1. Argument (what to prove) Argument should be a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete, concise and clear sentence in form. Judging from the full text, it will be able to control the full text. The form of expression is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, and it is a clear statement sentence.
A. grasp the argument of the article. Only one central argument (commander-in-chief's sub-argument) (1) is clear: there can be n sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument).
⑵ Method ① Find from the location: such as title, beginning, middle and end. ② Analyze the arguments of the article. (It can be used to test whether the expected argument is appropriate) ③ Abstract method (only argument is divided, regardless of the central argument)
B. analyze how the argument is put forward: ① summarize the argument after putting facts and reasoning; ② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument; (3) Propose topics according to the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central arguments through analysis and discussion; (4) Narrating the author's experience and summarizing the central argument; ⑤ The author puts forward questions from the story, then gradually analyzes and infers, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.
2. Argument (with what proof) (1) Argument type: (1) Fact argument (summarize after giving examples, and strictly summarize arguments); (2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).
(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ). (3) Sequential arrangement (reference argument); (4) judging whether the argument can prove the argument; 5] Supplementary arguments (proof arguments).
3, argument (how to prove)
(1) demonstration method (must be four words) (1) illustration (example method) narrative of factual arguments (2) reasoning (introduction method and reasoning method) demonstration of rational arguments.
(3) Comparative argument (itself can also be example argument and reason argument) (4) Metaphor argument Metaphor is a metaphor in expository writing and a metaphor in prose.
⑵ Analysis and demonstration process: ① How the demonstration was put forward; (2) How the argument is proved (which truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning); (3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.
(3) the integrity of the argument (A: make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)
(4) The function of analysis and argumentation: to prove the argument in this paragraph.
4. The structure of argumentative essay ① General form: ① Introduction (asking questions)-② Theory (analyzing problems)-③ Conclusion (solving problems).
⑵ Type: ① Parallel type ② Total score formula ③ Total score formula ④ Total score formula ⑤ Progressive type.
6, refute the reading of the paper
(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute? (2) How does the author refute and apply those reasons and arguments; (3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?
7. Common test sites
(1) Argument test site for argumentative papers: First, distinguish between the issues discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:
(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing.
(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called induction of the full text, pointing out the topic at the end of the article and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. So, in short, therefore, in short, in the final analysis, and so on.
Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.
Fourth, we should pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.
Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.
2. Argument test sites: Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1, use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language. 2. The speech used as an argument should be authoritative. When quoting directly, the original text should be recorded, which can not be taken out of context after the fact test; You can't misinterpret your will when quoting indirectly.
(3) Structure and hierarchy of argumentative essays: The structures include parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.
The basic form of this test center: how does the author prove the argument?
The idea of answering the question is: in order to prove the point of …, the author first uses the argument of … and then analyzes the argument of …, thus proving the point of …. The key is to clarify the level of the proof process.
(4), demonstration method test center
Argumentation method refers to the process and method of proving arguments with arguments, which is the connection between arguments and the logical relationship between arguments. There are four requirements for the senior high school entrance examination:
1. Illustration: It is a way to prove an argument by citing conclusive, sufficient and representative examples. Because "facts speak louder than words", citing hard and typical facts to prove the argument can enhance the persuasiveness of the article.
2. Reasoning and argumentation: it is a method of citing authoritative remarks to prove arguments. Therefore, this method is used properly and has strong argumentation. To analyze the function of citation method, we must first find out whose speech is quoted and what to prove, and then grasp the special function of citation method-authority and power.
3. Metaphorical argument: it is a method to prove the argument through image metaphor. This method can explain the truth in simple terms and is easily accepted by people.
4. Comparative argument: This is a way to prove the argument by comparing the positive and negative facts and reasons. By analyzing and comparing the functions of argumentation methods, comparing the two aspects, the right and wrong are more clear, and the correct view is more acceptable to readers.
ü Thinking of answering questions: (1) Reasoning and argumentation to increase the authority of argumentation. (2) the factual argument, from which angle to prove the argument. (3) Metaphorical argument, or vivid image proof …, or simple explanation proof … (to be determined according to the relationship between ontology and vehicle). (4) Comparative argumentation, comparing the two aspects, making it more clear about right and wrong, and the correct view is more easily accepted by readers.
⑤. Linguistic features of argumentative writing: Analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing: ①. Analyze the accuracy and rigor of its words from a logical point of view; ② Analyze the generality and conciseness of his narrative from the angle of reasoning; (3) Analyze the bright, vivid and emotional colors of his words from the perspective of rhetoric. Let's explain it from different angles:
A, accurate language: ① accurate use of concepts; (2) Modifiers such as attributive and adverbial are appropriate.
B, language rigor: rigorous judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.
C, the language is characterized by clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, proper use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.
D, the conciseness of language generalization is as follows: the facts in the argumentative paper are not detailed and general. The purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning. It is not appropriate to describe it in detail. Otherwise, you will usurp the role of master. This point is reflected in general argumentative essays, so I won't give examples to illustrate it.
