A Case Study of Public-Private Relationship —— On the Influence of New Public-Private Management Paradigm on University Management
Starting with expounding the main ideas of the new public management movement and combining the characteristics of quasi-public products in colleges and universities, this paper analyzes the problems existing in current school management, and probes into the influence of the research paradigm of public management on the reform process of higher education in China, with a view to obtaining enlightenment for the reform of higher education management in China.
Keywords: new public management paradigm; University management; affect
Since the early 1980s, western countries have set off a massive and protracted government reform movement. Although different countries have different nature, scale and methods of reform, they all have the same agenda, namely? New public management? Or? Managerialism? Paradigm With the continuous development and maturity of market mechanism, the deepening of administrative system reform and the transformation of government functions, the practical mode of higher education management in China and the theoretical system in the research field need further innovation. So, study the contemporary west? New public management? The theory and practice of physical education, absorbing its experience and lessons, and absorbing its theoretical achievements are undoubtedly of great practical significance to the reform of higher education management in China.
First, the main idea of the new public management paradigm
The new public management is based on the theories and methods of modern economics and private enterprise management, and the successful management methods and competition mechanism of the private sector are widely applied to the public sector. It is the product of the specific political and economic conditions in the west, and it reflects the law and trend of the development of public administration to a certain extent. According to western scholars Greer and Guble, the new public management movement mainly has the following main ideas.
1. The management function of the government should be to steer rather than paddle.
The new public management advocates that the government should formulate policies rather than implement them in administrative management, and the government only plays the role of steering rather than rowing. This can reduce the size of the government, reduce expenses and improve efficiency. The new public management believes that an effective government is not a pragmatic government, nor an executive government, but a government that can govern and is good at governing.
2. Government services should be customer or market oriented.
The new public management believes that the government should be customer-oriented or market-oriented, thus changing the relationship between the government and society under the traditional administrative model and repositioning the government functions and social functions. The market exists not only in the private sector but also in the public sector. The government is no longer a bureaucracy above society, but a responsible entrepreneur, and citizens are their customers or clients. Entrepreneurial government should be customer-oriented and provide high service efficiency.
3. The government should adopt the way of authorization or decentralization for management.
Government organization is a typical bureaucratic centralized structure, which divides government organizations into many levels. People have a sense of identity with their grass-roots organizations, and cross-organizational communication is extremely difficult, which makes government agencies unable to cope with the new situation. Managers in business circles adopt the method of decentralization, and respond quickly by reducing levels, authorizing and delegating decision-making power, thus effectively solving problems. Therefore, the government should also respond quickly, reduce levels, authorize and decentralize decision-making power.
4. The government should adopt the successful methods and experiences of the private sector.
Different from the traditional way that public administration excludes the private sector, the new public administration emphasizes that the government widely adopts the successful means and experience of the private sector. Such as paying attention to cost-benefit analysis, total quality management, and emphasizing cost reduction and efficiency improvement.
5. The government should introduce competition mechanism into the management of public enterprises.
The new public management thinks that government management should introduce competition mechanism widely, cancel the monopoly of public service supply, and let more private sectors participate in the supply of public services. In this way, the competition mechanism is introduced into the government's public management, thus improving the quality and efficiency of service supply. Because competition is conducive to improving work efficiency, optimizing service attitude and stimulating innovation consciousness.
6. The government should pay attention to the efficiency, effectiveness and quality of public management.
Traditional public administration pays attention to input rather than result. According to the transaction cost theory, the new public management thinks that the government should pay attention to the production and results of management activities, care about the efficiency and quality of direct service provided by the public sector, and actively and flexibly respond to the changes of external conditions and the needs of different stakeholders. Therefore, the new public management advocates that the allocation of resources managed by the government should be linked to the performance effect of personnel, emphasizing management according to performance rather than goals, and paying remuneration according to performance rather than tasks.
Second, the main problems in the current management of higher education
Influenced by the planned economy management mode for a long time, the ideas, methods and systems of university management in China are traditional and outdated. Compared with the requirements of the socialist market mechanism and the development of higher education popularization, there are still many unsuitable places, mainly in the following aspects.
