Confucius proposed self-denial. The so-called ceremony refers to the ceremony formulated by the Duke of Zhou, which is the traditional order and system of the monarchical society in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the principle that both the monarch and his subjects should abide by. Confucius thought that only the restoration of rites in the Western Zhou Dynasty was? Was the ceremony broken? The way out for society.
? A gift? In Confucius' view, courtesy should be a code of conduct that everyone from the emperor to the common people must abide by. What did Confucius call it? A gift? , including internal spirit and external form. Its internal spirit is to maintain the patriarchal hierarchy and the corresponding ethical relationship at that time. In the Book of Rites? On the issue of mourning for the public, he clearly pointed out: If you are indecent, you can't be rude to the god of heaven and earth. The position of monarch and minister, regardless of age, cannot be distinguished; There are no other men, women, fathers, sons, brothers' relatives, and several friends in marriage. ? So he thinks that what is more important is not the form, but the realization of its inner spirit.
He once lamented:? Li Liyun, jade and silk cloud? Music rhyme, bell and drum cloud in (Yang Huo Chapter 65438 +0) When Fang Lin asked about the origin of this ceremony, he replied:? Ceremony, not luxury, is quite frugal; Sadness is greater than heart death. ? (The fourth chapter in eight essays)
? A gift? External forms include sacrificial rites, military service, crown, wedding and funeral, appointment to the DPRK, alliance and other ceremonies. What does Confucius think is important? A gift? Of course, the inner spirit is very important, and the inner spirit ultimately depends on the external form. Therefore, Confucius not only studied these etiquette carefully, but also asked his disciples to strictly abide by it.
Did he educate Yan Yuanyuan? See no evil, don't listen to evil, don't talk evil, don't move evil? (Yan Yuan Chapter 65438 +0). He said:? Politeness and rudeness are tiring, caution and rudeness are embarrassing, courage and rudeness are chaotic, and integrity and rudeness are distorted. ? Chapter 2 of Taber always severely criticizes and resists acts that violate the principles of etiquette and law. He said that Ji's eight-string dance in court violated the ceremony? It is tolerable and unbearable! ? (Chapter 1 of the eight-part essay)? The monarch trees the door, and the family also trees the door; The monarch is the goodness of the two monarchs, and there are objections, as well as those of Guan Jia. ? He criticized? Is Guan Zhong's musical instrument small? ,? Who knows that Zigong, a moralist (Chapter 22, Chapter 8), wanted to tell the new moon's sheep. He sarcastically said, Give it, I love its sheep, and I love its gifts. ? (Chapter 17 of stereotyped writing) What does he think of killing me for three years? Ruthless? (Chapter 2 1 of Yang Huo).
What are his basic principles in educating his disciples? Writing is learned, meet with courtesy? (Chapter 5 of Yan Yuan). Because? A gift? The internal spirit of the clan system is to maintain the patriarchal hierarchy, so it is connected with everyone's status and birthright. Keeping one's birthright in behavior is keeping it? A gift? The more you become famous, the more you violate etiquette. Therefore, Confucius not only explicitly put forward? Clear your name? Moreover, through the editing of Spring and Autumn Annals, all kinds of behaviors that violate etiquette and cross the border were ridiculed and denounced.
? A gift? The code of conduct mentioned also has the nature of enlightenment, the essence of which is to ask people to strengthen their self-cultivation and consciously restrain themselves, so as to achieve the coordination of interpersonal relationships, so as to be mentally compatible with? Ren? Connect. ? A gift? It is necessary not only to restore the form of the ritual system in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but also to return to the core of this ritual system. You want to stand up and be a man, you want to touch someone? On the other hand? Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you? .
? Filial piety? In terms of filial piety, what does the Analects say about filial piety? Ren? , is the most important moral requirement in ancient times. What is filial piety? Confucius replied to his disciples' questions: "Born with courtesy; : death, ritual burial, ritual sacrifice.
Filial piety is to treat relatives with courtesy and implement it in ceremony; Ceremony is the standard of benevolence.
On the other hand, Confucius said: filial piety today means that it can be raised. As for dogs and horses, you can keep them. It's disrespectful. Why not? Don't love parents, don't respect parents, just support parents according to the requirements of etiquette, which is no different from raising dogs and horses. Rites are inseparable from the soul of benevolence. The Analects of Confucius also said: be cautious in pursuing the future, and the people's morality will return to the thick.
? Pursue the distance carefully? Means taking funerals and sacrifices seriously. Can this make? People's morality is thick? . In other words, although ceremony is only a form, it also plays a role in cultivating benevolence in turn; Through the influence of etiquette, we can improve people's spiritual realm and make people's moral atmosphere pure and clean.
