To reach this cultural treasure house, we must cross the reading barrier-classical Chinese vocabulary. Classical Chinese, as a popular written language in ancient times, is far from spoken English in daily communication.
Therefore, the meaning and usage of notional words and function words in classical Chinese have become an important part of classical Chinese teaching. However, in the current teaching of classical Chinese, we either weaken the teaching of classical Chinese words, or even talk about the teaching of words; Either teaching vocabulary in classical Chinese as a second foreign language aims at accurately understanding the meaning of words and transmitting knowledge, "forming the skills and techniques of learning knowledge, and simplifying the teaching process into a passive acceptance process of teachers' teaching, students' main memory and practice."
"It ignores the rich connection between cultural knowledge and the world of human and children's experience." This is more obvious in the teaching of function words in classical Chinese.
The new curriculum reform emphasizes process, experience and inquiry, and its essence is to pay attention to students' inner psychological needs. In the teaching of function words in classical Chinese, both the function of tasting and the systematic induction and inference of usage deprive students of their right to participate.
The inner needs of students are ignored or even ignored, and the lack of emotion will inevitably lead to the lack of emotion. Only by putting the teaching of function words in classical Chinese on the premise of students' development as human beings and optimizing teaching methods can we restore the original purpose of the teaching of function words in classical Chinese.
This paper attempts to explore new methods of teaching function words in classical Chinese from the perspectives of excavating their emotional meaning and guiding their serialization and application. To optimize the teaching methods of function words in classical Chinese, we should start from the following aspects: first, we should understand the humanization of usage, and appreciate the emotional attitude contained in function words through beautiful reading and comparative reading; The second is to master the macro meaning of words and let students know why; Thirdly, sort out induction and serialization, decompose messy word learning tasks, dynamically generate knowledge framework and use it flexibly; Fourth, diversification of migration methods, attention to students' psychological needs, and timely and appropriate migration.
I have never understood the usage of function words in classical Chinese, my friend. There is a dictionary of function words in classical Chinese. How can you make it clear in one or two sentences? I recommend you to read an article, hoping to help! About the function words in classical Chinese Author: The function words in classical Chinese, the founder of Zuma, are an important link in learning classical Chinese. Because middle schools don't do in-depth research, the author will briefly talk about the more common function words in classical Chinese. The jingle of function words in classical Chinese: If you care, why worry? If you worry about it, you will be embarrassed. It's all natural. Here are the key function words in classical Chinese: 60. Auxiliary words: lonely men and few women have a clear mind, and fish have water ears! What's wrong with History of the Three Kingdoms and Song Dynasty? Mozi; Conjunction: Siyan, the second son of Emperor Tai Shang. The usage of Zuo Zhuan here is the same as "he". 2. Hu: The main question is: Did the son see the master? The Analects of Confucius, the tour is just the beginning. "Journey to the West Night Banquet" 3. Person: the former is called, and the latter should be "drunken pavilion"; Pronouns: people walk and walk, and walk and walk 4. There is also: the representative language of the judgment sentence, used at the end of the sentence: Lian Po and Zhao Zhiliang will also "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru"; Express Teton's tone: Qiu is also lucky. If you have, people will know. Analects of Confucius If: you: if it's toxic? Do you hate it? ; Conjunction, if: If you have been a teacher, the country can get it. "Zuo Zhuan" 6, Yan: mood auxiliary words, used at the end of the sentence.
