1956 10 10 On 8 October, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, the first rocket and missile research institution in China, was formally established, which marked the beginning of China's space industry. 1 On April 24th, 1970, China Long March 1 carrier rocket successfully launched the first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong1"at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, Gansu Province, which took the first step for China to develop space technology, symbolized that China officially entered the space age, and made China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch satellites. 198 1 On September 20th, 2000, China launched three satellites into orbit at the same time by a storm 1 carrier rocket, making China the third country in the world to realize multi-satellite technology with one arrow. 1On April 8th, 984, China launched the Dongfanghong-2 experimental communication satellite into the geostationary orbit over the equator for the first time with the newly developed Long March-3 rocket, thus making China the third country in the world to master the hydrogen-oxygen engine technology and the fifth country to launch the geostationary orbit satellite independently. 1On September 7, 1988, China's Long March 4A carrier rocket successfully launched China's first Fengyun 1A meteorological satellite, marking China becoming the fourth country in the world to master the technology of launching sun-synchronous orbit and the third country with polar-orbiting meteorological satellite. 1 On April 7, 990, cz-3, China successfully launched the American-made Asian communication satellite1,making China the third country in the world to enter the international satellite launch service market. 1 999 On May 10, the Long March 4 B rocket was successfully launched for the first time, putting Fengyun1meteorological satellite C and Shi Jian No.5 scientific experimental satellite into orbit. This is also the 65th flight of the Long March series rockets, with a total of 80 satellites launched, including 5/KLOC-0 in China and 29 in foreign countries.
China's launch vehicle bundling technology, hydrogen-oxygen engine technology, multi-satellite technology with one arrow and secondary ignition technology in vacuum state of the engine have increased the carrying capacity of geosynchronous orbit from 1.5 tons to 5 tons, and the carrying capacity of near-earth orbit from 2.5 tons to 9.2 tons. At the same time, EPKM solid motor for perigee orbit transfer and satellite distributor for launching iridium satellites have been successfully developed. The maximum carrying capacity and launching accuracy of the Long March rocket are equivalent to those of the United States, Russia and ESA. At present, the technology of China Long March series launch vehicles has reached the international advanced level.
Second, the rapid development of satellite technology in China.
Since the establishment of China Academy of Space Technology on February 20th, 1968, China's satellite technology has also made rapid development. We have successfully developed experimental satellites, recoverable remote sensing satellites, geostationary orbit communication satellites and meteorological satellites, sun-synchronous orbit meteorological satellites and earth resources satellites. , which has been used in satellite return, multiple satellites with one arrow, satellite communication, satellite remote sensing, satellite attitude control, satellite thermal control, microgravity test and ground simulation test of space environment.
1On April 8th, 984, China experimental communication satellite was successfully launched, which opened a new era of satellite communication in China. At present, China has successfully launched five Dongfanghong-2 series communication satellites, and has undertaken the transmission tasks of foreign broadcasts, CCTV- 1, CCTV-2 programs and 8,000 satellite phones from 30% to 83%-84%. 1May 1997 12, a medium-capacity communication satellite "Dongfanghong 3" with 24 C-band transponders was successfully put into orbit. It can transmit 6 color TVs and nearly 8,000 two-way telephones at the same time, which is equivalent to 6 Dongfanghong 2A satellites, and can meet the requirements of satellite communication in 2000 or even longer.
1988, 1990 and 1999, China launched three polar-orbiting meteorological satellites, and 1997 launched the first FY-2 geostationary-orbiting meteorological satellite, which not only made China the third country in the world with two kinds of meteorological satellites at the same time, but also greatly accelerated the development of meteorological satellites in China. 199 1 from July to August, the Yangtze river basin suffered a major flood. Whether to divert flood is a major decision-making issue. According to the cloud image data of meteorological satellites, meteorological departments timely and accurately judge the weather change trend, help the government make a decision not to divert floods, and prevent 400,000 people from leaving their homes and 40,000 hectares of fertile land from being flooded. This alone reduced the loss by more than 6 million yuan.
