In the sixth year of Qing Shunzhi (1649), he was a scholar and was awarded the director of the punishment department. In the eighteenth year of Kangxi (1679), he gave lectures in imperial academy, compiled Ming History and reviewed Henan. Shi was studious by nature, studied under Shen Shoumin, read classics and history, studied hard, memorized, and wrote poems and ancient prose. For its plain meaning, this poem is as famous as Song Wan, and it has the reputation of "southern application to the Northern Song Dynasty". Gao Yongsheng, a Yi people, presided over the southeast poetry circle for decades, calling it "Xuancheng Style".
Shi is a filial friend, and his uncle is like a father. Anyone who asks for help from old friends and relatives will spare no effort to help others, which is as difficult as helping others, and will also set up Yitian to help the poor in the same family. He wrote Song of Pit and Song of Bamboo Pit to Long Guan, expressing his sympathy and pity for the poor sentient beings between the lines. People sometimes call him "Buddha giver". There are more than ten kinds of works, such as Poems of Shuangxi and Poems of Yushan.
Basic introduction Real name: Stone alias: Stone Buddha font size:
Yushan time: early Qing nationality: birthplace of Han nationality: Xuancheng, date of birth: 16 19, date of death: 1683. Main works: Life, major achievements, politics, literature, character evaluation, family members, history, etc. of Shuangxi Poetry Collection, Xueyutang Poetry Collection and Yushan Poetry Collection. Shi was born on November 21st in the 46th year of Wanli (1619 65438+16). He was born in Shuangxi, Xuancheng, Ningguofu, a famous city in the south of the Yangtze River. His family was a neo-Confucianism family with a "Zou Lu". Grandfather and father are both Neo-Confucians. Leap Zhang's parents died early when he was a child, and he was raised by his grandmother and treated his uncle like a father. Shen Shoumin is a well-known scholar of Fu She, who is proficient in classics and history, diligent in learning and memorizing, and has written poems and ancient literary works. As a teenager, he had a literary name. He once went to Beijing, and was called "the Seven Children of Yantai" together with Yan Ling, Zhao and Zhou Maoyuan. Gao Yongsheng, a Yi people, presided over the southeast poetry circle for decades, calling it "Xuancheng Style". Shichang and Cao Tong sang together, and wrote a poem outside the manuscript, vying to be told. The image of Shi is quoted from the third year of Shunzhi (1646). In the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), he was a scholar and served as the director of punishments. He served as foreign minister in Guilin, and the minister of punishments praised him for "quoting classics to break the prison, and those who rehabilitate will earn 100 yuan, and those who go against the law will eventually be unlucky." In the thirteenth year of Shunzhi (1656), he took the Jinshi exam and ranked first, so he went to Shandong to give advice on learning, which was known as the "Ice Guide". At that time, the "four famous people" praised his name and "failed to find a job". He once admitted Pu Songling as his first son, and repaired the Mencius Temple, Minzi Temple and Temple. He was an official in Jinan for five years and wrote many poems describing the scenery of Jinan. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), he was transferred to the Senate of Jiangxi Chief Secretary, and was appointed to guard Huxi Road and administer Linjiang, Ji 'an and Yuanzhou. At that time, there were natural and man-made disasters in the west of the lake, thieves were everywhere, and the people were in hot water. As soon as the stone arrives, go to the private house to understand the people's feelings. He found that farmers were unable to pay for food and were forced to steal it. He wrote poems such as Urging the People to Be Urgent and Westbound Lake to persuade the people. He also traveled around the mountains in the west of the lake, visited the sufferings of the people in the valley, and wrote poems reflecting the living conditions of the people, such as "Great Sigh" and "Bamboo Source", hoping to save the officials and attract attention. He wrote in "Big Sigh": "There is no homicide tax, and it is sad to come back late ... Fu Su is exhausted and difficult to work. People are stupid, and vegetarians are ashamed of being officials. " He wrote in Bamboo Source: "Counting widows is scattered in solitary villages. This is a difficult half year, you can recruit ghosts. "These poems truly reflect the sufferings of the people, represent the voices of the people and are loved by the local people. During his tenure, he attached great importance to folk education, rebuilt Yuanzhou Changli Academy, renovated Ji 'an Egret Academy, gave lectures in person and advocated "teaching with sincerity". Because of a series of preferential policies, the people respectfully call him "Stone Buddha". In the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), the Qing court abolished the Taoist ambassador and dismissed him from office. The local villagers in Huxi refused to stay together many times, so the local government raised funds to create Longgang Academy to commemorate his good governance. On the day of farewell, "the father and the old man burned incense and cried for dozens of miles." Shi returned to his hometown and lived in seclusion for ten years. He devoted himself to serving his uncle's reputation and died, but he didn't care about his career. Every time he was summoned by the court, he refused to accept his illness. In the eighteenth year of Kangxi (1679), the imperial court opened a course of erudite Confucianism, but still said not to get sick. It was his uncle's repeated persuasion that he left home for the north. After the examination, he was ranked second and fourth. He was taught by imperial academy and edited Ming History. In the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1), he was the candidate of Henan Provincial Examination. