In the long historical development process, the Bai people have created splendid culture and contributed to the civilization of the motherland. Traces of ditches were found in the Neolithic site in Canger. However, at the Haimenkou site in Jianchuan, it is found that residents have been engaged in raising livestock and agriculture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, bronze culture appeared in Erhai area. During the Shu-Han period, Erhai area had developed into "paddy field animal husbandry". By the Tang Dynasty, Bai ancestors were able to build Cangshan "Gaohe" water conservancy project and irrigate tens of thousands of hectares. Building mountain terraces, Deng Chuan Luoshi River flood diversion project. Nanzhao has its own calendar. Zhou Silian, a Bai scholar in the Ming Dynasty, wrote Tai He Geng's Lost Catalogue and Li Xingwei's Strange Prescription Book, both of which are representative works summarizing ancient astronomy and medicine. White dance

Bai nationality is unique in art, and its architecture, sculpture and painting art are famous all over the world. The three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple in Dali, built in the Tang Dynasty, are nearly 60 meters high, with a grade of 16. They are beautifully made, similar to the Little Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi 'an. Shi Baoshan Grottoes in Jianchuan have exquisite craftsmanship and lifelike figures. It has the similarity of China Grottoes and strong national style, and occupies a high position in the history of stone carving art in China. Jizushan temple complex, built in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, has overlapping arches and upturned corners. Carved layers of figures, flowers and birds on the doors and windows are unique and timeless. They are all made by the famous "Jianchuan Carpenter". Bai lacquerware has high artistic attainments. Most of the high-tech painters used in Yuan and Ming Dynasties were selected from Yunnan. The lacquerware of Dali spread to the Ming Dynasty and has always been regarded as a precious "Song strip". When Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, the Picture Scroll of Nanzhao History stolen by imperialism was made by Bai painters Zhang Shun and Wang Yu 1989. It vividly depicts the myths and legends established by Nanzhao in the form of continuous short paintings, and is one of the precious cultural relics in China. 1 172, Zhang's Dali scroll was called "the treasure of the south". This painting is 10 foot long, 134 inch long. With the theme of King Jing of Protecting the Country, 628 characters with different faces were portrayed. Exquisite brushwork and exquisite craftsmanship are the treasures of ancient art in China. The "White Opera" developed from the "Blowing and Blowing" of the classical opera has distinctive national characteristics. Bai people have a high level of education and a large number of talents. Bai people can sing and dance well, and Nanzhao song and dance was popular in the Central Plains as court music in the Tang Dynasty. Bai folk songs are divided into Bai tune, Han tune, Long song, Bai minor, ballad and so on. The white tones are the most widely spread, among which the white tones in Dali, Jianchuan and Eryuan Xishan are the most representative. They often sing in Shan Ye, with free rhythm, melodious and unpretentious tunes. In ancient Bai people, there was a combination of music and dance. Poems such as On the Road, Peony in Daci Temple and Cave of Heaven by Yang Qikun, a Bai poet in Nanzhao, are called "master" masterpieces and included in the whole Tang poetry. Literary works such as Wang Fuyun, Snake Bone Pagoda, Killing State Officials and Hooking the Moon Head praised the heroes of the ancient Bai people in class struggle and production struggle. Nanzhao's famous lion dance was introduced to the Central Plains in the Tang Dynasty, and Nanzhao's sacred music was listed as one of the 14 pieces of music in the Tang Dynasty. Bai Diao is a widely circulated metrical poem "3715" (the first three sentences and seven words, the last five words). In the middle of15th century, some scholars used this folk song form to write famous poems, such as "Ci Ji Hua Shan Bei" written by Yang Nai. "Blowing and blowing" in white drama is a comprehensive art developed on the basis of the early "Big Ben". According to the historical picture of Zhongxing in Nanzhao, there are historical books such as Zhang Guo Shi, Weishan Career, Tiezhu Temple and Xi Erhai. During the Dali period, there were also white history and national history, both of which have been lost. Only fragments of white history are scattered in inscriptions in the Ming Dynasty. The Bai history books of Yuan Dynasty, Gu Baitong and Feng Xuan's Reading Yun Zhi, have been lost, but they are all blueprints of Yunnan local chronicles in Ming Dynasty, such as Yunnan Zai Ji and Nanzhao unofficial history. According to historical records, the history of Erhai area was studied by Yang Shiyun, a Bai scholar in Ming Dynasty. This book was collected by another Bai scholar, Li Yuanyang, in Jiajing's Annals of Dali, and it is the final edition of Wanli's Examination of Yunnan Tongzhi Evolution. Wang Song, a Bai historian in Qing Dynasty, collected 6/kloc-0 kinds of books about Yunnan when compiling Daoguang's Annals of Yunnan, and compiled them into 2l volumes, which are important reference materials for studying Yunnan's national history and local history.

