The enrichment of troops before the war, the raising, manufacturing and transportation of grain, grass, guns and ammunition are what we often say about preparing for war; Farmers pay special attention to planting and repairing farm tools and buying pesticides and fertilizers during slack season. A new house should be prepared; There is little need to prepare wine, vegetables and dowry when picking up the bride and daughter-in-law. In a word, you should get everything ready. Therefore, the ancients said: "everything is established in advance, and it is abolished if it is not foreseen." The same is true of teaching. Only by fully preparing before class, deeply studying the teaching materials, fully understanding the students, properly determining the requirements, flexibly choosing teaching methods, carefully compiling teaching plans, and being familiar with them repeatedly, can we be handy in teaching, improvise and make the whole class meet the teaching requirements, thus completing the teaching tasks of teaching materials everywhere. The effect of classroom teaching is improved, students make fewer mistakes, and teachers no longer need to spend more time making up lessons, so they can spare enough time to prepare lessons. This improves the quality of classroom teaching and forms a virtuous circle with twice the result with half the effort. If you are unwilling to work hard on "preparing lessons", the quality of classroom teaching will not be high, and more time will be needed to make up for the shortcomings. Preparing lessons will be simple because of tight time, and the quality of classroom teaching will not be improved. This cycle will get twice the result with half the effort Since preparing lessons is so important in teaching, we should face up to preparing lessons, attach importance to preparing lessons, study preparing lessons, and do it well, practically and practically.

Today, I want to talk about some technical problems in the steps and methods of Chinese lesson preparation in primary schools, and discuss them with leaders, experts and colleagues present, based on my personal practice and experience. Please give me your advice.

The first step is to study the teaching materials in depth. Generally, we can start from the following aspects:

First, the study outline, grasp the scoring requirements; Read through the whole textbook and make a teaching plan for one semester. (I won't elaborate on this. Making a plan is the first step in preparing lessons. Therefore, preparing lessons carefully includes making lesson plans carefully.

The second is to study the teaching materials in groups, and understand the position of each group of teaching materials in the whole teaching materials, especially the relationship between the lessons in this group. This is very important, which often fails to attract more teachers' attention, but it is also done well. For example, Dacui Primary School in Lugou Township has been preparing lessons for many years as a whole. With the support of the school, Liu Yongqing, a teacher from Shanggang Primary School, actively explored and published more than 0 monographs 10 in journals above the provincial level. Shelter from the Rain (lesson 12 in Book 9) is an excerpt from Lee Joon's short story The Story of Yun Geng. This is a short story published by Lee Joon in 1960. Why did he write this novel at that time? I don't think he would have thought that this is a text specially written for primary school students. 10, I will write well in 20 years. The story of establishing a meteorological station and training its own meteorologists through Yushan People's Commune reflects the touching story of our people using science and technology to serve agricultural production, and encourages people to love, learn and use science. In my opinion, this is the original intention of Lee Joon's writing. So, today, why do people's education comrades keep this article in our primary school textbooks, why do they choose it in the fourth group of Book 9, and why do they rank behind the sun and whales and before the secrets of the Crystal Palace? These problems must be solved before class, otherwise the teaching will not be targeted. In short, we should make clear the position and function of each lesson in this unit. Perhaps some comrades want to ask: This is a narrative, why not put it together with the ninth book "The Five Heroes of Langya Mountain" and "Tang Baihu" and other articles about characters? This is an article praising the hero's calculation. Why not put it in a group with articles such as Chicken Hair Letter, Song of the Nightingale and Nocturnal Grass? Because the arrangement system of primary school Chinese textbooks is based on the basic training of reading and expression. The genre of articles is not arranged vertically, so don't think too much about the classification of articles with similar genres; In addition, Chinese textbooks should educate students' thoughts, which is one of the tasks of Chinese teaching. Their more important task is to train students' basic knowledge and skills of Chinese, and ideological education permeates them. Therefore, we can't classify them according to a certain idea or quality expressed in the article, like the textbooks of Sipin. Now, let's * * study the intention of the comrades of the People's Education Society to choose this article. Judging from the writing skills of this article, the author vividly introduced us to a scheming female meteorologist. He narrates in the order of rain, shelter from rain and talk about rain, and firmly grasps the clue of "rain" to write people. "The Sun" grasps the clue of the function of light and heat, "Whale" arranges the writing order according to the characteristics, types and living habits, and the logical order is very clear, while "The Secret of the Crystal Palace" arranges the writing around the process of developing submarine oil. These four articles are clear-headed and distinctive, which are good examples of training students and understanding paragraph relations. The key training item of Unit 4 is "paragraph of article". Obviously, the editor chose these two courses together to serve the key training project of "article paragraphs". This is an understanding of the intention of textbook arrangement. On this basis, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between each group and each class. For example, the seventh group of five books includes three texts, Lenin and the Guard, you think mistakes and Luo Shengjiao, and a basic training. Among them, Lenin and the Guards and You Think Wrong are reading the text, while Luo Shengjiao is reading the text. The first two reading texts all express the excellent qualities of Lenin and Fang Zhimin through the characters' action language, especially the characters' language plays an important role in expressing the characters' ideological qualities. In Luo Shengjiao, the inner feelings of characters are mainly described by their actions, which is the difference of writing characteristics. In Lenin and the Guards, the author wrote that the guards were responsible for carefully checking the pass, and the comrades next to Lenin scolded the guards, all in order to highlight Lenin's strict discipline. After-class exercises require students to dictate what Lenin said in the last paragraph and read the text in different roles. These two roles are both positive roles, and the following You Are Wrong is also divided into roles, both positive and negative. After the text, ask the students to read the text with emotion, including reading the text by different roles. But because there are positive and negative roles here, the conflict is more intense, the feelings are stronger, the expression is more vivid, and the connotation in Comrade Fang Zhimin's words is richer. Therefore, students must be guided to learn the dialogue between positive and negative roles on the basis of reading Lenin and the Guardian in teaching. This is a link in the cultivation of reading ability, which is reflected in the gradual improvement of ability cultivation. In the article "You are Wrong", the teacher described the words "touch" and "pinch" used by Kuomintang soldiers when they searched Comrade Fang Zhimin through guidance. This knowledge enables students to correctly understand the appropriateness of Luo Shengjiao's words "trust" and "top" in saving Cui Ying when reading Luo Shengjiao. Basic training 7 requires students to draw the appearance, performance and actions of three people on the map, think about what they are thinking, saying and doing, and combine reading and writing.