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi (1683), he switched to be an assistant reader and editor of the Sermon on Taizong. In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), he died in Beijing on June 13th (August 5th). His major contributions were from thirteen years of political Shunzhi (1656) to seventeen years (1660), and he was a political scholar in Shandong for five years. In the past five years, Shi has done many things beneficial to education, but what makes him famous in history is that he used Pu Songling as the first scholar. Pu Songling spent his whole life in the imperial examination, but in the scholar examination he took at the age of 65,438+09, he won three first places in Zichuan County, Jinan Prefecture and Shandong Province, which was inseparable from Shi's appreciation. Moreover, the champion is more glorious than the general champion, and with the rising voice of history, Pu Songling is becoming more and more glorious. During his tenure in Shandong, Shi supervised Yushicheng to inspect Shandong. Seeing the decadence of Baotu Spring at that time, he took out his salary, ordered people to dredge the spring to build a bridge, and put Shi in charge of the project. Therefore, Shi first led the craftsmen to "ease the stagnation, the sand and stone they went to were high, the sword was thundering, and the old spring was restored", and then the bridge was repaired with Chinese fir, "Stan painted, and the sill was filled with bricks. The bridge is interlocked horizontally, and no horse drinkers are allowed to enter. People are forbidden to blaspheme. All people who are depressed and lack enthusiasm are treated with new ones. It is also the bridge in front of Yuting. " Three months later, the project was completed and the local people "came to see it enthusiastically", which was a great moment. Shi didn't ask for help in the local examiner, but he was the only one who won the praise of the world. Five years later, Shi was transferred to the post of Chief Secretary of Jiangxi Senate and was assigned to Huxi Road. He is diligent and loves the people, cares about the sufferings of the people, suspects that he is in prison, and repeatedly asks for help, often until late at night. In his spare time, he also studied two academies, Jingxian and Bailuzhou. Ji Shizi personally taught and promoted the style of study. Soon, due to the dismissal and supervision of the company, he left his job and returned to China. In the West Lake, "the old man cried for dozens of miles while burning incense", and he wrote three quatrains in "Especially the old man in the West Lake" to thank him. It is commendable that officials in feudal times can be so loved by the people. Both his father and his father were Neo-Confucianists in the history of literature, but he was famous for his poems in the early Qing Dynasty. Shi Yu, Wang Shizhen, Zhu Yizun, Cha were also called "six schools in the early Qing Dynasty", and together with Shi Yu,, Mei Wending and Shen Bi, they founded their own Xuancheng School, advocating the inseparable relationship between scholarship and literature, and pursuing the poetic harmony of "purity" and "mellow". Yan Zhai Shi Hua advocates "poetry has its roots" and "words have substance", and opposes "entering the theory", praising Tang people and opposing Song poetry. As for Kangxi's poet, Wang Shizhen called him the Southern Song Dynasty, and thought that Shi's poems were "gentle and sincere, singing three sighs and taking flattery as the aim" (Talking about Red North), and even compared Shi's rhythmic poem Autumn Night with Nineteen Ancient Poems, which was "thrilling and precious". However, Wang Shizhen's research focus is mainly on Shi's five-character temperament, that is, Wang Zhi's works in his later years. Although these poems are ethereal and concise, with deep artistic conception, their contents are relatively thin and narrow, and most of them show the narcissism of feudal literati. Zhao Yi laughed at him for being "elegant and pretentious, but a little too sour" (Ou Bei Shi Hua). Shi pays more attention to the reality, which is the ancient style he created when he visited the capital, sent envoys to Guilin, Jinshi Shandong and guarded the West Lake in middle age. Five words such as arrival in Guilin, sigh, Zhuyuan, Linjiang pro-drought, Xingu, trip to Tongjing, young man, seven words such as arrival in Guilin. In these works, the killing and looting of the Qing army, the rampage of corrupt officials, the desolation and depression of rural areas forced by wars, natural disasters and taxes, and the deep suffering of people from all walks of life, especially the tragic experiences of women, have been reflected to some extent. The ancient literature of Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Wei and Shi, commenting on "quiet but concise" (Preface to Mr. Yushan's Collection), is the most exquisite in analyzing Neo-Confucianism and discussing the revision of history, but there are too many mediocre biographical prefaces and postscripts to compare with his poems. Zhang Yuzhao listed, Shi and Yao Nai as three generations of poets in the Qing Dynasty. Shi is good at five-character poems, and his poems are famous for their clear words and beautiful sentences. They are known as "Xuancheng Style", as well as Laiyang