4% against the US dollar. At the same time, the purchase prices of raw materials, fuel and power increased by 9.8% in the first quarter of this year, 5.7 percentage points faster than the same period last year. The state has strengthened macro-control and implemented a tight monetary policy, and more and more import and export enterprises feel the shortage of liquidity and the pressure of capital cost.

Many enterprises report that there is limited room for the rising cost of digestion, and it is more and more difficult to transfer the cost by raising the price, and the export profit rate drops or even loses money. Many export enterprises are afraid to accept orders or change long orders into short ones, especially small and medium-sized enterprises and labor-intensive industries.

(four) the impact of the adjustment of import and export tax policies on China's import and export; In recent years, the state has made a series of adjustments to import and export taxes in view of the problems such as the sustained and rapid expansion of China's trade surplus, increasing friction with trading partners, and increasing pressure on domestic resources and environment caused by foreign trade development. First, adjust the import and export tariffs on commodities and impose provisional tax rates on some commodities. On the export side, export tariffs are mainly raised or levied on resource products. On the import side, the import tariffs on important raw materials and key components, as well as medical devices and daily necessities that cannot be produced in China and are in great demand, were mainly reduced. In 2008, China further adjusted import and export tariffs, mainly involving MFN tax rate, annual provisional tax rate, agreed tax rate and preferential tax rate. The adjusted total tariff level is 9.8%; Among them, the average tax rate of agricultural products is 15.2%, and the average tax rate of industrial products is reduced to 8.92%. The second is to reduce the tax rebate rate for export commodities. In recent years, the state has reduced or cancelled export tax rebates for some products with high energy consumption, high pollution and resource. In July, 2007, 553 export tax rebates for products with "two high-tech and one capital" were further cancelled, and at the same time, the export tax rebate rate for 2,268 goods that are easy to cause trade friction was reduced. The adjustment of import and export tax policies has effectively curbed the export of some products with high energy consumption, high pollution and high resources, alleviated the contradiction of excessive foreign trade surplus in China to some extent, and is conducive to the optimization of import and export commodity structure; It has also significantly promoted the import of some energy resources commodities, key parts, advanced technology and equipment and people's daily necessities. However, due to the low profit rate of labor-intensive industries such as textiles and light industry, there is very limited room for the rising cost of digestion. Reducing the export tax rebate rate of textiles may affect the export competitive advantage of these industries to some extent, which needs to be paid great attention to.

Therefore, China should consider and balance the interests of all parties, and settle disputes through multi-bilateral channels, dialogue, consultation and negotiation within the rules and system of the World Trade Organization. In recent years, China has taken many measures in expanding market opening, protecting intellectual property rights, promoting trade balance, reforming the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism, and regulating the import and export operation order, which has fully taken care of the concerns of trading partners. In the case that negotiations can't solve disputes, China has properly handled trade disputes with its trading partners through the dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization, thus maintaining the stability of the multilateral trading system. To some extent, it can effectively alleviate and solve the sustainable development of China's foreign trade.

I wrote this myself, but some of it came from books. I looked up some information from the Internet. It depends on you, my dear friend! Can I help you? I study international economy and trade.