The central official system is the axis of centralization. Since Zhao Kuangyin established the Song Dynasty, the central official system has been adjusting. Its characteristic is to weaken the power of officials at all levels by setting up official positions and dividing their powers. In this way, some officials are only in name, and the so-called "officials" are just getting paid. There are two kinds of such officials. First, in the process of unifying the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms by Song Taizu and Emperor Taizong, a large number of old officials from various countries were retained, allowing them to keep their official positions and receive their salaries, but they were not allowed to hold real power (only some actual positions were arranged for those who were considered reliable); Second, for the imperial clan, consorts and elders, only senior officials are granted, and their salaries are increased, but no real posts are granted. These measures were institutionalized when they reached the true Sect. According to this system, ordinary officials have two titles: "official position" and "dispatch", and some officials also have the title of "post". "Official" only means that you can get paid and the post has actual power. It is common for organs to contain each other, "it is not their official." For example, left and right servants shoot, six ministers, assistant ministers, doctors, practitioners, foreign ministers, ministers, and so on. After becoming an official name, it loses its original meaning and no longer holds the position corresponding to the official name. These official names are only used as the basis for grading, salary, clothing and order, so they are called official or local officials, also known as rank officials or guard officials. Among them are differences in literary resources and ranks. Dispatch refers to the actual duties of officials, also known as "career officials". The names of dispatchers often include words such as judging, knowing, having power, being straightforward, trying, checking, mentioning, mentioning points, signing books and supervising. For example, magistrate of a county, participate in politics, know patents, keep secret cabinets, judge ancestors, and mention some prison affairs. There are some messengers who don't carry these words, such as county magistrate and appeasement envoy. The official rank is promoted according to seniority, and even if you don't serve as a dispatch officer, you can get a salary according to the rank, and the dispatch officer is transferred and promoted according to the needs of the court and the ability of the official. Therefore, it is not the rank that really determines the real power, but the dispatch. As for "post", it generally refers to the official positions in the three museums (Zhao Wen Museum, History Museum, Jixian Academy) and secret pavilions, such as university, bachelor, waiting system, etc., which are lofty titles granted to higher-level civil servants, but they are not really in charge. After the official system reform in the third year of Song Shenzong Yuanfeng (AD 1080), the treasury post was abolished and a secretary was set up, which was called the treasury post from the secretary to the author. Other civil servants also hold the post of library. Chen Wu gave up the house with Xuanzang's cupboard door, which is called "posting".
The separation of official titles and real posts made a large number of officials inside and outside the court idle. Nominally, there are three provinces, six departments and twenty-four departments, but unless ordered by the emperor, no matter what the department is. Song Shizhi Guan Yi said:
Therefore, the three provinces, six Cao and twenty-four divisions are judged by other officials. Although there were bureaucrats, they had to turn a blind eye to this matter. When it happened, ten people died and two or three people died.
He also said: servant archers, ministers, success, lang, and officials often occupy their official positions without knowing their positions.
In this way, the levels of government at all levels are repeated and the institutions are unprecedented. But it is beneficial for the emperor to directly grasp the power of employing people. He can promote talented people at lower levels to important positions at any time, and he can also replace incompetent people at any time. Most of the official systems of past dynasties were preserved in the Song Dynasty. "Song Shizhi Guanluo" cloud:
Song and Tang city system, how to restrain it. The three departments and three publics are not often placed, and the prime minister is not a full-time governor of the three provinces. Ministers and ministers are tied out and banned from Chinese books. It is the government affairs hall, which is responsible for major affairs with the parliament.
Since the establishment of the Song Dynasty in Zhao Kuangyin, although the system of "three divisions, three publics" continued from the Tang Dynasty, not many ministers were appointed, especially a surname and an official. Only Zhao Pu and Wen Yanbo contributed to the worship. However, because Cai Jing is good at politics, there are as many worshippers as 18. 18 people, except Cai Jing and his son, Tong Guan and Wang Fu, most of them are sons of Song Huizong (except the Prince).