ü Answer ideas: What is the function of adding words? Thinking: (1) Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of words in the context; (2) The expression center of words or the function of clarifying opinions (deep, metaphor or extension); This type of question mainly tests the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language. Another example is whether the order of words can be reversed.
ü answer ideas: (1) explain the meaning of words; (2) Make clear the sequence of time or events between words and emphasize their sequence or hierarchical relationship.
6. The referent of pronouns in argumentative essays: This kind of examination questions is more common in reading of various styles. There are basically two situations: first, it needs to be summarized in context. The second is to find out what is quoted in the original text. In this case, the content of the reference generally appears before the pronoun, and can be used to replace the pronoun after being found. Read through the sentences and check whether the meaning of the sentences has changed.
⑦. Open and expand the test site.
This kind of question is generally to examine students' emotional experience or rational thinking after reading the article. When solving problems, we should combine the articles and give full play to the personal feelings gained in reading. Answer: It is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay with arguments and arguments. Be sure to quote famous sayings or anecdotes from celebrities to prove your point of view or understanding.
8. Test sites for non-critical paper components in argumentative papers.
Thinking of answering questions: The critical elements in argumentative essays all serve the argument (different expressions have different functions, depending on the purpose of using critical elements).
First, knowledge reserve:
1. Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
2. Demonstration methods: reasoning, example, comparison, quotation and metaphor.
3. Argumentation method: argumentation and refutation. Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: argumentative essays and argumentative essays. )
Second, common questions and answering skills.
1, appraisal demonstration method:
Examples (including general examples)-Demonstrate examples
Quote famous sayings and make sense-make sense.
Prove a Point with Metaphor —— Metaphor Argument
Compare positive and negative facts or reasons-comparative arguments.
2, analysis and the role of the model law:
Sentence pattern: ×× argument method+argument ×× viewpoint+effect.
(1) Illustration: By citing specific examples, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.
Format: Use examples to demonstrate … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.
(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument through reasoning, making the argument more general and profound.
Form: demonstrate the viewpoint with the method of rational argument ... so as to make the argument more universal and deeper.
3. Metaphorical argument: use metaphor to prove and make the argument vivid and easy to understand.
Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison
④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.
Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of ….
⑤ Quoting arguments: The quoting arguments are complicated and related to the specific quoted materials, such as quoting famous sayings, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. , its role should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.
Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, to stimulate readers' interest in reading)
3. The types and functions of analysis and demonstration:
Argumentation can be divided into two types: rational argument and factual argument.
There are two key points in answering questions: (1), defining the type of argument; (2) Specific analysis.
The essence of this topic is to examine the relationship between arguments, whether it is the relationship between sub-arguments and central arguments or the relationship between arguments and arguments, it is the relationship between proof and proof. Therefore, the standard answer format is as follows:
This is the argument of ... it is proving ... (argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )
Supplementary argument is very popular as a new type of question. To do this kind of topic, we should pay attention to the following two aspects: (1), and see clearly the types of arguments that need to be supplemented, that is, whether they are famous sayings or examples; (2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous aphorisms should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous aphorisms or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty.
4. The article puts forward the way of central argument:
The title of the article points out the central argument;
② Put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article;
③ At last, the article summarizes the central argument;
4. In the middle of the article, put forward the central argument with a connecting sentence.
The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but it always revolves around …
5. Determine the central argument:
Look at the title, the beginning and the end, whether it is a clear judgment, whether it is the commander-in-chief of the full text, and the point of view proved by the argument.
6. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.
First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).
In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.
The content at the beginning is:
(1), put forward the central argument; (2), lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific tests that put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through famous sayings, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.
Ending content:
(1), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …;
(2) The central argument emphasized ...;
(3) Issue a call ... or hope that people ...;
(4) Supplementary argumentation. Its function is to make the argument more rigorous. )
Doing this topic is to specifically state the introduction, theory and conclusion of the article. For example, in the article "Man's nobility lies in the soul", we can express it like this: firstly, we quote Pascal, a famous French thinker, "Man is a thinking reed" and put forward the central argument that "Man's nobility lies in the soul", then we quote Archimedes and Wilde to prove that "inner spiritual wealth is more worth cherishing than external material wealth", and finally, we quote a girl who is studying on a train as an example to advise people that "man should keep a pure spiritual pursuit.
7, argumentative topic analysis:
First, role analysis 1 point argument, 2 points topic, 3 points argument.
Methods: Subject-predicate phrases and verb-object phrases are generally used as arguments, such as cherishing ×××××, learning ××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××
Coordinate phrases generally discuss the relationship between things, such as thinking and doing, success and failure.
Topics are generally discussed, discussed, said and discussed.
Second, effect analysis: point out the content of the article and clarify the argument of the article.
Using metaphor, the argument is put forward vividly.
8. The role of the argument at the beginning:
1, come straight to the point and put forward the central argument.
2. Analyze a phenomenon (or case or viewpoint) in reality, and then put forward an argument (or topic), which is highly targeted.