1975165438+1October 26th to1996 65438+1October 20th, China * * * launched 17 recoverable satellites, of which/. The recovery success rate was 94%. These recoverable satellites are all remote sensing technology satellites, and the satellite images obtained by them have the characteristics of large scale, clear image, high gray level, wide field of vision, high speed and high ground resolution. Therefore, it is widely used in land and resources survey, geological exploration, water conservancy construction, mapping, environmental monitoring, railway route selection, cultural relics archaeology, urban planning and other fields. For example, when the Daqin Railway was built, it was initially thought that the Sanggan River was an impassable section, and the railway needed to bypass 40 kilometers, occupying thousands of acres of fertile land. Later, the satellite photos of returning remote sensing satellites were studied, and it was found that the geological conditions of Sanggan River allowed the railway to pass, saving the country more than 400 million yuan in investment.
1988 On August 22nd, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) and Brazilian Institute of Space Research (INPE) signed an agreement on the joint development of China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite, and the first Earth Resources Satellite jointly developed by China and Pakistan was successfully launched into the scheduled orbit from cz-4 on June 199+04. Earth resources satellite is a kind of remote sensing satellite which uses spaceborne remote sensor to obtain image data of the earth's surface to investigate the earth's natural resources and monitor the ecological environment. It has the characteristics of high viewpoint, wide field of vision, fast data acquisition, repeated coverage and continuous observation, and can play a great role in the fields of land improvement, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, geology and mineral resources, surveying and mapping, ocean and environment. Its successful development marks a breakthrough in the development of transmission remote sensing satellites in China, filling the gap that China has no independent remote sensing satellites for land and resources.
3. China has the basic conditions for manned space flight.
/KOOC-0/96/KOOC-0/April/KOOC-0/2, Soviet astronaut Gagarin went into space in the "Oriental/KOOC-0/"spacecraft, which pioneered manned space flight. Manned space flight is a round-trip flight activity in which human beings drive and ride manned spacecraft to engage in various explorations, research, experiments, production and military applications in space. Its purpose is to break through the earth's atmospheric barrier, overcome the gravity of the earth, expand the range of human activities from land, sea and atmosphere to space, and understand the whole universe more widely and deeply. And make full use of the special environment of space and manned spacecraft, carry out various research and experimental activities, and develop extremely rich space resources.
By the end of 1998, there were 2 16 manned space flights in the world, including 24 in the United States and 92 in the Soviet Union (Russia), which sent 795 people into the sky and carried out unprecedented space experiments.
Over the past 40 years, generations of astronauts in China have created miracles with the spirit of "two bombs and one satellite", and now they have entered the world's advanced ranks in launch vehicles, measurement and control, launch sites and recoverable spacecraft. All these have laid a solid foundation for the development of manned space flight in China.
First of all, China now has the means to launch manned spacecraft. The weight of the first generation manned spacecraft in the former Soviet Union and the United States, Dongfang and Mercury, was 4.73 tons and 1.8 tons respectively. The second-generation spacecraft Soyuz and Gemini weigh 6.9 tons and 3.8 tons respectively, and China's existing Long March II E carrier rocket has the launching capability to send 9.2 tons of payload into low-earth orbit, which can put the above-mentioned manned spacecraft of the Soviet Union (Russia) and the United States into orbit.
Secondly, China has been studying the life support system of spacecraft for more than 20 years. As early as 1964, the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences conducted experimental research on space biology and medicine. 1990 5438+00 In June, China's first scientific experimental satellite carrying higher animals returned to the ground safely after eight days in space, carrying mice, fruit flies, silkworm eggs and plant seeds. The test shows that the design of China spacecraft life support system is successful and reliable.
Thirdly, China successfully carried out the launch test of unmanned spacecraft. 1999165438+1At 6: 30 on October 20th, China's first unmanned experimental spacecraft, Shenzhou, was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center by a new Long March carrier rocket and landed successfully in central Inner Mongolia at 3: 041on October 20th. The successful launch and recovery of Shenzhou experimental spacecraft marks another major breakthrough in China's manned space technology.
In addition, two astronauts from China have been sent to Russia for training, and many astronauts have been trained in domestic astronaut training bases. In a word, China already has the basic conditions for manned space flight, and China's manned space flight is ready to go.