◎ slaughter and cure
In the central institutions of the Song Dynasty, it was "domination" that really held the highest administrative power. The so-called "rule" is the collective name of prime minister and ruling. The Prime Minister of the Song Dynasty said that the book is a matter of peace, and the sub-title is related to politics. Political participation, also called "ruling", was set up by Zhao Kuangyin to contain the Prime Minister. According to Volume 5 of Li Dao Chang Bian, after Song Taizu acceded to the throne, he still retained Fan Ju and wang pu. After the abdication of Fan Ju, the minister of the Zhou Dynasty, although he accepted Zhao Pu as assistant minister, he didn't do anything for the Prime Minister. At that time, some ministers thought that the post of prime minister was vacant, and the prime minister should be authorized by the governor of Shangshu Province, but some ministers disagreed and thought that the matter of Pingzhang was the post of prime minister. At that time, there were many people who were sealed as Pingzhang, but they were all outward "envoys" (governors of the Song Dynasty, Tang envoys, staying behind, our envoys, holding posts, secretariat and Pingzhang were all called envoys, but they did not pre-empt political affairs). So Zhao Pu is good at the power of prime minister. Song Taizu wanted to give Zhao Puli a deputy, but couldn't think of a suitable name, so he asked Hanlin Bachelor of Ceramics: "What is killing a first-class official?" Tao Yi replied that in the Tang Dynasty, he was called an expert in maintenance and politics. So he took Xue and Lu Yuqing as participants in politics. This happened in Song Taizu's second year in Germany (AD 964). At that time, the status of participating in politics was still very low. According to "Long Bian" Volume V, "the undeclared system, no deduction of classes, no knowledge of printing, no promotion to the government. When the order is stopped, the emblem will be announced to make the hall work, and the hall will be set up separately. ■(zhu 1n, sound brick) is located behind the Prime Minister, and the Prime Minister will be reduced by the tail and the moon companion will be halved. " The government affairs hall is the place where the Prime Minister deliberates and works, and even the Prime Minister's office can't enter government affairs, so it doesn't have much power. Later, Song Taizu saw that Zhao Pu acted arbitrarily in politics, and in order to strengthen the containment of the Prime Minister, he improved his position and authority in participating in politics. In the sixth year of Kaibao (AD 973), Xue, Lu Yuqing and Zhao Pu were summoned to "know more about Indosinian classes" to divide their rights. When he arrived in Taizong, he further improved his position in participating in politics. According to Volume 37 of Changbian: In the first year of Daoguang (AD 995), in the first month of Wuzi, Taizong declared:
From now on, I learned that politics should be sealed with the prime minister every day, and I am in charge of the official class. Its ■ position is ectopic first and should be combined into one. When meeting with the Prime Minister, envoys and princes, they can discuss military affairs and be promoted to the capital.
Dutang is a yamen. The difference in status and power between government officials and the Prime Minister has been completely eliminated. This has formed a strong constraint on the Prime Minister. Therefore, the Song Dynasty is often called "slaughter and rule". Although there is a member from the Tang Dynasty, the members of the Tang Dynasty are not very systematic. A person who holds the post of prime minister with other officials is called a member of parliament. Also known as participation in politics. In the Song Dynasty, participation in politics became the custom of the vice premier. Improving the status of participating in politics is an important measure for the rulers of the Song Dynasty to weaken the power of the prime minister, make it contain each other with the prime minister, and thus strengthen the imperial power.
Generally speaking, there were five changes in the prime minister system in Song Dynasty.
The first time was in the early Northern Song Dynasty, before Song Shenzong Yuanfeng. As mentioned above, it is the change of this period. Nominally, it is no different from the Tang dynasty, but in fact it is very different. Mainly lies in the fact that there were three departments in the Song Dynasty, namely, politics, army and finance, and the power of the prime minister was divided between the Tang envoys and the three departments. The powers of the prime minister, the Tang dynasty envoy and the three emissaries are equal, but not unified. The power of the prime minister was divided, the participation in politics was restrained, the rights and interests were weak and the imperial power was strengthened. On the other hand, the change is that the three-province system in the central organization has entered the stage of decline and abandonment. The transfer of functions and powers is the first sound of the demise of the three provinces system.