1. The reform of the school-running system in colleges and universities lags behind.
According to the viewpoint of new public management, colleges and universities, as scarce resources, have changed from core public products to mixed public products or quasi-public products, which requires speeding up the reform of the school-running system of colleges and universities. In the current reform of the school-running system in colleges and universities, although the subordinate relationship of the school has been adjusted, it is still difficult to change the long-standing situation that the central departments and local governments are in their own way. Some schools and majors are repeatedly set up, the allocation of educational resources and the structural layout of schools are not reasonable enough, the conditions for running schools are poor, and the level and quality of running schools are not high. In the internal management of schools, colleges and universities have not really changed the status of affiliated institutions of their competent departments, and the power to run schools independently for the society is limited, lacking self-restraint mechanism, and it is difficult to flexibly adapt to the needs of social development.
2. Logistics socialization reform is progressing slowly.
Influenced by the planned economic management system, before the reform of the logistics system, China's colleges and universities had established a relatively perfect logistics support and service system, which directly led to the school running the society, resulting in more and more personnel in logistics institutions, increasing expenditures and heavier burdens on schools, which seriously restricted the improvement of the level and the expansion of the scale of running schools. At present, although most colleges and universities have set up logistics service companies and run according to the enterprise model, the logistics service in colleges and universities has not really achieved marketization because of great difficulties in terms of clear property rights, mechanism transformation, personnel diversion, asset management and fund settlement. It is still difficult for enterprises in society to participate in the competition in the school service market, and logistics enterprises have not really become? Independent accounting, independent management, self-financing and self-development? Economic entity.
3. Lack of cost-effective concept and serious waste.
In the era of planned economy, colleges and universities are institutions fully funded by the state. With the in-depth development of reform and opening up and the establishment of the socialist market economic system, the sources of funds in colleges and universities are diversified. In addition to the state financial allocation, there are educational income, scientific research income and operating income, but the state financial allocation income is still one of the main sources of colleges and universities. Because the main task of colleges and universities is to cultivate talents and scientific research, the benefits of their output are mainly reflected in the social level. In addition, due to the lack of funds, they can ask the finance for special projects and policies, and their financing pressure is very small. Therefore, colleges and universities generally do not pay attention to the benefit analysis and research of input and output, and some projects are often invested regardless of cost, which is a very serious waste. So far, there is no accounting treatment method for depreciation in the management of fixed assets in colleges and universities; There is no authoritative and scientific calculation method for per capita training cost; There is no perfect input-output evaluation system for special funds; The demonstration of investment decision-making lacks the concept of benefit; In addition, at present, university administrators lack an effective management and restraint mechanism in the investment and use of funds, which inevitably leads to waste of funds, loss of assets and investment mistakes.
4. Lack of standardized employment system and reasonable distribution system.
The reform of employment system and distribution system is the key and difficult point of university management reform, which is mainly manifested in? Professor tenure? 、? Teacher's iron rice bowl? The system has not been completely broken; Cadres can be promoted and demoted, and the competitive mechanism of survival of the fittest has not been fully established. Some jobs that could have been completed by recruiting L temporary workers still use regular workers, resulting in a great increase in labor costs.
5. The secondary relationship between schools (colleges) has not been completely straightened out.
Influenced by the traditional management concept, the focus of school management has not really moved down. The decision-making power of the school in policy formulation, discipline construction, talent introduction, equipment purchase, financial management, asset management, enrollment and employment, personnel flow and other aspects is concentrated in government functional departments, and the autonomy of running a school at the college level is relatively small, so it is difficult to let go of the work. In contrast, the functions of government departments are too powerful, and the phenomenon of excessive management and offside management is more prominent.
Third, the impact of the new public management paradigm on university management
The new public management theory takes the market as the center, advocates that government functions should be concentrated in the core public service fields such as basic education and compulsory education, advocates that private sector and non-governmental sector should participate in providing quasi-public products, advocates the combination of public mechanism and market mechanism, and advocates the cooperation among government, society and market.