3. How to review the function words in classical Chinese in senior three, and then teach and learn wisely, which can't be let go in the face of the exam. However, even from the perspective of examination, these functions of function words are very effective. Over the years, the investigation of function words in classical Chinese has become an indispensable problem in reading classical Chinese. The proposition group insists on the usage and meaning of function words in the form of multiple-choice questions, which is to announce the meaning of function words to us silently. After years of growth in college entrance examination. In 2002, the college entrance examination increased the weight of classical Chinese test questions. While retaining the old objective multiple-choice questions, it also increases the translation of sentences. Translation can reflect students' ability to "connect" classical Chinese sentences and "enrich" their meanings. Function words in classical Chinese will play a great role in translation. The ancients said: "There are auxiliary words in the text and elegance in the moon." If you are helpless, it will be very difficult. "You can simply say. The auxiliary words mentioned here are actually function words in classical Chinese. Ideas are expressed through articles, which are composed of paragraphs, paragraphs depend on sentences, and sentences depend on words. The macro-micro support relationship in this language world is a law that everyone can easily understand. Therefore, if we want to correctly grasp the essence of ancient people's thoughts at the macro level, we must study the micro-world at the most basic level. That is the relationship between words in a sentence. It is true that content words play a leading role in a sentence, but even if function words play an auxiliary role, their role cannot be ignored. The function of function words in classical Chinese has always been considered to have two main functions: one is grammatical function, the other is mood function. In fact, from the reading effect, this is that function words play an important role in "infiltration" and "enrichment" in sentences: the so-called "enrichment" is to complete the content that content words cannot express, or the content that is not well expressed, so that the meaning of content words in sentences is more clear and vivid. Just give two examples: "The guest went to Lin Xiangru to apologize", and the function word "because" was removed, so this sentence became "The guest went to Lin Xiangru to apologize", the meaning was about to change fundamentally, and the subject was in the wrong position. This obviously has nothing to do with the context. For example, in the reading of classical Chinese in the college entrance examination in 2000, the sentence "The law is your majesty's law, and the minister only abides by it" was changed into "The law is your majesty's law, and the minister only abides by it" except for the function words "Wei" and "knowledge", which obviously lacked the minister's attitude and sentence to the situation conveyed by the adverb "Wei" in the original text. Mastering function words will make you truly understand ancient Chinese and the ancients thoroughly. We can observe and analyze function words from the following aspects: 1. Observe the function of function words on sentence structure and adjust sentence structure when translating. This is mainly aimed at structural auxiliary words. For example, "Bird (A) has clean feathers and pleasant voice, which is not suitable for mountain (B) but suitable for forest (C). "The other cancels the independence of the sentence between the subject and the predicate; There are also signs of prepositional objects. If students don't have these functions of "zhi" in their minds, or can't understand the meaning of these structures, of course they can't understand this intriguing classical Chinese. " "A Zhi" is a structural auxiliary word between subject and predicate here, and "BC Zhi" is a sign of preposition object here, so the correct translation of this sentence should be like this: "With the beautiful bird's feathers and beautiful voice, why not live in the deep mountains and forests? There are not many structural auxiliary words in classical Chinese, and "zhi" and "zhe" are used more, but there are prepositions in the sentence that can form a relational structure, such as "yi, Yu". For example, there is a saying in "My Country and My Country" that "it is different from stabbing and killing people, saying' not me, but a soldier'". If we can't analyze the object of the preposition "Yu", second, observe the function of function words on sentence mood and grasp the function of function words on sentence mood in translation. There are two forms of expression. One kind is direct modal particles, such as modal particles "Hu", "Yan", "Ye" and "Er"; Modal adverbs "Qi", "Nai" and "He" can all be used to express different moods. Give an example to explain briefly: "My country also cares about my ears" ("Mencius"). The overlapping use of modal auxiliary words aggravates positive emotions and vividly shows Liang's self-righteous arrogance. Modal adverbs can also have such an expression effect, such as Ouyang Xiu's ". "Qi" is equivalent to "certain", which plays a role in strengthening emotions and truly shows the sincerity of Jin Wang at his deathbed. However, a word can often express a variety of moods, and it is necessary to try to figure out the context to translate the correct mood. This is the combined effect mentioned below. The other is to make the sentence have a certain mood modality through the indirect combination of various function words in the sentence, so as to achieve a more vivid mood expression effect. Stick to it and push it on. Adverbs "bi" and "er" are both polysemous words. How to translate here to express the characters more vividly? Carefully analyze the care before and after, interpret "both" as "already" and the conjunction "he" as the progressive relationship "still". This sentence is combined into this sentence, and the meaning is complete: you have stopped farming, and you have to steal other people's rice like a game. This vividly shows Tao Kan's furious and accusatory attitude. Third, observe the function of function words in sentence connection and pay attention to logical relations when translating sentences. For example, "er", "qi", "ze" and "yi" make sentences and paragraphs more interesting and focused. We use a classic argument in Su Shi's Red Cliff Fu to illustrate the significance of conjunctions to paragraphs: "From its own point of view, heaven and earth cannot be instantaneous; Judging from its inconvenience.
