The hoax of this century is one of the most famous scientific scandals in history. 19 1 1 year, British lawyer Dawson claimed to have found a part of an ape-man skull in Bulten. 19 13, Dawson and Woodward, famous British anthropologists, announced that they had unearthed the skull of a half-ape-half-human creature, and claimed that this creature lived about 500,000 years ago. Their "discovery" strongly proves Darwin's theory of biological evolution. The name of anthropology is "Dawn", which is considered to be a turning point in the evolution of apes, and even a mark of great scientific achievements. 1928, scientists used the method of fluorine content to determine the age of fossils, and determined that "Dawn" was not earlier than the Neolithic skull, and the mandible was a chimpanzee. They also found a skull, which was stained behind the mandible. An elaborate scam was finally exposed.
N-ray-collective self-deception
1899, the British scientist roentgen discovered X-ray 1903, and the famous French physicist Brownlow announced the discovery of a new kind of ray-N-ray. This has aroused enthusiastic pursuit in French physics circles, and many scholars, including Nobel Prize winner becquerel, have followed suit. 1904 In the first half of the year, the French Academy of Sciences published a paper on 54 N rays. In France, no one can find the light. Later, British physicist Wood proved that N-rays were totally untrue. Brownlow is eager to make great achievements by taking British subjective judgment as an objective fact. And other French scientists gathered in Brownlow for their national pride, thus creating a farce of collective self-deception.
3。 Millikan is doing experimental data-huge physical defects.
19 10 was called "oil drop experiment". The first measured hydrogen is 1836 times heavier than an electron, and American physicist Millikan won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physics. At the same time, the famous physicist Allen Gaft also did the same experiment, but didn't get the corresponding results. After 60 years, historians found that milligan's opinion was not as he vowed: "It was not chosen, but was chosen from the observation of 140! He only collected his beautiful data and deleted all the unfavorable data, which shocked the physics community.
4。 Cold fusion-eager to change the laughing stock
20 1989, 20 10 Press conferences were held by Burns University in Utah and Southampton University in England, claiming that palladium cathode electrolyzed heavy water and carried out "cold nuclear fusion" at normal temperature and pressure in small laboratory equipment. However, more than 0/000 laboratories around the world have never successfully repeated the experimental results of Burns and Fresman, and finally rejected their stories. Almost everyone knows that science can be a negative textbook.
5。 Schon's "Science" Series III Falsification —— Ran Ran's Rising Star Autumn
The "Schon Incident" is considered as one of the biggest academic fraud scandals in contemporary history. On June/2002 1 65438+1October1,the American magazine Science published a short statement. Schon, an American physicist, and his partners announced that they would withdraw the papers published in Science from 2000 to 200 1 year. The first author's thesis is Schon, involving the achievements of organic transistors, superconducting devices and molecular semiconductors. At the age of 32, Schon published nearly 90 papers in academic journals and was once considered as a candidate for Nobel Prize in Literature. Schon's research results were questioned by some colleagues, and Bell Laboratories invited five external experts to investigate. According to experts' investigation results, at least 65,438+06 papers in Schon fabricated or tampered with the experimental data in September, and his collaborators were innocent, and they knew nothing about it. Schon's massive fraud, because he has a strong heart's reputation and wealth, honor, eventually ruined the first time to publish some conjectures.
6。 Water, oil-fantasy
In 1980s, Harbin and Wang tricked China into demanding water and oil. His theory is to prepare a mother liquor, and then mix it with ordinary water at the ratio of 1: 100000 to become water-based fuel instead of gasoline, with low cost. Only a simple machine is used to produce one ton of liquor every 20 minutes, and 10 ton of mother liquor is made into water-based fuel. Through their performances, Wang Hongcheng persuaded some famous scientists, principals and party secretary, Harbin Institute of Technology, and was undoubtedly called "the fifth great invention of China" by the media, and water and oil became hot news. Before 1994, the number of questions jointly raised by CPPCC members lasted for more than ten years, causing tens of billions of yuan in losses to the country. Wang Hongxuan was finally sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment 10 years.
7。 Liaoning ancient birds-shame of the hometown of fossils
Is the fossil "Ancient Pirates of Liaoning" a mosaic? 1999 Fake fossils of different animal bones were smuggled to the United States, which aroused great concern of American scholars. The famous American National Geographic magazine published an article saying that Archaeopteryx was the missing link between dinosaurs and birds, which provided direct evidence for the origin of birds and dinosaurs. Later, scientists in China exposed the scam.
This scientific scandal immediately caused an uproar in western countries, including NBC, USA Today, nature and science.
8。 Lysenko's power distorts science.
From the age of 30 to 60, the concept of heredity acquired by Lamarck and michurin became the orthodox representative of the Soviet Union. lysenko refused to accept the experimental genetics supported by Mendel and Morgan, the political tools used by opponents, and the political and other considerations of the Soviet Union. Genetics is a disaster, and it has spread to many countries in the Eastern Group, including China. Lysenko incident is a typical case of scientific debate in which political authority replaced scientific authority.
9。 Summerlin Mouse Immunization —— Watergate Incident in Science
In the early 1970s, William summerlin, a scientist at the Si Long Catalim Institute in the United States, claimed that he had successfully transplanted the skin of a black mouse into a white mouse. Summerlin seems to have found a way to avoid rejection without immunosuppressive drugs. The discovery of organ transplantation is of great significance. 1974, summerlin fraud case was exposed. It turned out that he achieved this effect with a black felt-tip pen. An observant lab assistant noticed that the black spots on the mouse's back could be washed away, so that everything would be washed away. Later, summerlin admitted all efforts to protect himself. Finally, he was convicted of a misdemeanor. The summerlin incident caused a strong shock in academic circles, and many newspapers called it "Watergate Scandal in American Science".
10。 Baltimore Incident-Nobel Prize Winner Storm
1in April, 986, Teresa Kerry, a Baltimore Nobel Prize in Literature laureate and biomedical prize winner and her collaborator, jointly published a paper in the famous academic journal Cell. However, the post-doctoral experimental data brought by Teresa in her own laboratory may be false, which has aroused widespread concern. Unfortunately, during the five-year investigation, Baltimore has been using its reputation to publicly threaten without outside interference. After two rounds of investigation, in March of 199 1, the National Institutes of Health formally accused two key experimental data of forging documents, which was a serious academic misconduct. It turned out that Baltimore's data were wrong, and it was really unknown to restore his reputation. However, he later withdrew his paper and publicly apologized. The whistleblower district Dulu resigned as President Rockefeller.