Miao nationality has a history of thousands of years. Since ancient times, Miao people have preserved rich and unique national customs. In terms of marriage, Miao people are generally more open and free, and monogamous families are implemented; Miao costumes have diverse styles, unique techniques and obvious national characteristics. Miao people have many traditional festivals. ...

Miao architecture in Guizhou

The Miao area is rich in wood, so the houses in the past were mostly wooden structures. A diaojiao building built in a mountainous area is generally divided into two floors, with people living on the upper floor and livestock or sundries living on the lower floor.

Guizhou Miao culture

History and culture are created by the people. In our big multi-ethnic family, people of all ethnic groups have created the history and splendid culture of the motherland with their diligence and wisdom, and made outstanding contributions to the historical and cultural development of the motherland. In the long history, many outstanding revolutionaries, scientists, artists and thinkers have emerged in Miao nationality. They are outstanding representatives of creating their own national history and culture, and also play an important role in promoting the development of the motherland's history and culture.

Guizhou Miao clothing

Miao costumes reflect the characteristics of Miao people's long history, scattered residence and diverse customs. There are strict differences in costumes among branches, counties and villages of Miao nationality. The main colors of their clothes are also different. The so-called "White Miao", "Black Miao", "Flower Miao" and "Han Miao" are all called by their own names or nicknames according to their clothing colors or styles, and some are called "Long skirt Miao" and "Short skirt Miao" according to women's skirts. In fact, the same name is strict, and women's clothes in different regions are different. Malipo people are also "white seedlings", wearing blue cloth with round neck and narrow sleeves lined with three black cloths and white clothes inside. The collar and chest are white, the forehead is wrapped with a white towel, and the white towel is wrapped with a black towel, which is black and white; The "white seedlings" around Zhenxiong and Weixin are dressed in blue-green long skirts and pleated skirts. All collars, cuffs and waists are embroidered with five-color silk thread, and black and blue cloth strips about five inches wide and more than ten feet long are wrapped around their heads. The outstanding white lies in white leggings.

Most Miao costumes are decorated with patterns, embroidery, embroidery, batik, knitting and lining, which are very beautiful and dazzling. Especially from embroidery patterns, we can often find the history and symbolic significance of Miao nationality, which can be described as "meaningful form". For example, Wenshan "Huamiao" has red, yellow, blue and white patterns embroidered on the collar and sleeves of its black round neck and narrow sleeves. The patterns are mostly flower-shaped and river-shaped. It is said that these patterns symbolize the place where Miao ancestors lived: red and green wavy patterns represent rivers, big flowers represent capitals, staggered patterns represent ridges, and mottled patterns represent ears of grain. The big flower seedlings in Luquan, Wuding and Anning love to wear shawls embroidered with three square patterns, which is in line with the saying in the Miao ancient song that "there are three flowers in Ge Chiyou's old training ground". Therefore, it is said that it symbolizes the ancient training ground and flags, and the patterns at both ends of the shawl represent the cities and streets of Beijing in the past ... The origin of these costumes is mostly related to the struggle between the ancient Miao nationality and the Yellow Emperor for the Central Plains. Therefore, not every man and woman who can embroider Miao costume patterns can embroider them at will. There are strict rules about where to decorate what patterns, what patterns represent, and what patterns people of what status and age should decorate.