4. Sun Quan suggested learning the key function words of classical Chinese knowledge. This word is mostly used in ancient and modern idioms with different meanings and can be used interchangeably. Chu: At the beginning, this is a customary word to recall the past. 2. Right: refers to Sun Quan, whose name is Zhong Mou. In the first year of Huanglong (A.D. 222), it was called (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), and the country name was Wu. He soon moved to Wuchang (now Sun Yicheng, Hubei). Often used with "Yue". 4. Qing: the title of respect of ancient monarchs to ministers or elders to younger generations. 5. Today: Now. 6. Tu: Same as Tu. Dangtu is in charge of affairs, which means ruling. In charge of political affairs (against: Dangtu: place names). 7.Ci: dodge. Extramarital affairs. 9. Loneliness: the title claimed by ancient princes. 10. Study on Confucian Classics. "Jing" refers to the four books and five classics, including The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites, The Book of Changes and The Spring and Autumn Annals. The past refers to history. 15, but: So, yes. 16, and: it's time ... 17, it's time; Arrival. 18, Xunyang: county name, southwest of Huangmei, Hubei. 19, Talent and Strategy: Military or Political. 20, no recovery: no longer. 2 1, eldest brother: eldest brother, here is a respectful name for elders of the same age. 22, but: only. Only 0.26, three days to say goodbye: a few days for ambitious people. Three days, here refers to "less" (different from the usually explained "more"). 27. He: Why? 28. Lv Meng: Wu Dong, a famous general, was born in Pi Fu (now Fuyang, Anhui). 29, er: a restriction, modal particle. With Tenuto 34. Surprise: Surprise: 35. Today: now: 36. Person: Used after time words, without translation. 37. Reply: Again: 38. It was just: 39. Worship: visit: 40. Wait: wait: 4 1. Martial arts Amon: The Three Kingdoms. Monk, there is no literature in Wuxia. 42. Look at each other with new eyes, that is, look at them with different eyes. Wipe your eyes. 43. More: Reply. 44. Amon: Add "A" before the name to show intimacy. 45. evil (yé): through "ye", modal particles. 46. That is the meaning of being in power. 48. Zhi: Use 49. See things: recognize things as false words and be lonely, and want to be evil for doctors: express rhetorical tone, which is equivalent to "horse". In charge of the Qing Dynasty today: Tu, Tongtu is ambiguous: but when dabbling (auxiliary verb, want), see things in the palm (verb, positive): see the past (understand) why see things late (recognize) the ancient meaning of ancient and modern different meanings: shirk. (told to do more in the army) Today means: beautiful words. The meaning of governing the ancient times: the meaning of learning today: the meaning of governing the ancient times: it's time ... (and Lu Su tried to find the sun) to look at others with different eyes) Today's meaning: more. But the ancient meaning: only. Today's meaning: turning conjunctions, but. Doctor Gu Yi: A scholar in charge of Confucian classics at that time. (Lonely, eager to take Confucian classics as a doctor's evil) Today's meaning: the name of a degree. The past ancient meaning: the history present meaning: the past was great. Today's meaning: refers to the area, volume and capacity.