Social customs and habits

Bai people basically practice monogamy. The son separated immediately after marriage, and parents usually lived with their youngest son. Some of the landlords are big families with four generations living under one roof. People of the same family and surname don't marry, but they will marry their uncles and aunts as usual. Children without children and daughters can also adopt children of brothers and sisters (adoption) or adopted children. If a woman has no children, she can adopt her husband's wife, and her husband and adopted son must change their names and surnames in order to obtain the right to inherit property. There is a marriage custom of adoption in Bai marriage. Adopted men not only enjoy the same social status as men who don't adopt, but also enjoy the respect of neighbors, family members and relatives of the woman, the right to inherit the family property of the woman and the responsibility to support their parents and take care of their siblings until they grow up. People call this kind of adoption "door-to-door". Some Bai families also intend to "marry" their sons and let them into the house, so there is also a saying among the people that "send their children to recruit children." Although the marriage of Bai people is arranged by their parents, young people are relatively free in their love activities. If the relationship is confirmed, the man is willing to come to the woman's house. After obtaining the consent of both parents, when engaged, the woman's family invited the man and several relatives and friends of the man's family to their home. When the woman's family treats him, the elders should change his surname and give him a name in front of all relatives and friends. Since then, he followed his wife's surname, no longer using the original surname, and arranged men according to the ranking of the woman's family at home. Since then, a man has become a member of the woman's family after marriage, and his peers can only call each other brothers. It is forbidden to call the redundant son "brother-in-law". "Brother-in-law" or "Uncle" Before the Yuan Dynasty, the Bai people believed in esoteric Buddhism, so cremation prevailed in Bai areas. After the Yuan Dynasty, due to the influence of the Han nationality and Chinese culture in the mainland, it was changed to burial. Funerals are usually grand. Bai people in Pingba area live on rice and wheat, while corn and buckwheat live on mountains. Bai people like to eat sour, cold and spicy flavors. They are good at curing ham, bow fish, fried chicken brown, pork liver and other dishes. They also like to eat a unique "raw meat" or "raw skin", that is, roast pork half-cooked, cut into shredded pork, and served with ginger, garlic, vinegar and so on. Bai people also like to drink roasted tea.