This is in terms of the specific virtues of filial piety. Generally speaking, the basic spirit of etiquette is love and respect, which is mutual respect, unity and friendship between people; Only through the universal implementation of ceremonies can the spirit of benevolence be implemented in the whole society. It is under the influence of the traditional culture of combining propriety and righteousness that China people respect each other morally, love each other and behave politely, which has become a world-famous basic principle.
? Ren? What is the significance of Confucius' seeking Tao? Ren? As the core? Repair? In your own way, what's inside? Self-denial? External demand? A gift? . The moral cultivation of moral ontology is closely combined with social moral norms, and presents an interactive relationship in the process of moral practice. They are mutual preconditions and promote each other.
Confucius is here? Ren? The main ethical thought begins with the individual? Self-denial? According to? Ren? Go towards the requirements of self-perfection and realize the transcendence of personal morality, so as to use? Love? For the core, damn it? Loyalty and forgiveness? Tao has had a far-reaching impact on family, political class and society.
What are the main categories of Confucius' moral thought? Ren? . Confucius advocated? Ren? , in the Analects of Confucius has multiple meanings. One is? The benevolent loves others? ; And second? Self-denial is benevolence? ; Three is? Is there a benevolent person? . Guo Moruo said in Ten Criticism Books: Confucius? This so-called benevolence is obviously in line with the trend of slave liberation. This is also a human discovery. ? Confucius advocated? Ren? Does Mencius attach importance to it? Righteousness, so, Confucius? Suicide? ("The Analects? Wei Linggong) and his successor Mencius? Give up your life for justice? ("Mencius? Gao Zishang's ambition of benevolence and righteousness has a far-reaching influence on later generations.
? A gift? With what? Ren? Relationship ceremony is the concrete embodiment of benevolence, and benevolence is the internal standard of ceremony; Courtesy is outside, benevolence is inside; Rites are used, and benevolence is the body; Rite is form, and benevolence is God. Rites and benevolence are like two sides of a coin, interdependent and inseparable. Benevolence must be externalized into ritual. Etiquette is a specific code of conduct and everyone must be bound by it. Confucius said:? If you know it, you can't stay. Although there is gain, there will be loss. Knowing it, benevolence can keep it, and disrespectful people will be disrespectful. Knowing it, benevolence can keep it, Zhuang can reward it, and it is disrespectful and bad. ? Emphasize the true, good and beautiful character and practical significance of benevolence.
Of course, without the gift of benevolence, there is no form of God. Li Liyun, jade and silk cloud? Happy clouds, happy clouds, bells and drums? People are not kind, such as courtesy? What's the fun of being heartless? Gentle, and then a gentleman? The combination of benevolence and propriety can be perfect.
? A gift? With what? Filial piety? First of all, judging from its emergence, propriety and filial piety are both early concepts and virtues in China's ethical history, both of which are innate and accompanied by sacrificial activities. The original filial piety is not the meaning of parents' kindness (ethics) later, but the concept of respecting ancestors developed from respecting heaven, which is mainly manifested in ancestor worship activities.
Second, are they emphasizing? Where to? At this point, its spiritual essence is exactly the same. The first essence of filial piety is a son's love for his parents, which must include or be reflected in respect. Love without respect is not a son's love for his father. In other words, kissing and respect are closely linked, and loving kissing must be based on the premise that father and son are superior to each other. This may be the reason why Chinese and western family ethics pay attention to the difference between respect and love respectively!
That is to say, between parents and children in the west, only intimacy and equality in the sense of love are emphasized, while in China, love must be based on the order of the young and the old, and love is not chaotic. Love should be reflected in respect for the next pair, and the last pair is reflected in kindness and love. Westerners call their parents by their first names, while China people are afraid to call them by their first names, which clearly reflects this difference. ? Politeness, respect. ? ("filial piety? Wide road chapter)? Husband is polite, so make friends, judge suspects, distinguish similarities and differences, and distinguish right from wrong. Up and down, father and son, brothers, indecent assault. ? (Quli) As can be seen from the above, filial piety and ceremony are equally important? Where to? This is exactly the same.
Finally, no matter from the internal mechanism of filial piety or from the mechanism of filial piety in the whole Confucian system, they are all amateurs and dutiful sons. If filial piety is the foundation of virtue, a natural thing, and the discipline of all things, then ceremony is the specific practical principle and norm to guide filial piety, or people's filial piety and filial piety are all expressed through behaviors that conform to etiquette.
Team leader: He Dong