5. The content words and function words in the classical Chinese "Encourage Learning" in senior high school ~ ~ ~ (with comments) O(∩ Classical Chinese is the language used by the ancients, and we have no use for it in real life. But it is the source of modern Chinese, and it still affects modern Chinese in various ways. Therefore, to really learn modern Chinese well, we must have a solid foundation in classical Chinese. The works are full of classical flavor, and the language is concise, accurate, elegant and vivid. Mr. Lu Xun read and studied a large number of ancient novels since he was a child, which had a great influence on his later novel creation. Mao Dun's skill in reciting A Dream of Red Mansions has always been praised. Qian Zhongshu was first a generation of scholars, proficient in Chinese and Western studies, especially Chinese studies, and then a writer. The world only knows the siege, not the cone. Liang Shiqiu is proficient in classics and a subset of classics and history, which is reflected in his prose works. Not only is the language quaint and honest, but he writes beautifully with the letters of the classics. Liang's extensive reading and wide application are really amazing. So, how can he learn classical Chinese well in senior high school? Here are some learning methods: First, master the basic language structure. Classical Chinese can be roughly divided into words and sentences, in which words include real words and function words; Sentences can be divided into five categories: judgmental sentences, passive sentences, inverted sentences, ellipsis sentences and fixed sentences. A systematic grasp of the language structure of classical Chinese and a clear understanding of its differences and connections with modern Chinese are the basis for learning classical Chinese. Second, correctly break sentences. There are no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese characters, so how to break sentences directly affects the understanding of the content of the article. The following points should be paid attention to in correctly breaking sentences: understanding keywords and judging the relationship between words. Understand a certain appreciation of ancient culture; Master the rules of dialogue, reporting and quotation in the text; According to the words at the beginning and end of the sentence and the idioms in the sentence. Third, learn the correct translation methods. The principles of classical Chinese translation are: faithful to the original text, definite words, literal translation, supplemented by free translation. The following points should be paid attention to in translation: supplement the omitted parts; Adjust the word order; Increase or decrease appropriately. Fourth, repeat reading. As the saying goes, if you read a book a hundred times, its meaning will show itself. Reading more books can cultivate a sense of language and achieve the purpose of reading other ancient works skillfully. In addition, classical Chinese pays great attention to its internal rhythm and rhyme. Repeated reading can fully appreciate the musical beauty of the works and improve your interest in learning.
6. Function words and their usage In ancient Chinese graduation thesis, find the research object and references 2), 1, used as a pronoun, often used to refer to people or things or things, equivalent to "he (she), it" and "this".
Generally used as an object after a verb. (1) Never asks questions or answers (The Story of Peach Blossom Garden)-refers to the people in the Peach Blossom Garden, which is equivalent to "them" (2) The snake-wielding god heard about this matter (Gong Yu moved mountains)-refers to Gong Yu moved mountains, which can be translated as "this matter" (3) died after being slaughtered (wolf)-
2, used as an auxiliary word ① used between the attribute and the noun, equivalent to "de" For example, there are two monks in Shu, one is poor and the other is rich. (For Learning) 2 Used between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence, it can be translated as follows: people's aspirations are not as good as humble monks. (for learning) 3 indicates that the verb object is ahead of the sentence, which is a sign of the prepositional object and has no practical significance, such as Confucius: What is it? There is no practical significance in filling syllables in sentences, which can be translated as follows: after a long time, my eyes seem to fade and my mind is idle (wolf). 3. It is used as a verb to translate "to" and "to" ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(Arrive, go) 2. What crime did Song commit? (symbol of prepositional object) 3. Good medical conditions are attributed to not being sick. There is no substantive meaning between subject and predicate. Study from time to time, don't you (Pronouns refer to learned knowledge) (3) Used as conjunctions, conjunctions with words, phrases with phrases, sentences with sentences, indicating the relationship between the two parts, such as juxtaposition, inheritance, turning and modification.