1. Adjust the management mode of colleges and universities
(1) From the perspective of the relationship between the government and schools. According to the viewpoint of the new public management paradigm, the government should give more consideration to the way of using the market to allocate resources, and create new development opportunities for colleges and universities in terms of policies. Without market resources, the ability and characteristics of higher education cannot be fully displayed. Higher education is always inseparable from the government's support in policy, material resources and financial resources, and the competition for market resources can only be carried out within the scope permitted by laws and policies. For the school itself, it is necessary to make an appropriate choice between the market and the plan, give full play to their respective advantages, make up for each other's shortcomings, and promote the reform of the higher education system.
(2) From the internal management of colleges and universities. In order to change the present situation of too much and too detailed management, the administrative department of colleges and universities should focus on macro management, such as formulating policies, grasping the direction and guiding the work. The main functions of secondary departments should be located at the micro-management level, such as implementing school policies, implementing work measures, and completing teaching and scientific research tasks. At the same time, colleges and universities should rebuild the power relationship between colleges and universities and change the current situation that the power of management departments is too large and too concentrated. Administrative organs should be good at decentralization, strive to serve the grassroots, realize the shift of management focus, give secondary colleges more decision-making power, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of running schools independently.
2. Introduce a competitive mechanism
(1) The introduction of market competition mechanism in the field of logistics services is conducive to promoting the reform of logistics socialization. The key to the slow progress of the socialization reform of logistics in colleges and universities is that colleges and universities have taken too many protective measures for logistics enterprises. The field of logistics service is not really open to the society, and enterprises in the society cannot participate in the competition of schools. In fact, the school's dormitory, canteen, property, greening, medical and other infrastructure can be invested and managed by introducing social enterprises to compete with the school's logistics enterprises. This is not only conducive to deepening the logistics reform, improving the competitiveness of enterprises, but also conducive to saving funds and improving economic benefits.
(2) The introduction of competition mechanism in the field of management services is conducive to improving management efficiency. Many management services in colleges and universities can be provided by private enterprises or departments. For example, accounting can involve accounting firms, internal audit can involve audit firms, conference organization can involve hotels and restaurants, tourism activities can involve travel companies, asset management can involve property companies and so on. Through the above methods, the introduction of market competition mechanism into university management will certainly play a positive role in promoting the improvement of university management efficiency, the change of service attitude and the innovation of management methods.
3. Introduce enterprise management methods
China's higher education has long been a public product or quasi-public product in short supply. The scale and number of colleges and universities can't meet the people's demand for higher education in a short time, and there is little competition and pressure from the market. In contrast, the private sector directly faces fierce competition in the front line of the market. Without learning management concepts, innovating management methods and improving management mode, it will be difficult to survive and develop. Therefore, the best management talents, the most advanced management technology and the most effective management experience always come from the private sector first. Although there are differences between university management and private sector management in their respective purposes, objects and environments, the private sector attaches great importance to scientific management, market demand and customer feedback, input and output, cost accounting and other management concepts, which undoubtedly has positive reference significance for university management.
4. Establish a scientific performance evaluation system
Universities pay more attention to process management than results management, and often lack scientific and systematic performance evaluation. New public management movement? The government should relax strict administrative regulations and implement clear performance target control? 、? The government should pay attention to the output and results of management activities and care about the efficiency and quality of services directly provided by the public sector? And so on, it is of great enlightenment to improve the performance management of colleges and universities. The key is to change the status quo of emphasizing process over results, introduce the principles and methods of target management into university management, and implement performance target control for individuals and units. Performance evaluation results should be combined with personal evaluation, treatment, post and training, and with organizational recognition, encouragement and improvement to enhance personal and organizational sense of responsibility, mission, crisis and urgency. Guide the healthy competition between individuals and organizations, and create new achievements for the realization of the overall goal of the school.
refer to
Open road. Evolution of management paradigm of public management [J]. China Administration, 200 1, (1).