The third is to conduct in-depth research on each textbook. Generally divided into five steps:

1, start with words and phrases, grasp the ideological content and clarify the center. The central idea is the soul of an article. Generally, an article can only have one center, not many centers. Some articles should write two or more things, reflecting a center. This center should be determined by reading, not simply two centers. Only by studying the text repeatedly and grasping the central idea can teachers guide students to understand the content of the text through language and words, so as to receive ideological education. In addition, the layout, wording and sentences of the full text all reflect this central idea. Only by grasping the central idea can teachers grasp the key points of the text and design teaching methods. Some text centers are not easy to be fixed at once, and some reference books are not clear enough. If it deviates from the center, teaching will deviate from the track. For example, we understand the central idea of the text "You Are Wrong" as "exposing reactionary officers and men who are greedy for money and are extremely vicious", and we focus on exposing the enemy in our teaching, so as to take the actions, demeanor and language of the enemy as the starting point. If the central idea is understood as "exposing reactionary soldiers' greed for money and praising Comrade Fang Zhimin's selflessness", then the teaching focus will be divided equally between exposing the enemy and praising Fang Zhimin. Only by recognizing that the central idea is "praising the noble quality of Comrade Fang Zhimin's single-minded revolution without seeking personal gain" can we focus on understanding Fang Zhimin's language and take exposing the enemy as a foil to praising Fang Zhimin. Another example is a third-grade text called Morning Glory. I have heard many comrades talk about it in class, and they all teach it as expository writing about landscapes. Look at the topic, it's a discussion, write a flower? In fact, this is a narrative about how to observe plants, because it has the basic elements of narrative, time: spring and summer, place: yard, characters: Yan Jie and his sister, but the explanatory text does not have these elements. Teaching this text should not only understand the growth process and characteristics of morning glory, but also understand how they observe morning glory carefully and repeatedly. This mistake is caused by not studying the content of the textbook well. Another example is The Fox and the Crow. People will think from the conjunction "he", or put "fox" before the topic, and use more space to describe the fox's "expression" and "language". And mistakenly think that this lesson is about the fox as the protagonist. In fact, the fox and the crow are fables, and fables always contain profound truth in a lively and interesting story. Therefore, the implication is often the main object that the author needs to describe. This article tells the story that the fox cheated a piece of meat from the crow's mouth, which shows that the crow loves flattery, so he was cheated. It can be seen that the foothold of morality lies in crows, so this article is mainly about crows. Since the article is mainly about crows, why spend so much space on foxes and gorillas? This is because only the more cunning the fox writes and the better the flattery is, can it be clearly explained that the crow is deceived by flattery, and the moral of the article is more prominent and vivid. To grasp the center, it is necessary to read the text well, study sentence by sentence and scrutinize sentence by sentence, that is, students should learn to observe carefully, patiently and repeatedly, grasp the characteristics of observation, and record the main observations in the observation diary. After listening to many lessons, the teachers ignored how the author observed the situation of flowers, only paid attention to the growth process and characteristics of flowers, and did not grasp the text well. The new Xin Wei was published and the young author read it very carefully. As can be seen from the text, teachers should carefully scrutinize through language. From this sentence, our teacher will think that the seedlings have just been unearthed, and they are very small. If you stand and look, you can't see clearly. This is careful and transparent, indicating that it is only open, which can best reflect its "clean" and "clean". Only flowers are open tonight. I think this text is easy to teach the growth order of flowers, and students can read it by themselves without much guidance from the teacher, but it is not easy to get it without in-depth research on how the little author observes and is careful and patient. If the teacher