For example, in terms of profound beauty, it is Langya (Zuiweng Pavilion)-and the coordinate relationship Bian Que is looking forward to Huanhou's departure (Bian Que sees Cai Huangong)-just "then", which shows that it is useless to inherit the relationship without thinking. (The Analects of Confucius)-However, the relationship between the table and the mountain is different ("One Mountain in Gong Yu"), which can be translated or not. The table is decorated with one pronoun: generation, generation, generation example: to report to your majesty, as you know, the former emperor called it "a person who can eat meat and take advantage of it". He said that the world was smooth and strange, and he began to refer to differences. He wrote a composition in memory of your majesty's wishes. 2. Auxiliary words: (1) is equivalent to "de" in modern Chinese (the most of this kind): for example, what happened in the palace ended up hurting the height of the poor mountains in the Ming Dynasty, and then it was known that the mountains stood out from the crowd. At four o'clock in the mountains, the mountains and rivers are complacent and I don't know the joy of people. Li Sancheng consolidated the country without tasting the feelings of mountains and rivers, and the grand view of Yueyang Tower was also prepared by predecessors. (2) Used between subject-predicate phrases, it cancels the independence of sentences. The new cold light of the mirror comes from people's learning. (3) Supplementary syllables (this is relatively rare): For example, the public's regret for drums has a long history. Verbs (this kind of junior high school textbook is rare) For example, on the ridge of a field that has been ploughed out, Wu is next to it. 4. Grammatical functions (this kind of grammar involves classical Chinese, and junior high school students don't need to master it): For example, He Lou, who lives high in the temple, cares about its people. There were two crimes in the Song Dynasty, 65,438+0, pronouns (there are many): vicarious things can also refer to "that". In order to show their blame, the people have heard more about their merits and demerits, and their hearts have been engraved in Tang Xian's poems. The villagers are eager to see its flag, so their articles are scattered. Listen to Debate Day and his disciples going up the mountain. He really doesn't know horses. He really doesn't know horses. The preposition 1 can be interpreted as: use, rely on, rely on, rely on, because, take, handle, etc. People who wake up from their dreams tell stories that the world is smooth (with the same, with the same) without rejoicing in things (because) they know that consulting (with the same) will be slightly crowned in the world with the talent of sharing people's feelings (with the same) (with the same). It is not despicable for the emperor to be a minister with contemporary events (with the same) (because) although it is impossible to observe, it must be based on feelings (according to). Conjunction (1) Table Purpose: Take translation as an example, and write a composition to remember the killing. In response to Chen She's article, he will show the emperor his glory, his reasons, his blame and tell the emperor's spirit. He will be angry that his public knows that the vast world will attack the Song Dynasty. (2) Table results: Translated as an example, it hurts the emperor's knowledge and blocks the road of loyalty and advice. Other thoughts (1): Translated into thoughts as examples, or thoughts of death (2) So: A, used to express meaning, for example, this minister is loyal to your majesty because of his duty as an ancient emperor, so he is patient, for example, this late Han is so prosperous, ③ is equivalent to "harmony": if he is drunk, he will lie on the pillow (. What kind of prince would like to have? Yes or no! 2. Prepositions (usually used in sentences): For example, people who care about mountains and rivers and then know that all the articles in the world are gathered here. 3. As a suffix (usually used after adjectives): for example, leisurely and suffocating, swimming with the creator (equivalent to "...") 5. Although 1, even meaning.
For example, although you have the power of thousands of miles, you can't see what it means to kill a minister, but you can't absolutely mean it. For example, Bai's book, although the wind is still strong, although the public loss is ladder six for me, but 1, pronoun: this meaning.
For example, Guangwu was impressed, although the bus board looked like a ladder to me. For example, depressed people are looking forward to it, while deep and beautiful people are good at raising my lofty spirit.
But for example, the minister of guards can't learn anything except seven, or 1. Some people: for example, they are innocent or think they are dead or dead. Sometimes, it's like they are eating or eating a stone or an urgent order from the king. Perhaps, they are 8, 1, prepositions (equivalent to "Bei")
7. Who can summarize the function words in classical Chinese for me? 1, but I want to die, and I no longer care about interests (Introduction to the South).
(adverb, only, only) There is no one else, but he knows his hands very well (The Oil Seller). (conjunction, just, but) makes the host intoxicated and doesn't know where in a foreign land.
(conjunction, as long as) but make Longcheng fly, don't teach Huma to cross Yinshan Mountain. (conjunction, if) 2. Only the east boat is quiet, and the west boat is quiet. We see the white autumn moon entering the middle of the river (pipa).
(adverb, only, only) Only the king or his ministers (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). (auxiliary word, hope) 3. I'm afraid I won't get Qin Cheng, but what I see is bullying (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru).
(Adverb, in vain, in vain) I went to my relatives' house to serve you, but I admired your lofty righteousness (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). (adverb, just, just) 4. I can't be good at the pleasure of the former king, but I can be good at the worldly pleasures (Bao Zhuang meets Mencius).