Zhang Zhongjia. The main problems and countermeasures in China's higher education management [M]. Beijing: People's Education Press, 2003.
Zhao linping. The Influence of New Public Management on Higher Education [J]. Education Review, 2004, (4).
Chen Zhenming. Public management [M]. Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 2003.
A Case Study on Public Relations of Affordable Housing Policy in Public Management (Ⅱ).
Abstract: Affordable housing policy is an important public policy, which embodies the government's public management function. This paper analyzes the problems and causes of affordable housing, and puts forward the ideas to solve the problems.
Keywords: affordable housing policy; Problems; Public policy analysis
Since 1998, China has basically established an urban housing security system with housing provident fund system, affordable housing system and low-rent housing system as the main contents. Affordable housing is a kind of commercial housing with social security nature. Its function is to protect the housing rights of low-and middle-income people, and it is a livelihood project with welfare color. For implementation? Home ownership? It has played a huge role in curbing housing prices.
First, the problems of affordable housing.
Although great achievements have been made in affordable housing, the huge price difference and amazing profits between it and commercial housing have made a considerable number of people take risks and use various methods to obtain affordable housing. Moreover, the housing market itself is oversupply, which intensifies the contradiction. All kinds of negative news about affordable housing abound, and its positive effect is far less than its negative effect. It has become a fact that affordable housing is not worthwhile.
(A) affordable housing policy contributed to rent-seeking.
In a market economy, supply determines prices. When the supply is less than the demand and enters the real estate market, high housing prices are inevitable. However, affordable housing is a cheap house provided by the seller's market, and the high profit difference will inevitably lead to rent-seeking. The rent-seeking behavior of affordable housing is not simply to transfer part of the profits of real estate developers and some buyers to the private pockets of relevant government officials. The harm and influence of rent-seeking on society is enormous. It makes the affordable housing uneconomical and inapplicable, and the majority of low-and middle-income people still have no room to live in, which intensifies the hatred of wealth in society and is extremely unfavorable for building a harmonious society in China.
(B) the scope of application of affordable housing is not clearly defined.
Because the current personal credit and personal assets investigation mechanism in China is not perfect, it is impossible to accurately calculate the real annual income of each family, so it is impossible to clearly divide the high, middle and low incomes of families. This gives many lawless elements an opportunity, and many high-income families falsify their annual income and obtain affordable housing. And those families that really meet the standards are excluded.
(three) the location of affordable housing is remote and the supporting facilities are not perfect.
Affordable housing is a kind of policy-oriented commercial housing with strong welfare color. According to the national regulations, the commercial function of the developed real estate gains 3% profit from it, so its location will not be in the prime location such as the city center, but near the suburbs or the environment, where the land price is often very cheap. And the relative supporting measures are also very poor. More importantly, people living in low-and middle-income areas often cannot afford to buy cars and other means of transportation. They often live in the west and work in the east, which brings great trouble to their daily life.
(D) Invisible formation of housing grade differentiation, causing psychological pressure to property buyers.
The banner of affordable housing is to protect low-income families. Those who can afford this kind of housing are middle-class and lower-class families living in society, which is easy to form new poverty-stricken areas, causing psychological pressure on residents, forming a humiliating effect, and triggering a series of social environmental problems, leading to the spatial division and isolation of social classes, which is not conducive to social harmony, community security and cultural development.
Second, from the perspective of public management, analyze the reasons for the problems in the policy of affordable housing.
(A) policy positioning is not allowed
In recent years, house prices have continued to rise. In order to curb housing prices, the government forced affordable housing to occupy the overall position of the housing market, but most of the local government's fiscal revenue came from land transfer fees. Affordable housing also requires exemption from land transfer fees. The huge low-and middle-income people make local governments unable to support them, so they will also resist affordable housing and build houses in remote areas with relatively imperfect supporting measures.