national costume

Bai people advocate white, and their clothing styles are slightly different from place to place, and white clothes are noble. Men in central areas such as Dali usually wrap white or blue buns, wear white double-breasted clothes, black collars and jackets, and wear white and blue pants. Bai men in the east of Erhai Lake wear suede collars, or leather and satin collars, embroidered bellies and blue or black trousers at the waist. When they go out, they often carry bags, and some even carry long knives. Women's wear varies from place to place. In Dali area, people often wrap their heads with embroidered cloth or colored towels, and wear white coats and red vests, or light blue coats and coats with black velvet collars. Silver ornaments of "three beards" and "five beards" are hung on the right, and short waist, wide blue trousers and embroidered shoes are embroidered at the waist. Married people tie their hair in a bun, while unmarried people hang it on their backs or braid it on their heads, all of which are wrapped in embroidery, printing or colored towels. There is a familiar word on the headdress of Bai girls, and that is: romantic love. Commentary: the hat of the Bai girl, Keiko hanging down is the wind of Shimonoseki; Gorgeous floral decorations are flowers of Shangguan, the whiteness of the hat top is the snow of Cangshan, and the arc is the moon of Erhai Lake. Women's headdresses are even more colorful: unmarried women in Dali comb their braids, put them outside the flower handkerchief, wrap them with flower ribbons, and hang a bunch of Bai Liusu on the left; After marriage, the braid is changed into a bun, put on the top of the head, wrapped with a dyed or batik blue cloth handkerchief and wrapped with plain cloth strips. Girls in Yufeng, Deng Chuan and Eryuan like to wear "Fengpa"; In some places, flowers are wrapped in towels or braids are wrapped around their heads, and then a bunch of red ropes are wrapped around them; In some places, the headdress is "one tile"; In some places, people's heads are covered with many pieces of head cloth, and the outermost piece of cloth is embroidered with patterns that Bai people like. It's especially nice to surround it with headbands of various colors. Women like bracelets and pendant earrings with jade or silver. Urban residents wear more Chinese clothes, while young people love fashion. Hand-thank: In Fengyubaozi, Eryuan County, Yunnan Province, Bai girls and their daughters-in-law have learned the custom of making hand-thank since childhood. Women who can't make birthday shoes are often ridiculed as incompetent. Hand shoes, made of red satin or cloth. A long-lived pattern is spelled out on the toe, and an elegant pine and cypress is embroidered under the pattern, embroidered with blue silk thread; The heel of the vamp is a symmetrical right triangle pattern; Three-layer sole. Wearing long-lived shoes marks that people have entered old age, which is both blessed and blessed. Talents usually start to wear their first pair of shoes on their 60th birthdays.

National marriage custom

When a young Bai man proposes to a girl, the girl will give Baba to the man if she agrees. At the wedding, the bride will go to the kitchen to make "fish soup"; On the first Mid-Autumn Festival after marriage, the bride will make a big cake to show off her cooking skills. Tea should be served at the wedding, and then four or four seats should be set (that is, four dishes, four plates, four pots and four bowls). Bai nationality is monogamous, and the wedding is grand and warm. According to the traditional custom, on the wedding day, the groom and the boys must get married on a big horse. After the bride marries back, she should pay New Year greetings to the elders at home, and then invite them to dinner. The bride and groom will accompany the guests for dinner. At this time, guests can ask questions to the newlyweds or let them perform programs. The wedding was shrouded in cheers and laughter. The most distinctive thing is to light Chili powder at the wedding. Many people sneeze and cough in laughter, which is very lively. Backmarriage is a popular marriage custom in the Bai area of Eryuan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. At every intersection, fork in the road or crowded place, the guests who accompany him will stop and code the dowry into two piles, so that the groom can wrap the "8" around the dowry with the bride on his back. There are three forms of Bai marriage: one is to marry the daughter to the man's house, accounting for the majority; The second is to invite the uncle to come to the door. This situation is mainly because the woman's parents have no sons, and even if they do, they are stupid and sick, so they invited the uncle to come to the door. The uncle who comes to the door must change the woman's surname and then be renamed by the woman's elders; The third is the form of returning to the door, that is, seven days after marriage, the wife takes her husband with curtains and bedding and goes back to the woman's house to live. Because the woman's family has brothers, but they are too young and their parents are old, they have to "roll up the accounts" to support the elderly and take care of their siblings. After the younger brother grew up and got married, the man took his wife back to his home. These three forms of marriage have a long history and are still in use today. But no matter what kind of marriage, the date and process of marriage are basically the same. It's just that a woman marries a man, not a man marries a woman, and the roles of the two sides are reversed.