(adverb, just) can be rich and stable in the world, which is the reason (on accumulation and storage). (adverb, unexpected) 5. After crossing the first mountain, the first thing you see is sails, sand birds, smoke clouds and bamboo forests.
(Adverb, only) This person can compete with others, and the first person is not the ear (Harry's Biography). (Adverb, but only) Don't behead first, but stick to it (Daze Township Uprising).
(Adverb, even if. The word "borrowing the first order" is synonymous) Yin leads people everywhere: "Send troops first!" (Historical Records) (Adverb, though. )
6. Everyone who is not lonely has a heart, and everyone has one ("Fish, I want it"). (adverb, only, only) Stones are sonorous and everywhere, which is named after the bell. What is it (Shi Zhongshan Ji)? Although Xiang Ru is so simple, I am afraid he is an honest general (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)? (adverb, don't) 7. Characteristics of Special Bus ("Zhang Hengchuan").
(Adverb, especially, hereby) The king of Qin paid special attention to Zhao Cheng and cheated him (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). (adverb, only, only) Ran Jiante befriended Hao (The History of the Three Kingdoms).
(adverb, only, only) 8. Xiangxiang is not subject to the death of the body, but now he is subject to the beauty of the palace ("fish, I want it"). (Adverb, once upon a time, in the past) Examining people's opinions in order to mistake (Battle of Red Cliffs).
(Adverb, just now) If you don't wait on me, you will be ill for a long time (said the snake catcher). (Conjunction, if, if) 9. Loyal ministers are afraid of being bullied by the king and losing Zhao (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (adverb, true, true). If so, they can think of themselves and prosper the Han Dynasty (Longzhong Dui).
(adverb, really, if) 10, stop by Lin Xiangru (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). (Adverb, resolute) If you touch me like a fallen leaf, what about thrift? (Zhong Wang Su Gong is proud of the world) (adverb, affirmation, affirmation) was born before me, and his understanding of Tao was also fixed before me (Shi Shuo).
(adverb, originally) Pei Gong was silent and said, "It is better to be solid." (The Hongmen Banquet) (adverb, indeed, admittedly) How serious is its humiliating behavior, depending on the death of five people (Tomb of Five People)? (adverb, exactly, exactly) 1 1, it must be, so the disciple doesn't have to be lower than the teacher, and the teacher doesn't have to be higher than the disciple ("teacher").
(Adverb, must, must) There will be no one in the king, and I would like to hold the jade envoy (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). (Conjunction, really, if) 12, Gu Wunian, dare not send more troops to Zhao, only the two of us are here (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru).
(adverb, just, but) People's aspirations are not as good as humble monks (for learning)? (adverb, don't) 13. Seeing desire and Qin, Qin Cheng was afraid of not getting it and seeing bullying (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). (Preposition, quilt) Give birth to a child in June, and a loving father will see you (Chen Qingbiao).
(Pronoun, I) 14. Father and son don't see each other, and brother and husband are separated ("I am in the country"). Fortunately, you can ask questions widely, but you can't agree easily.
(Pronoun, you) can bask in the sun for nothing and go back in time (Peacock flies southeast). (pronoun, I) 15 Don't make big plans early, and don't use everyone's opinions (Battle of Red Cliffs).
(Adverb, don't) Keeping the people king is irresistible (Mr. Jin Wen of Qi Huan). (pronoun, nobody) was first aid, and his face was pale ("promoting weaving").
(adverb, no) 16. If you look at your son carefully, the more harmonious your son's color is (Xinlingjun steals the symbol to save Zhao). (adverb, secretly, secretly) It tastes bitter and slightly spicy.
Wes, who are we going home with (the story of Yueyang Tower)? (verb, no) 17. If you don't know who you are and who you don't know, every battle is full of dangers (The Art of War). (Adverb, every time) Everyone compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi.
(adverb, often) 18. Fortunately, you are also fortunate to forgive me (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). Fortunately, I can ask a wide range of questions, but I can't easily agree (Peacock Flying Southeast).
My son lost his wealth, but I'm glad this woman is back. Fortunately, this matter is urgent, so I am very happy to tell you a good news (Hongmen Banquet).
(specialized).