Keywords teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, different physical education health teaching
The objects of primary and secondary education are teenagers and children, who are the future and hope of the motherland, and their health status is the basis for improving the quality of the population. At present, all countries in the world pay more attention to the growth of teenagers, conduct extensive and in-depth research, and adopt various forms and measures to promote the growth and development of teenagers and children. Our country has also taken physical health education (that is, physical education in the past) as one of the core contents of quality education, and at the same time advocated national fitness exercise. The body of teenagers and children is in a period of rapid growth and development, and the metabolism in the body and the development of the structure and function of various tissues and organs of the body have considerable development potential and plasticity. Physical education is of great significance to guide young children to grasp this critical period of life in time, form a correct concept of fitness, develop good daily exercise habits, and promote physical development and physical health.
However, the sports and health conditions of teenagers and children are different, mainly in the following aspects:
(1) The nutritional status is different. According to Xinhua News Agency reporters Liu Hui, Guo Huiqiao and Tommy Wang1/KLOC-0 in September 2006/Article: In June 2005, a middle school in Qingshan conducted a body shape test on 229 boys in Grade One. Among them, the number of malnourished people is 15, accounting for 6.55%; The number of people with low body weight was 124, accounting for 54.15%; The number of overweight people is 7, accounting for 3.06%; The number of obese people is 27, accounting for11.79%; The number of people with normal weight is 56, accounting for only 24.45% [1].
(2) Different stages of growth and development. Some develop prematurely, some are normal, and some are lagging behind. The growth and development of students are generally divided into primary school students aged six to 12, and junior high school students aged 13 to 18. These two periods are critical for children's physical development, with rapid growth in height and weight, emergence of secondary sexual characteristics, maturing of reproductive organs and internal organs, peak of brain function and psychological development, and gradual development of behavior habits during this period. This is the most dynamic period of life. During this period, children's growth and development have the following characteristics: the growth speed of different parts of the body is different, and the growth and development speed is wave-like; The growth of each system is unbalanced, but unified and coordinated; Growth and development is a continuous process. If any stage of development is hindered, it will have a negative impact on the later stage.
(3) The growth and development procedures are different. There are certain procedures for children's growth and development. For example, in the first sudden increase stage, the head develops first, then the trunk and finally the limbs. In the second sudden increase stage, the development process of all parts of the body is that the limbs precede the trunk and the lower limbs precede the upper limbs. In the growth of lower limbs, the length of the foot first accelerates and stops at the earliest. Generally, feet will not grow after 14 years old to 15 years old. Then the calf develops, and then the thigh grows. At this time, there will be an uncoordinated posture with long arms and long legs.
(4) Sensitivity, coordination, flexibility, balance and endurance are different. Because of the difference between brain development and nervous system development, some children are well developed, sensitive, coordinated, flexible, balanced and endurance, some are average and some are poor;
(5) Gender differences. The puberty development of women is generally earlier than that of men, and the growth rate of each index and growth value is higher than that of men. The growth value and growth rate curve of boys and girls are not on the same line.
(6) Different daily exercise and fitness habits. There are differences between students' daily exercise habits and fitness habits in terms of exercise types, exercise amount, life experience, exercise attitude, exercise ability, exercise methods, exercise situations and feelings.
(7) Favorite sports and fitness programs are different. The sports activities of primary and middle school students mainly include running, ball games, swimming, sports meeting and martial arts. Some like badminton, some like basketball, some like football, some like aerobics, some like tennis, some like equipment and so on. There are obvious differences between middle school students and primary school students in the choice of sports. For example, in the "ball games" and "swimming" events, the proportion of middle school students is significantly higher than that of primary school students.
(8) Different constitutions. There are great differences in physical fitness between primary and secondary school students, some are sanguine, some are mucinous, some are choleric and some are depressive. So some people are active, some people are lazy, some people are lively, some people are calm, some people are excited, and some people are hard to get excited to enter the training state. This is particularly evident in the following aspects:
Appearance: height, weight and bust;
Function: grip strength (muscle strength), going up and down steps (cardiovascular function);
Sports ability:
Primary school 1~2 grade: ① balance, ② jump in the quadrant, ③ throw sandbags, ④ drill and jump continuously;
Grade 3-4 of primary school: ① Skipping rope (1 min); ② Inclined pull-ups are upward (3 10/0m); ④ Leg-bending sit-ups (1 min);
Grade 5~6 of primary school: ① Skipping rope 250m③ Standing long jump for 430 seconds;
Junior high school: ① 800m (female)1000m (male) ② 30s standing support ③ solid ball (2kg) ④ 50m;
Senior high school: ①800 (female) 1500m (male) ② Standing (1min) ③ Pull-ups (male) ④ Fast long jump.