When a son gets married, he will usually separate from his parents and form a small family. Parents choose who to live with, and most choose to live with their youngest son. Therefore, monogamous family is a common form of family organization for Bai people. According to the custom of Bai nationality, if her husband dies, the wife can observe the festival for life or remarry, but she must not take her ex-husband's property with her when remarried. In some areas, there is also the custom of changing rooms. After the death of my brother, my sister-in-law can marry my brother and be called my uncle's sister-in-law, but this phenomenon is rare now. After seeing a woman, the Bai men in Erhai Lake invited the matchmaker to say goodbye to her home. The main task of the matchmaker's first visit to the woman's house is to convey the man's intention to ask for marriage, praise both men and women who are going to get married, and urge the woman's house to agree to this marriage. After the woman's marriage is agreed, the matchmaker will take back the girl's birthdates according to the agreed date, and the man will find someone to match the eight characters. If the eight characters match, the matchmaker will wait until the woman's house with gifts and rewards. When replying to the woman's family, the man's family will also post a couplet on the man's eight-character post and give it to the woman for the next couplet. After receiving the reply and the gift money, the woman completes the couplet on the eight-character post sent by the man, and then sends it back to the man's home for his collection. At this point, the engagement is complete. After the marriage is settled, one or two months before the marriage, the man's family should ask the matchmaker to bring gifts to the woman's house to negotiate the wedding date and the number of bride price. According to the wishes of the woman's family, the man's family will either send all the bride price money to the woman's family, which will prepare the dowry, or prepare the dowry according to the requirements of the woman's family and send it to the woman's family, and then finally determine the date of the bride's wedding.

It takes four days before and after the wedding. The first day is to congratulate the couple and build a shed. The bride's girlfriend and mother, while putting the bride's dowry clothes and shoes into the suitcase, wished the bride a reminder that she needed a girl to "warm the quilt" that night. The man's family is busy building a wedding shed to decorate the new house and so on. In the evening, a pair of boys with both parents will be invited to "press the bed". The next day is the wedding day, and the bridal procession is organized by the man's sedan chair to pick up the bride at the woman's house. After the bride and groom enter the bridal chamber, people offer them bitter tea and sweet tea, which means bitter before sweet. On the third day, the bride and groom went to the front of the hall to worship their parents and propose a toast to their relatives and elders. On the fourth day, the bride and groom went back to visit their parents-in-law and get to know their relatives and elders. Lanping Bai people call themselves "Nama". When her girl is fifteen or sixteen, most parents will build a small room next to her house for her to live in. In the evening, the boys went to the girl's small room to visit her. In the small room, they either played the strings and sang songs or whispered about each other's feelings. It was quiet at night, and both of them were sleepy, so they fell asleep with their clothes on. When the golden rooster dawned, the young man said goodbye to the girl. If two people are congenial, they can engage in private life, and parents generally do not interfere.

festival

Torch Festival, March Street (a national festival), Tomb-Sweeping Day, Mid-Autumn Festival and winter solstice are the traditional festivals of Bai people. Besides, Bai people, like Han people, celebrate the Spring Festival every year from the first day to the tenth day of the first lunar month. On the first day of the first lunar month, there is a custom of grabbing new water. Whoever receives the first soup spring in the new year will be very lucky in the new year. From the first day to the fifth day, you are not allowed to touch metal utensils except kitchen utensils, splash water or sweep the floor. Sacrifice to heaven and earth on the second day and mountains and grasslands on the third day. When the Bai people in Nujiang worship their ancestors before dinner on New Year's Eve, outsiders are forbidden to be present. On New Year's Eve, you should get back what you lent to others, otherwise you won't find money next year and you won't have enough to eat. Therefore, things borrowed from other people's homes must be returned to others before the New Year's Eve. New Year's Day is Women's Day. Women don't cook, carry water or do any other work, but entertain themselves. Men's Day is the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, and men rest. The fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month is the ancestor worship festival. Killing is prohibited during the annual March rally of the Bai people in Yuanjiang County or during the Tian Zi Temple Fair. Bai people in Yunlong county are not allowed to wander around in July and a half. Dengtianniu