The second time was the official system reform that began in the fifth year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong (AD 1082), which was called Yuanfeng system reform in history. Yuan Feng changed the dynasty to cancel the system of Chinese calligraphy, restored the system of three provinces in the third day of Tang Dynasty, and put the governors of the three provinces-Shangshuling, Zhongshuling and Assistant Minister under the door. However, these three official positions are only nominal and have never been granted. Imitate the Tang system, use the left servant of Shangshu to shoot, and the right servant to shoot on behalf of Shangshu. The right servant of Shangshu is also the assistant minister of Zhongshu, acting as the authority of Zhongshu. They are prime ministers. At this time, the name of Shen Zhi's government affairs was cancelled, and four deputy prime ministers were added, namely, door assistant minister, Zhongshu assistant minister, Zuo Cheng and You Cheng.
The third time was during Song Huizong's administration (A.D./KOOC-0//KOOC-0/-/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/8). Cai Jing was appointed Prime Minister, calling himself a "Taishi", and has been in charge of the affairs of Xiamen, Zhongshu and Shangshu provinces. During the reign of Qin Zongjingkang, Taizai and Shaozai were abolished and changed to Shangshu's left servant shooting and right servant shooting.
The fourth time was in the Southern Song Dynasty when Emperor Gaozong established Yan for three years (A.D. 1 129). Officially, the left servant shot and the right servant shot were the prime ministers, and the assistant minister and Zhongshu were changed to assistant ministers. It also abolished the official titles of Shang and You Cheng, and basically restored the system in the early Song Dynasty.
The fifth time was the eighth year of Xiaozong Daoism (A.D. 1 172). The left and right servants were changed to the left and right prime ministers, and the government affairs remained unchanged. Get rid of these false names, such as "Zhongshu Order", "Shi Zhong Order" and "Shangshu Order". The door is merged into the Chinese book, which is called the door of the Chinese book. The left prime minister and the right prime minister are both the main books and the leaders of the ministers and provinces. Six of them directly belonged to the prime minister, and the system of ministers and provinces was virtually abolished. In fact, this is also the integration of the three provinces. From then on, the Prime Minister became the country's highest chief executive, and Shangshu Province only mastered six departments and was ordered to carry out government affairs. At that time, the prime ministers Yu and Liang Kejia were the first or so prime ministers and envoys of the Tang Dynasty.
In addition to the prime minister, there is also the post of "Pingzhang Military Affairs". "Official History of Song Dynasty I" said that Zhe Zongyuan assisted Zhong, placed Pingzhang in military affairs, and Wen Yanbo successively appointed him. Located above the prime minister, it is designed as a senior minister with high power to show good luck. If it's five or two days, it's not in Tang Dou (government hall), unless it's Asahi. But this official position is only the highest honorary position, and there is not much "military affairs" to manage. In the Southern Song Dynasty, things changed a little. In the first year of Ning Zongxi (A.D. 1205), Han Biaozhou was appointed as the military attache of Pingzhang, who was "more lenient than expected", "doing everything well" and good at political affairs. During the reign of Li Zong, Jia Sidao, a traitor to power, was also promoted to "a captain, military affairs are important". He stole the throne for a long time, and his popularity grew, ranking above the prime minister. As a result, the "peaceful military affairs" monopolized the military and political power, resulting in the customization of military and political integration, while the prime minister retired to the deputy position.
In the early Song Dynasty, the prime minister was called "Pingzhang" under the door of Zhongshu, which was inherited from the Tang Dynasty. The number of chief officials under the Chinese Book School is not fixed, and there are no more than five people at the same time. Either three phases have a benchmark or three phases have no benchmark. After Taizong, there were three phases and two parameters or two phases and two parameters.