(B) the negative effects of affordable housing
According to the theory of public choice, is the government the same? Economic man? , the same pursuit of profit maximization. When the government thinks that affordable housing has damaged its own interests, it will inevitably resist, or individual officials will be involved in the law regardless of the interests of the national government in order to maximize their interests. Affordable housing is in violation of the market supply and demand relationship, free of land transfer fees. House prices are also very low, which is very harmful to the fiscal revenue of local governments. This can explain why the location of affordable housing is remote, the construction is unreasonable and the construction quality is not good. Even if the local government does not take a negative or even boycott attitude towards it, individual officials will see that it is profitable to abuse power for personal gain. It can explain why so many high-income people live in affordable housing, but those who really need it can't. Thoughts on standardizing the construction and management of affordable housing.
Three thoughts on standardizing the construction and management of affordable housing
(a) to further improve the relevant standards of affordable housing.
Improve the division standard of family income; The government should put forward concrete measures to divide high, middle and low income families as soon as possible. And supporting the corresponding punishment mechanism, we should take severe punishment measures for the behavior of falsely reporting personal property. For families who have already moved in, they can also adopt a spot check system to investigate whether there is fraud. Only by perfecting the personal property system can fairness be guaranteed. Conducive to the development of society.
(B) improve the government exit mechanism
At present, affordable housing can only be purchased once, so as long as you buy it, you can't buy it again. However, the income level of buyers is constantly changing. Maybe in a few years, his requirements will not meet the requirements, and at the same time, a new group of low-and middle-income people will appear in the market. Therefore, the government should improve the exit mechanism, instead of just taking an indifferent attitude after selling the house, it should investigate the houses that have been sold in time, and let them return to the next batch of low-and middle-income people if they do not meet the conditions. This can alleviate the shortage of affordable housing and save local government funds.
(3) The government should strengthen the supervision of itself and developers and improve transparency.
The development process of affordable housing is a game process between government supervision and developers' pursuit of interests. Because the sales right is in the hands of the developer, he can obtain gray income through black-box operation and lottery, thus raising the house price in disguise. The government itself has the right to lease applicable housing land, and developers have the right to transfer land in order to obtain land. It is bound to bribe relevant officials at a high price, and the cost will be passed on to affordable housing in the future. This right of the government can easily lead to rent-seeking. To restrain the developers of affordable housing, the developers who get preferential treatment from the state must be placed under the supervision of public opinion and must adhere to it? Open, fair and just? The principle of. He should announce the construction cost, even the identity of the buyer and so on. In the reality that personal income is uncertain, people can at least be restricted from buying more than two sets of affordable housing. The government stipulates that those who buy more than two sets of affordable housing will be confiscated and so on. Only with supplementary provisions to make up for policy loopholes can the construction of affordable housing be carried out healthily. Meanwhile, the bidding activities of government officials must be open and transparent. Every detail step should be announced to the public. Let it be under the supervision of society.
(D) the government should establish a low-rent housing policy
No matter how low the price of affordable housing is, there will still be some people who can't afford housing. So we use cheaper low-rent housing. The function of the government now is not to ensure that every family has a house, but to ensure that every family has a place to live. Low-rent housing policy can alleviate the pressure of social housing shortage. It complements the housing policy. Affordable housing for those low-income families, low-rent housing for those at the bottom of society. This can greatly alleviate the pressure of affordable housing and ensure the interests of the vast majority of people.
The affordable housing policy promulgated by the state is to serve the people and help solve the housing problem of low-income families. To achieve social prosperity, although there are some problems in the process of policy formulation. There are advantages and disadvantages in essence. As long as the government continues to improve, the real use of affordable housing will be realized.
References:?
Lin Cong. From the perspective of public management, what are the problems and countermeasures of affordable housing? Take Hangzhou as an example [J]. Science and Technology Information Development and Economy, 2009 (1):122-123.
Nanling, Cui Liang. Affordable housing. Discussion on Problems and Models [J]. Business Times, 2006 (6): 52-53.
Public relations case analysis paper recommendation;
1. On the model essay of public relations.
2. Model essay on public relations
3. Talking about public relations papers
4. Talking about the related papers on the relationship between public and private sectors
5. Public relations graduation thesis.
6. Public management case analysis paper