Historically, Bai people's worship of the Lord has been preserved as a custom, which is manifested in the fact that almost every village has a main temple, in which the main statue of clay sculpture or wood carving is enshrined. When entering the main temple of Bai nationality, you must be pious and solemn, and it is forbidden to make any noise or touch the statue of the Lord God. Bai people also worship various gods. Bai people in Nujiang Prefecture, if someone is sick, must use cows, pigs and so on as sacrifices. And carry out sacrificial activities. Activities are usually held under a big tree at the top of the mountain near the village, and everyone in the village participates. This big tree is considered sacred and it is forbidden to cut it down. The Bai people in Lanping hold primitive sacrificial activities in September of the lunar calendar every year. Sacrificial ceremony was held under a big tree next to the village to offer sacrifices to cows, which was called "Ascension to Heaven" and this big tree was called "Immortal Tree". "Ascending to Heaven" and "Longevity Tree" are sacred and inviolable. It is forbidden to cut down and defecate under the tree.

march street

March Street Dragon Boat Race

March Street of Bai people in Dali, Yunnan, also known as Dali March Festival, is a grand festival and street period for Bai people. The duration is from March 15 to 20 of the annual summer calendar. March Street is not only the largest material exchange activity in western Yunnan, but also a unique national sports and cultural entertainment activity in western Yunnan. Yang Mao, the capital of Nanzhao in Tang Dynasty (now the ancient city of Dali), is not only the political, economic and cultural center of Yunnan, but also an important gateway for cultural exchanges and trade between Nanzhao and ancient Southeast Asian countries. At that time, Buddhism had been introduced into Nanzhao, and the ancestors of Nanzhao Bai people worshipped Guanyin Bodhisattva very much. "Every year on March 15, all people gather to sacrifice it with vegetables. This is the so-called Guanyin land, where future generations trade and pass it down as Guanyin Street." This is the earliest March Street. After that, March Street gradually evolved from a religious temple fair to a folk material exchange meeting. Li Yuanyang, a Bai historian in the Ming Dynasty, recorded in Yunnan Tongzhi: "On March 15th, Guanyin City traded goods from various provinces at the foot of Cangshan Mountain. Since Tang Yonghui, the dynasty has been more tired and the city has remained unchanged. " In the Qing Dynasty, March Street reached an unprecedented scale and grand occasion. 199 1 year, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture designated March Street as "March Street National Festival". During the festival, Chinese and foreign merchants gathered and the market was active. 12 large-scale cultural performances attended by county and city teams feature dances with national characteristics such as overlord whip, octagonal drum, flying swallow and dragon lantern. In addition, there are horse racing, cave music performances, dragon boat races and other sports activities.