In the Tang dynasty, the governors of the three provinces all served as prime ministers and worked in the yamen. The government affairs hall was first located in the province under the door, then moved to the province under the book, and finally changed its name to "the book under the door". Although the names of Menxia, Zhongshu and Shangshu provinces in the early Song Dynasty remained unchanged, they were quite different from those in the Tang Dynasty. First of all, the prime minister is not dedicated to the three provinces; Secondly, the functions and powers of the three provinces have been transferred. The three provinces in the Tang Dynasty were divided into three parts: policy formulation, criticism and implementation. However, the power of the three provinces was weakened in the Song Dynasty. This weakening is related to "the prime minister is not in charge of the governors of the three provinces". Before Yuanfeng reformed the official system, the powers of the three provinces were sidelined, and the official offices were deserted: "Those who keep books in the province and those who keep books under the door, keep their names, are second-class outside the imperial city, and there are several official offices." The province of Chinese books, writing books, re-reading, reviewing books, titles attached to Yu, Babao, Zhaohui, newspaper edition, exile, examination and other provincial masters. "As for Shangshu Province, in fact, it was gradually abandoned from the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and it existed in name only in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, ministers in the early Northern Song Dynasty often suggested restoring the status of Shangshu Province. For example, in September of the second year of Chunhua (AD 99 1 year), Doctor Wang put forward five suggestions, one of which was "reviewing the history of the province". He suggested that "the abolition of the three divisions should end with the establishment of six departments in Shangshu Province. "In the Tang Dynasty, Shangshu Province was divided into six parts: official, household, ritual, soldier, criminal and industrial, and held the power of administration, finance, justice and does. In the Song Dynasty, there was another judge's court for selecting officials. "Those who were granted were published in Chinese books, not by the official department". The household department belongs to the third division. In this way, the administrative power belongs to the government affairs hall and the financial power belongs to the three divisions. The establishment of the Third Division is one of the important measures to restore Song Taizu's financial strength. Wang's proposal to abolish "three departments should be cheap ministers" was naturally not adopted. However, in order to prevaricate, Song Taizong also promoted the position of Governor of Shangshu Province. In the third year of Chunhua (AD 992), he was promoted to an official secretary with more than three divisions. However, this has not improved the authority of ministerial orders, not to mention that ministerial orders are rarely granted. Therefore, during the reign of Daozhi, Dazhong and Xiangfu (AD 995- 106 1), ministers kept raising the issue of restoring the provincial system of Shangshu, but there was no result. This issue has been debated until Zongshen Yuanfeng Reform. In fact, the division of powers of Shangshu Province is a reflection of the decentralization of central institutions and the strengthening of imperial power in Song Dynasty. It is this change that led to the demise of the three-province system and evolved into a one-province system.
◎ Three provinces and six departments
Door province: also known as "left province". Its CEO is nominally a servant, but he is rarely appointed. In fact, he has a poor reputation. The deputy chief is an assistant minister, and in addition, a person has been appointed to take charge of the functions and powers of the province. Its officials include Zuo Sanqi's constant attendance, Zuo Jianyi's doctor, Zuo Sijian and Zuo Hezhong. The functions and powers of the province under the door are to be in charge of the emperor's seal, the establishment of seats at the great court, the worship of watches, the declaration of yellow, the examination of foreign officials, the replacement of Zhailang at the end of the year, and the signing of various departments. When Zongshen reformed the official system, the actual status and authority of the three provinces were restored, which was considered by the ministries and agencies. However, since the assistant minister became the part-time or full-time deputy prime minister of Shangshu Zuofushe (Prime Minister), it is no longer related to the provincial ministries.
Zhongshu Province: Also known as "Right Province". Its chief officer is Zhong Shuling, but it is also nominal. Deputy viceroy is assistant minister of Chinese books. Another China calligrapher was appointed as "the method of saving trouble and commenting on books", which really took charge of the functions and powers of provinces. Its officials include the right driver, the official in the book, the right admonisher, the right admonisher, the right admonisher, the right admonisher and the right debater. The functions and powers of Zhongshu Province are in charge of suburban sacrifices, imperial books, state and county officials' examinations, year-end re-performances, civil servants' changing clothes, monks' giving purple clothes, juren's birth, and the number of temples. After Zongshen reformed the official system, Zhongshu Province took orders from the government. However, since the assistant minister of Zhongshu became a part-time or full-time deputy prime minister of Shangshu's right servant, it is no longer related to the Ministry of Zhongshu itself.