(9) Genetic differences. Some students have inherited their parents' strength and quality advantages, and their explosive power is good, so they have advantages in sprint strength events; Others have inherited the endurance advantage. These students have an advantage in endurance sports, that is, aerobic exercise. On the other hand, other students have good sensitivity and coordination. Without training, they imitate their movements well. We can give full play to their advantages and let them perform well in gymnastics, martial arts, dance, aerobics and other sports. However, for those students with natural disabilities, such as those with physical defects such as heart disease and leg disability, we can't arrange them to run and jump violently.
(10) Different sports concepts. Students have different concepts of exercise and fitness: some people like to combine rigidity with softness, some people advocate the combination of rigidity and softness and the coordination of yin and yang, some people think that only being strong can push you hard, some people pursue extreme sports, some people just move casually, and some people don't like sports at all. According to a survey conducted by Xinhua News Agency reporters Liu Hui, Guo Huiqiao and Tommy Wang on September 1 1, 2006, some technical sports events have gradually disappeared in the physical education class of primary and secondary schools. For example, the "jumping goat" in primary schools and the jumping box, high jump and parallel bars in middle schools. Because of the danger, the PE teacher basically gave up, and the "femininity" of the students is also an important factor [1]. When the PE teacher gives up, the students are "delicate". In addition, the current education system and the school's responsibility first ask system, once the students run into it, the PE teacher takes full responsibility. Under the influence of the above factors, it is not surprising that "herding sheep" teaching is popular.
Because of this, physical education teaching and training should strive to teach students in accordance with their aptitude, embody teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and invigorate physical education and health teaching in primary and secondary schools;
1. Body training and correction for different groups of people. According to the developmental characteristics of teenagers and children, they are often prone to body bending and body shape and posture deformation, so it is necessary to correctly cultivate their sitting, standing, running and jumping postures. In addition, we should pay attention to those students who have been engaged in a certain sport for a long time and cultivate and correct their posture in time. For example, students who have been engaged in table tennis, badminton and other sports and training for a long time are always in a unilateral and fixed posture, and their posture must be cultivated and corrected reasonably.
2, according to the different physique and development characteristics, reasonable control of exercise load and gravity load. The gravity load of human body is an indispensable mechanical stimulus for the growth and development of bones and muscles, but we should pay attention to the different characteristics of teenagers' physique and development, arrange the size, time and form of the load reasonably, and treat dynamic and static, continuous and intermittent, heavy and small, repetitive and less, positive and biased postures. Be different and exercise reasonably.
3. According to different exercise situations, they show different aerobic and anaerobic activity abilities. The level of aerobic and anaerobic exercise ability of teenagers and children mainly depends on the morphological structure, function and energy metabolism ability of cardiovascular system and respiratory system. Different students are different in these aspects. In the process of physical training and training, we should pay attention to cultivating their maximum aerobic activity ability and maximum oxygen uptake, so that different students can get the best training.
4. According to the students' differences, try to carry out differentiated physical education teaching to improve students' sports skills. According to different skill levels, the possibility of skill development, the basic requirements of skills, gender differences and age characteristics, reasonable differentiated teaching should be carried out to promote the improvement of students' skills.
5. According to the differences of students, reasonably guide and cultivate the differences between sports and health thoughts. Different regions, different time periods, different educational environments and different educational concepts have different ideas about sports and health. We should do a good job in all-round ideological education of sports and health, and reasonably guide the sports ideas of different groups, especially in modern society, we should guide the idea of minimizing children's sports if they are afraid of accidents, let students love sports, and establish a good concept of long-term healthy sports and national fitness.
6, according to different students, reasonably distinguish the prevention of sports injuries. Especially in the training and cultivation of gymnastics, martial arts, weight bearing, running, jumping, jumping and throwing, we should give reasonable guidance and prevention according to different age characteristics, different gender characteristics, different development levels and different physical characteristics, train and cultivate as much as possible, and avoid sports injuries as much as possible.
refer to
1. Liu Hui, Guo Huiqiao, Tommy Wang. The gradual "empty shell" of primary and secondary school students' physique is worrying [n]. 8007750.htm, 2006.