Miao Festival in Guizhou

There are many festivals of Miao nationality, but the names and legends of different regions are different. They all celebrate the Spring Festival (that is, the Hakka Year). Some Miao people feed the cows with sticky rice during the Spring Festival, stick red paper on their horns and rush to the well to "look in the mirror" for them. In addition, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, July and a half, Mid-Autumn Festival (beginning of autumn), August 15th, Eating New Year Festival (when rice and corn are ripe) and other festivals have been celebrated. Some Miao people in Hanming and other places will hold lively bullfights in the early autumn of July and August 15th. The "Treading Mountain" in the first month of each year is the biggest traditional festival of Miao people in this province. The "seedling" is called "stepping on Huashan Mountain" and the "red seedling" is called "kindness", which means "disregarding the slope". Festival activities are jointly initiated by two or three families; The promoter is called "Kindness", which is usually performed by people without children to pray for their children. Before the festival is held, the host family is responsible for planting a colorful flower pole (mostly a dragon ball) with a height of about two or three meters on the slope selected by Humianba, and arranging good wine in the Huashan Mountain. At that time, men and women from villages far and near will come to participate. During the festival, the content is extremely rich, and it is the main content of Huashan Festival that young men and young women choose couples to sing folk songs. In addition, young boys have to dance reed tent dance, as well as bullfighting, lion dance and other activities, which last for a few days and are very lively. Miao people also have many traditional religious festivals. Some Miao people sacrifice pigs to the gate on the second day, fourth day and sixth day of the first month, which is called "Sacrifice to the Door Master" or "dragon festival Pig". Some Miao people in Lijiang call it "killing pigs with pillars". On the day of pig sacrifice, the whole bucket is hung outside the door, and outsiders and women are not allowed to participate, and Han people are not allowed to peek. This part of the Miao people think that worshipping the door master can be blessed by their ancestors. Some Miao people in Hekou will hold the Dragon Boat Festival in the whole village on February 2nd. During the festival, each family will send a man to participate, and women are strictly forbidden to participate, so as to pray for good weather and good harvests in the coming year. Wenshan "Pianmiao" will sacrifice to the land god on June 24; In the first month or February or March, the whole village will worship Mars (Vulcan) on the hillside next to the village. The priest presided over the ceremony, and the priest led a sheep or a dog to recite a spell. After reading it, everyone stoned the sheep or dogs to death and cooked them to pray that there would be no fire in the village. Miao people are sincere, trustworthy, straightforward and hospitable. It is popular to string relatives during festivals. Every time a distant guest comes, he will be treated with good wine. If they are relatives, they will give gifts when they come, and the host will still thank them with gifts.

Guizhou Miao food

Miao people are widely distributed, and the natural environment varies greatly from place to place, so the varieties of crops and people's eating habits are different, but generally speaking, Miao people live on rice, wheat, corn and so on. Miao people like to eat sour food. The sour food they make is sour pepper, sauerkraut, sour soup, fish in sour soup and so on. Miao people often use wine to express their respect and feelings. At different times, places and different objects, drinking customs are also different, such as blocking wine, entering wine, double glasses of wine, toasting, etc., which embodies the rich and colorful wine culture of Miao nationality.

Guizhou Miao handicrafts

Miao people form production units with individual families as units, and handicrafts are attached to agriculture. Every family member is both an agricultural producer and a handicraft industry. Miao women are responsible for planting hemp, cutting hemp, spinning and raising poultry in the garden. Miao women are good at weaving and embroidery, and many local chronicles record that Miao women can weave Miao brocade. ……

Miao nationality is one of the most populous ethnic minorities in China, with a long history and wide distribution. Miao nationality is a cosmopolitan nation, with footprints all over five continents, mainly Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, France, Germany, Britain, Canada and Argentina. Australia, the United States and other countries. 1. Mainly distributed in Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hubei, Hainan and other provinces in China. Guizhou is the largest. According to 1990 fourth census statistics, * * has 3,686,900 people, distributed in all counties and cities in the province. It accounts for more than half of the total number of Miao people in ancient China. Among them, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture is the largest and most concentrated, Taijiang is the county with the highest proportion of Miao people in the country, and the Miao people account for 97% of the county's population, which is called "the first Miao county in the world"; The rest are distributed in Bijie, Tongliao, Zunyi, Qiannan, Southwest Guizhou, Anshun, Liupanshui and Guiyang. People often say: "Guizhou is the base camp of Miao nationality".

Miao people like to live in groups. The Miao people in southeastern Guizhou alone account for a quarter of the total Miao population in China and 39% of the Miao people in the whole province. 5%, and most of them are distributed in remote mountainous areas far away from cities, living in ethnic villages, and rarely living in villages with formal ethnic groups.

Guizhou Miao nationality has concentrated the main cultural characteristics of China Miao nationality, such as the larger dialect, power language and most local languages (Miao language belongs to the Miao language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, including Xiangxi and Qiandong). Sichuan, Guizhou and Shenzhen are the three major dialect areas. Taijiang Miao people belong to the eastern Guizhou dialect, and they all have the main types of costumes, important arts and crafts, basic customs and habits, and basic types of farming culture. , can be said to be the representative of the national Miao culture. Many ethnic scholars at home and abroad regard Guizhou as an ideal garden for studying Miao nationality, and Taijiang is the most beautiful pearl in this ideal garden.