is not clear, float on it and read the text, copy a lesson plan and talk in class. The teacher didn't get anything, and neither did the students. Here, we can see the importance of teachers studying textbooks. For example, after listening to several teachers teaching Sanwei Library (7 volumes), it is always unsatisfactory. After teaching this lesson, it seems that the impression left in the children's minds is that Lu Xun learned to be late for class. In order not to be late, Lu Xun carved the word "early" on the desk. The word "Zao" is beautifully carved, and the text is like a "bud". What is the effect and why? The reason is that the teacher didn't study the text well. Teachers should study the text more deeply in order to teach students to learn better. Why should we ask more questions when studying textbooks? If you are not sure, consult others and consult the information. Why do you ask more questions? For example, when you see this topic in San Tan Yin Yue, you have to ask yourself why the classroom is called a bookstore, and why the school was called a private school before San Tan Yin Yue, and the older one was called an academy. After the political reform, the imperial examination was abolished and a school was established, which was later changed to a "school". This problem has been solved, so why is it called three pools printing the moon? "San Tan Yin Yue" was originally named "Sanyu Bookstore". Later, Mr. Shou's father, Shou Fenglan, changed "Yu" to "Wei". There are two explanations for why it is called "Sanwei". First, because reading is delicious, the sweet-scented osmanthus of wintersweet in the small garden behind the bookstore is delicious; It is also explained that reading Jing Shu tastes like rice beam, reading history books tastes like yaozhuan, and reading books tastes like vinegar, so it is called Sanwei. The original "three pools printing the moon" came from this. The article says that there is a picture hanging on the wall in the middle of the "book house", in which a sika deer lies under the Gu Song tree. What does this picture mean? One of the characteristics of China's painting art is that there is a pun on the painting meaning, and the things in the painting adopt the method of "harmony between words and meaning": the deer of sika deer is the "Lu" of blessing, the "Fu" of lying deer is the "Fu" of luring deer, and the "Fu" of luring deer is also the "Fu", all of which are related to "ancient trees" and "ancient books". These students don't have to know, but if some students want to know, you have to let them know. If teachers don't know, it's hard to tell them. Lu Xun carved the word "made" on his desk. Why did he do it? There is a passage in the article that says, "Lu Xun's father is ill. When he was studying at school, Lu Xun helped with housework and ran between pawnshops and pharmacies almost every day. "This is the reason why Lu Xun is late. When the teacher delved into the textbook, he didn't notice one thing. They just follow the script in class, and the students don't take it seriously. It seems that this is nothing. If Lu Xun can carve out the reason for the word "early", so can we. If we carefully study and imagine that the word "early" written by Lu Xun is not easy to engrave, we must make up our minds and have perseverance. Lu Xun was born in a feudal family, and his father's name was Zhou Boyi. When Lu Xun 13 years old, his family suffered great changes, and his grandfather was arrested for taking bribes in the examination room. Every autumn, the government seized the opportunity to extort money, and Lu Xun's only forty or fifty acres of paddy fields were sold out, so he had to make a living by pawning. Lu Xun had to pawn and take medicine for his father. Lu Xun not only does housework every day, but also takes things to the pawnshop. After leaving things behind to get the money, he will also rush to the pharmacy to buy medicine, take the medicine home, and then rush to the bookstore to study. If the money pawned in the pawnshop is not enough to pay for the medicine, Lu Xun has to go home again and take something to pawn ... In this way, he often has difficulty breathing, sweats and even has no time to eat breakfast. It is understandable to be late in this case. At the same time, it is conceivable that after Lu Xun engraved the word "early", he would work harder and harder every day. Then compare Lu Xun's lateness with some of our students who sleep late and tell them that Lu Xun's study desk was brought from home. Can you think of a better way to ensure that students are not late than to carve "early" on the desk? Students will certainly get inspiration from it and get better grades. ......

There are many, many

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