Men and Zhongshu provinces ride constant attendants, admonish doctors, remonstrate doctors, and be upright, which are collectively called "officials of the two provinces". Huolang in Menxia province and Zhongshu Sheren in Zhongshu province are called "small provincial officials". 4. Riding around often waits, gives things, gives advice to doctors, etc. Known as the "official of the two provinces." In the early Northern Song Dynasty, although officials of the two provinces were called admonishers, they were not allowed to admonish them unless the emperor specially served them.
Shangshu Province: Also known as "Capital Province". Its officers are nominally ministers, as well as left and right servants, left and right cheng, etc. But ministers never appoint them. In fact, in addition to this, appoint a person with more than three products or a bachelor's degree as the "right judge of ministers". The functions and powers of Shangshu Province are in charge of six departments, namely, officials, households, ceremonies, soldiers, punishments and workers, and 24 departments, including sealing, scholasticism, merits and expenses. It is in charge of agreeing to posthumous title, offering sacrifices to shrines, taking oaths, giving gifts to civil and military officials in Beijing, and paying attention to the selection and relocation of officials. Shangshu province has six departments and twenty-four divisions, which are divided into left division and right division. Zuosi is in charge of the lawsuit (under the jurisdiction of seal department, scholar department and examination department), household department (under the jurisdiction of finance department and warehouse department) and ritual department (under the jurisdiction of ancestor department, guest department and catering department). The right division is in charge of the Ministry of War (under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Driving and Finance), the Ministry of Xing (under the jurisdiction of Bibi and Simen) and the Ministry of Industry (under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Reclamation, the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Water). The left and right teachers have 1 doctor and 1 doctor.
When I was in Song Taizu, I set up a civil service department (hereinafter referred to as the civil service department) and appointed two civil service assessors, who were responsible for selecting candidates, hearing cases and drafting exercises. There are also three classes, appointing "three classes of knowing hospital affairs" or "three classes of activity hospitals". The number of members is uncertain, and they are responsible for the examination and proposed transfer of military officials such as East and West officials. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, there were two official colleges, namely, the training institute and the training institute, which were responsible for the assessment of officials and candidates in Beijing and North Korea respectively. Later, it was changed to "Examiner's College" and "Exam Class" in the official colleges of Beijing, North Korea and Mocan. Emperor Taizong also established the "Beijing-DPRK Officials Dispatching Institute", which was responsible for dispatching officials to Xiang Jing under the supervision of Shao Qing. Chunhua four years (AD 993), and into the examiner's court. In the third year of Zong Xining (A.D. 1070), an examiner's west courtyard was set up to be responsible for the reconnaissance and annotation of Chen Wuge's envoys. It was also changed to the examiner of the Eastern Hospital, responsible for assessing the merits and demerits of civil servants below officials of Beijing and North Korea, describing their ranks and sending them notes. Each of the two academies has 1 member and 2 master books. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (AD 1082), as one of the measures to comprehensively reform the official system, the annotation method was completely owned by the official department, and the examiner of the Eastern Hospital was abolished and replaced by a civil servant elected by the left minister of the official department, who was responsible for sending officials to Beijing and North China and was appointed as a non-Korean official. Revocation of civil servants, changed to official assistant minister, in charge of civil servants from the beginning until the selection; Cancel the examiner of the Western Hospital, and change it to the official department, and the governor will be promoted to an official position or above, and his position will be a military attache outside the Privy Council; Cancel the third class and change it to the assistant minister of the official department. Ichiro is in charge of the deputy governor and above to the martial arts. According to "Official History of the Song Dynasty", since then, the official department has been in charge of the selection, drafting, responsibility, promotion, reinstatement and examination, as well as the system of titles, policies, rewards and punishments, temples and so on. The official department chief is the official department minister with one member, and the deputy chief is the official department assistant minister. Under him, there are two members, namely, the doctor and the foreign minister, who are responsible for the left and right selection of ministers in the official department and the left and right selection of assistant ministers. In addition, there are two members, namely Secretary Feng, Secretary Xun, Lang Zhong and Yuan Wailang, and an official in charge of the court.
