(A) the establishment of jintian uprising and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

1. Background of peasant uprising in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

(1) In order to pay reparations, the Qing government searched the people desperately.

(2) Opium imports cause silver outflow, making silver expensive and currency cheap.

(3) Land annexation intensifies and the exploitation rate of land rent increases.

(4) People's resistance broke out.

2. The process of peasant revolution in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

(1) Hong Xiuquan founded "Worship God" to organize the masses.

(2) After jintian uprising, it developed rapidly.

(3) After the capital was established, the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition quickly reached their peak.

3. Reasons for the rapid development of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

Subjective reasons: First, the just war against the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty won the support of the broad masses of the people; Second, the Taiping Army is well-organized and disciplined. Third, a strong leadership core and flexible and proactive strategies and tactics.

Objective reasons: The Qing army was corrupt and vulnerable.

(2) China's Land System and Senior Minister.

1. The content and evaluation of "Tianmu system in China"

After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made Tianjing its capital, it carried out a series of system construction and promulgated the "Tianmu System of China".

China's land system is a programmatic document that best embodies the social ideal of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the characteristics of this peasant uprising.

(1) Distribute land to farmers equally.

(2) the establishment of rural grass-roots organizations "two"

(3) Establish a "sacred library system"

Second, the significance and limitations of the peasant struggle

(A) the historical significance of the Taiping Rebellion

1. It dealt a heavy blow to the feudal ruling class and strongly shook the ruling foundation of the Qing government.

2. It was the peak of the old peasant war in China.

3. Impacted the orthodox authority of Confucius and Confucian classics.

4. Effectively attacked foreign aggression.

5. It impacted the rule of western colonists in Asia.

(B) The reasons and lessons of the failure of the Taiping Rebellion

1. Farmers are not representatives of advanced productive forces, so they cannot formulate a scientific revolutionary program.

2. It is impossible to overcome the corruption of the leading group and maintain the unity of the leading group for a long time.

3. Failure to treat Confucianism correctly and retain feudal ethical principles.

We can't tell the invaders from the people in western countries.

First, the establishment of westernization

(A) the formation of the Westernization School and its guiding ideology

The Westernization Movement rose in the early 1960s when the Qing government suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, that is, from 65438 to 2009, after the Second Opium War.

1. Composition of Westernization School

(1) yiyi? Represented by the powerful faction of the Manchu Central Committee.

(2) The local strength school of Han nationality represented by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong.

2. The slogan of Westernization School

Early stage: 65438+1960s-1970s, the slogan of "self-improvement" was put forward, that is, training new troops, setting up factories to manufacture naval guns and establishing a new defense system.

Later period: after 65438+70 and 90 in 2009, under the slogan of "self-improvement", the slogan of "seeking wealth" was put forward, emphasizing the establishment of modern private enterprises.

(B) the main activities of the Westernization School

From the 1960s to the 1990s of 19, the Westernization undertaking organized by the Westernization School can be summarized into three aspects:

1. Build a military industry to strengthen itself.

2. Set up civilian industries to get rich

3. Establish a new navy and army

4. Establish new schools and send overseas students.

Second, the historical role and failure of the Westernization Movement

(A) the evaluation of the Westernization Movement

We should evaluate the historical role of the Westernization Movement realistically, that is, we should neither completely deny nor fully affirm it, but should analyze it. Although the Westernization Movement introduced the capitalist mode of production, it opened the road to modernization in China. But its essence is the self-help movement of the landlord class, which can't really shoulder the mission of developing capitalism in China, nor can it really make China rich and strong.

(B) the historical role of the Westernization Movement

1. objectively promoted the development of China's early industry and national capitalism.

2. Cultivating new talents is the beginning of modern education in China.

3. Social atmosphere and values began to change, and the status of industrialists and businessmen rose.

(C) the reasons for the failure of the Westernization Movement

1. The Westernization Movement was feudal.

2. Westernization movement depends on foreign countries.

3. Westernization enterprise management is decadent.

In a word, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was a great peasant revolutionary war against feudalism and aggression in China's modern history. However, due to the limitations of class and times, the peasant class could not lead the China revolution to victory.

The Westernization Movement established military and civilian industries under the banner of "seeking strength" and "seeking wealth". However, in the Sino-Japanese War, Beiyang and other navies suffered heavy losses and were almost wiped out. The failure of the Westernization Movement made people of insight see the serious defects of the Westernization Movement, and realized that if China wants to embark on an independent and prosperous modernization road, it must further shift the reform from the material and technical level to the political system and ideological and cultural level. It is based on this understanding that after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Reform Revolutionary Movement rose rapidly. Therefore, the real historical role of the Westernization Movement lies not in its positive role, but in the historical lessons it provides. In other words, if China wants to realize modernization, it must reform the relations of production while developing the productive forces, especially the political, ideological and cultural education system based on the relations of production.