Torch Festival

Torch Festival, called Fuwangwu in white, is a traditional festival of Bai nationality, which is held on June 25th in the summer calendar every year. On that day, men, women and children gathered to worship their ancestors. Through activities such as torch worship, lighting, lighting torches and jumping torches, I wish crops a bumper harvest and six animals a prosperous life. On the eve of the festival, the whole village erected a big fire about 10 to 20 meters high. Use pine trees as poles, tie the straw and pine branches together, and put a flag at the top. The flagpole is a bucket made of three paper sticks connected in series, with a bamboo pole, which means to ascend three levels in a row. There is a small paper flag around each bucket, with calligraphy and painting on it, such as peace and prosperity for the country and the people, good weather, rich life, abundant crops and prosperous six animals. There are torches, pears, begonia, fireworks, lights and colorful flags hanging under the bucket. At noon on Torch Festival, people take small torches, paper money, incense sticks and offerings to the ancestral graves to pay homage. After the small torch is lit, sprinkle three pieces of rosin to smoke the tomb, and go home after the torch burns behind the pillar. If the cemetery is far from home, sacrifice at home. Before the sun goes down, families finish their dinner in advance and help the old and the young to go out to watch the torch and horse racing. There are adults and children racing horses. Run three times around the torch, and you can fly into the distance. If you don't race horses, go door to door to appreciate the torches in front of each house and see whose torches are exquisite and beautiful. Before the fire in the whole village was lit, young daughters-in-law walked around the torch three times with umbrellas and their newborn babies on their backs to show that they were blessed by evil spirits. As night fell, the old people in the village took the lead in offering sacrifices and kowtowed to the torches. Several brave and vigorous boys climbed the big fire one by one, and uploaded small torches to light the big fire one by one. When we stopped at the station, the fire was flying, drums were beating loudly, firecrackers were ringing, and the scene was spectacular. When the bamboo pole hanging the bucket on the torch was burnt out, people scrambled to grab the bucket flying in the air. The wedding snatcher is regarded as a blessed person, congratulated by everyone, and squeezed into the home. The host entertains everyone with cigarettes, wine and tea. Next year, the fire will lift the bucket to the floor, and the person who can grab the bucket will prepare it. The climax of Torch Festival is playing with the torch. Young men and women each hold a torch. When I saw someone, I grabbed a handful of rosin powder from my bag and sprinkled it on the torch. Every time you sprinkle a handful, it gives off a dazzling fire, with a bang, and the flame burns to the other side, which is called "cheers". Bai people think that fire refers to bad luck that can be burned, so they compete with each other and are beaming. After the excitement, young people will rush to the field with small torches, sprinkle rosin powder on the torches and shine wheat ears on the grains, which means eliminating pests and diseases and ensuring a bumper harvest. At the end of Torch Festival, there will be a torch relay. Around midnight, the burning match sticks were piled into piles of bonfires during the carnival. Young men and women walked back and forth from the bonfire two or three times one after another, praying for Vulcan to "exorcise evil spirits." See who jumps high and far until the fun is over. Torch Festival

Dali has beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. In this beautiful and rich land, the hardworking and brave Bai people have attracted many tourists with their long history, developed culture and colorful customs. Bai folk houses have a unique style. Residential buildings often adopt the format of three rooms and one wall or four entrances and five patios. They attach great importance to the decorative arts of gatehouse architecture and zhaobi, door and window carving and gable painting. The gatehouse is usually decorated with clay sculpture, wood carving, colored painting, stone carving, marble screen embossed tiles and blue bricks. Exquisite shape, overlapping arches, vigorous and steady, beautiful and generous, reflecting the architectural talent and artistic creativity of the Bai working people. Bai people prefer white, the overall color of their houses is white, and the color of Bai traditional clothes is also white. Men usually wear a white double-breasted shirt and a black collar jacket. Women wear white coats with blue, red or black vests and embroidered aprons around their waists. Married women's headdresses are usually blue. The girl tied her braid with a red knot and then put a colored hand on her head. Lei Bai's tassel fluttered on the right side of her head, showing the charm of the girl. Bai people in Dali love flowers very much, and almost every family grows medicinal materials. There are three families in the local area, an eye well and several pots of flowers. Most girls' names have flower characters, such as: golden flower, silver flower, Dehua flower, beautiful flower and spring flower. Torch Festival: The Bai people hold it on June 25th. Those who can't travel in go to dali can go to Shalang Bai Township, Wuhua District, Kunming, which is the nearest to Kunming, and feast their eyes. Around the Three Spirits Every year in the late April of the lunar calendar, the Bai people hold a three-or four-day "around the Three Spirits". During the festival, thousands of men, women and children dressed in national costumes, played musical instruments, sang and danced, and gathered in Shengyuan Temple, the capital of the gods, to hold sacrificial ceremonies and various cultural activities. According to legend, General Nanzhao, Duan Zongbang, the ancestor of Duan in Dali, is the highest god among the Bai people. The temple where he lives is called "Shen Du", which was built in Shengyuan Temple in Shangyangxi.