Household Department: There were three departments in charge of national finance in the early Song Dynasty, and the household department had almost no responsibilities. It only appointed a member of the "household division" to accept local taxes and display them in the palace. When Zongshen reformed the official system, the three departments were abolished and the national financial plan was returned to the household department. The Ministry is in charge of household registration, land, government decrees, money valley, tribute, collection and other affairs. There is one minister in the household department and one assistant minister Cao. Langzhong and Yuanwailang each have two members, and Du Zhi, Jin Bu and Cang Bu each have two members. Zuo Cao is in charge of household registration, taxes, local taxes and levies, and you Cao is in charge of Changping, Exemption, Jiabao and Yicang. Expenditure is in charge of the national budget, living within our means; The Ministry of Finance is in charge of the national monetary revenue and expenditure, which is hidden in the national treasury; The warehouse department is responsible for storage, income and expenditure.
Ritual system: Taichang Temple was founded in the early Song Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong, there was also a etiquette court, which was in charge of etiquette. The Ministry of Rites only appoints a member of the "Judge of the Ministry of Rites" to be responsible for the imperial examination and the recruitment of Zhailang in Taizhou. During the reign of God, the Imperial Palace was abolished and its functions and powers were transferred to the Ritual Department. The Ministry of Rites has one minister, one assistant minister, one doctor and one foreign minister. The ritual department includes three departments: the ancestral department, the guest department and the catering department. In charge of ceremonies, ceremonies, ceremonies, banquets, schools, and imperial examinations.
Ministry of War: In the early Song Dynasty, the Privy Council was set up to take charge of military orders, while the third-class hospital and the Western Examiners' Institute were responsible for selecting military officers. The Ministry of War only cares about the emperor's etiquette and duties, halogen books, martial arts and brave archers, and appoints a member of the Ministry of War. When Zongshen was founded, there was a minister and assistant minister of the Ministry of War, one for the staff, one for the driver, one for the treasurer and one for the foreign minister. Their power was slightly expanded, and they were in charge of the militia, archers, boxers, warriors who tried martial arts, and minority officials who succeeded them.
Ministry of Punishment: In the early Song Dynasty, the Ministry of Punishment was one of the highest judicial institutions, in charge of criminal administration throughout the country, and tried and restored cases in Dali Temple. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, a trial court was established, and the power of trial and restoration of the Ministry of Punishment was transferred to the trial court, becoming another highest judicial institution in the country. During the reign of Zongshen, the trial court was abolished, the prison office in Beijing was picketed, and the right of peaceful trial and opposition was returned to the Ministry of Punishment. Since then, the authority of the Ministry of Punishment has been greatly expanded, and it is in charge of criminal law, prison litigation, execution, forgiveness and reform. Set up a minister of punishments and two assistant ministers; Langzhong and Yuanwailang, two from each department, one from each department such as Duguan, Bibi and Simen. The headquarters of Langzhong and Yuanwailang is divided into two halls, each with two members. Zuo Tang is responsible for the detailed reply, and you Tang is responsible for the snow ballad.
Ministry of Industry: In the early Song Dynasty, there was only one judge in the affairs of the Ministry of Industry, and the functions and powers of reclamation, security and water affairs were all assigned to the "three divisions", but the Ministry of Industry had few functions and powers. When Zongshen reformed the official system, the "three divisions" were abolished and the Ministry of Industry resumed its functions and powers. The Ministry of Industry has a minister and an assistant minister, and there is one in the Ministry and the four departments of reclamation, security and water affairs, namely Langzhong and Yuanwailang, who are in charge of state decrees such as battlements, palaces, ships, instruments, coins and canals. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the weapons supervision of generals and the water administration supervision of Beijing merged into the Ministry of Industry, and its authority was even expanded. The Ministry of Industry also manages the Military Equipment Research Institute and the Siwen Research Institute; Emperor Gaozong also set up a factory to manufacture imperial weapons, and appointed two prefects and several overseers to be responsible for manufacturing weapons. Siwen Institute is responsible for making gold, silver, rhinoceros jade and other utensils, with one prefect and three supervisors.