3. Quote famous sayings to put forward arguments or topics, and at the same time famous sayings are arguments to prove arguments.
4. A story or an example leads to an argument or topic, and at the same time, the story and the example are arguments to prove the argument.
5, put out the wrong arguments and arguments, and set goals for the following refutation.
6. Using vivid metaphors or stories (such as fables) to draw out arguments can not only stimulate readers' interest in reading, but also visualize abstract truth for readers to accept.
9, the role of the argumentative ending:
(1), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …;
(2) The central argument emphasized ...;
(3) Issue a call ... or hope that people ...;
(4) Supplementary argumentation. Its function is to make the argument more rigorous. )
(5) Summarize the full text and get the central argument.
(6), ask questions, thought-provoking, make people pay attention to or think about a problem.
10, analysis of the language characteristics of argumentative essays;
The angle of analyzing the linguistic features of argumentative writing is relatively fixed, with only two angles:
(1) language features; Concise and plain, vivid and humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent, etc.
(2) Stylistic features. Stylistic feature is to grasp the word logical rigor and make a fuss about it.
One thing that needs special attention is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis.
Common sentence patterns: This word embodies the rigor of argumentative language.
1 1, Analysis of the Characteristics of Argumentative Writing
There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical devices, argumentation methods and writing skills.
(1), rhetoric:
Metaphor: Compare ×× year × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × day × month × day × month × day × month × month × day × month × month × month × month × month × month × day × month × month × month × month ×
Parallelism enhances the momentum of the argument and the persuasiveness and appeal of the article;
Quoting classics and ancient poems makes the article rich in literary talent, and at the same time, it effectively proves the argument of XX.
Quoting famous sayings proved XX's argument.
Rhetorical question: enhance the tone and make people think.
Ask questions: inspire readers to think and emphasize a certain point.
(2) Model Law: Talking about the function of reference model law.
(3) The writing techniques are relatively fixed, and the common ones are: (1), the combination of example and argument (narrative and discussion); (2), give priority to ... model law. (3) The analysis of life is highly targeted. Similarly, doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific examples in the article as examples of analysis.
12, paragraph structure function:
(1), which leads to the next article (full text); (2) Summarize the first (full) articles; (3) connecting the preceding with the following.
As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.
If the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats for use or adaptation:
(1), at the beginning, through writing examples to illustrate ..., put forward the central argument ... (or lead to ...).
(2) At the beginning, by quoting famous sayings, put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …).
(3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or …) to put forward the central argument … (or …) also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion.
For the function of the ending paragraph, please refer to 8: "The function of the ending".
13, inspiring thinking topic:
First of all, views must conform to mainstream ideology. Second, explain the center of the article from another angle. Third, pay attention to connecting with practical problems.
14, saying:
Hone proverbs: Difficulties are the textbook of life.
As the old saying goes, heroes have suffered a lot since ancient times and have never been handsome.
Love lyrics: As long as everyone gives a little love, the world will become a beautiful world.
Love is the most beautiful language of human beings.
Pursuit of Qu Yuan: The road is long, but it's Xiu Yuan. I will go up and down for it.
Strong Beethoven: I want to hold my own destiny.
Ideal Tolstoy: Ideal is the guiding light.
Pay attention to Sima Qian: people are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.
Moral Confucius: the beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of an adult.
Qian Wang Yangming: Qian Yi is full of loss.
Xu Beihong: People should be arrogant, but they should also be arrogant.
Good Liu Bei: Not for small evils, not for small good.
Difficulties Mao Yisheng: Difficulties can only scare away cowards and lazy people.
Mencius, rich and poor: wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent.
Chance Dickens: Opportunities don't come to people, only people look for them.
Friend Fu Xuan: If you are near Zhu Zhechi, you will be black if you are near Mexico.
Wei Zhi's tolerance: a gentleman publicizes the kindness of others, while a villain remembers the mistakes of others.
Credit Confucius: A promise is as good as a thousand dollars, but a promise is as good as a thousand dollars.
Jealousy Ai Qing: Jealousy is a tumor in the brain.
Analects of Confucius: Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you.
Lyrics of unity: Unity is strength.
Cao Xueqin: A single filament can't make a line, and one tree can't make a forest.
Knowledge Bacon: Knowledge is power.
Shakespeare: Knowledge is the wing by which we fly to heaven.
Diligence, Han Yu: Diligence is good, laziness is good. There is a road in the mountain of books, but there is no limit to learning the sea.
Will is fixed: the rope saws the wood, and the water drops the stone.
Ye Fan: When you are sincere, the stone will open.
Introspection Confucius: I save myself three times a day.
Criticism proverb: good medicine tastes bitter and is good for disease.
Self-improvement Yijing: Heaven is powerful, and gentlemen are constantly striving for self-improvement.
Qu Yuan: It's a long way to go, and I will go up and down.
Interest is the best teacher.
Beautiful Confucius: Everyone has a love of beauty.
Rodin: Beauty is everywhere. For our eyes, it is not the lack of beauty, but the lack of discovery.