people in Shandong Province, and have the reputation of "Southern Poetry and Northern Song Dynasty". He is the author of Poems of Shuangxi, Poems of Xueyutang, 28 volumes, Tales of the Stone Family, 50 volumes, Miscellanies of Jizhai, 2 volumes of Poems of Yushan Waiji, 80 volumes of Poems of Xueyutang, 5 volumes of Quasi-Ming History and 4 volumes of Miming History. The local chronicles also include Tai Shui Zhi, Ge Zao Shan Zhi, Qing Yuan Zhi, Fang Yizhi Zhi and Yu Zao, mainly Yuanzhou Zhi and Linjiang Zhi, as well as Xintai Zhi, Guangling Zhi, Anfu Zhi, Yuanzhou Zhi, Linjiang Zhi, and so on. In the preface of these local chronicles, Shi's local chronicles theory is expounded. He believes that "the ambition of counties and cities is close to national history" and "its law is close to history". After the Han and Tang dynasties, although "the ambition is bad and the history is far away", local chronicles can make up for the lack of what historians know and have an irreplaceable role in history books. Regarding the role of local chronicles, he thinks that local chronicles can "learn the appearance of water, learn the ancient skills and know the political skills", so that "those who follow them can learn the ancient skills and learn the modern skills" and know that "it is convenient for people and beneficial to the people" (Preface to the Records of Yuanzhou County of Kangxi). Regarding the characteristics of local chronicles, he thinks that the difference from the history of a country lies in that "books are easy to write, the land is narrow, it is easy to record, and people are close" (Preface to Anfu County Records by Kangxi), even when reading, reviewing and inspecting. With regard to the compilation of local chronicles, he advocated that first of all, we should collect extensive information, "explore the Expo in a poor way" (Preface to the Records of Lushan Mountain in Kangxi), and then distinguish falsehood, preserve its truth, and slightly falsify it, so that the letters contained in local chronicles have a sign, and pointed out that some local chronicles have the common fault of "five ugliness" because of poor compilation, that is, "it is rude to praise officials." Regarding the candidates for compiling local chronicles, he emphasized the need to "choose people and appoint them" in order to use people who are "knowledgeable and knowledgeable, opinionated and willing to compromise their right and wrong" (Preface to Anfu County Records of Kangxi). These thoughts still have reference value today. Character evaluation Qing Dynasty writer Pu Songling: Mr. Yu Shan, my teacher also. You were still a boy when you saw it. When I saw his champion, I was very afraid of boxing. If there is a little grievance, it will be handled well. I refused to be a school, so I wanted to flatter myself. There are more than one generation of masters who protect saints, and Hengwen is not wordy. And love is like life, especially for those who learn to tell stories in vain. Tang Bin, a politician and philosopher in Qing Dynasty, said: A well-known scholar in China has been in China for forty years. Yuan Mei, a poet and essayist in Qing Dynasty: There are many poets in Xuancheng since ancient times. After Mei Wanling, Mr. Yu Shan was the most author in this dynasty. Song Wan, a poet in the early Qing Dynasty, said: "Yushan is the place where Zhang Tan is located, between Wanling and Jingting." . "Draft of Qing History": When Shi studied politics in Shandong, he was "gentle and had a reputation as an ice guide". Grandfather of family members: Father of Neo-Confucianism: Pu Songling, an anecdote and allusion recorded in Historical Records of Neo-Confucianism, was once appreciated by history and was named the top scholar, which was even more glorious than the top scholar. As the voice of stone becomes louder and louder, it becomes more and more brilliant. Later, Pu Songling failed many times. Recalling his kindness to him, he is even more grateful for his kindness. Therefore, Pu Songling borrowed the story of "Rouge" and praised the history of "loving talents and protecting talents" with great fanfare. Shi's calligraphy "Rouge" tells the story of Shi's insight into people's grievances when he was a political scholar in Shandong, and he rehabilitated the unjust case for celebrities. In the article, Pu Songling first praised history, saying that "a saint can be called a sage, and there is a virtue of loving talents", and at the end of the article, he said a long paragraph of thanks in the name of "different historians": "What a pity! Litigation can't be sloppy! Even if you can know Li Daidai's grievance, who will think more? However, although things are dark, there must be cycles. You can't get it if you think about it carefully. Oh! Everyone was persuaded by philosophers, but they didn't know the hard work of a good worker. When the residents of the world reach the summit, the chess game disappears, the diaosi is released, and the people are uneasy, and they are even more reluctant to spare an inch. It is necessary to encourage the official to open the door and sit proudly in the classroom. Those who are embarrassed will be calm and calm, so why blame the grievances under cover! " In the article, "everyone is convinced of the philosopher's mistakes, but he doesn't know the hardships of a good worker", which means that people admire the philosopher's wise judgment, but they can't appreciate his good intentions. The implication is that Shi's "good intentions" are mainly reflected in his concern for talents, not just in judging cases. In contrast, those so-called parents are inferior, and they can't even "escape". They can't "work hard" and "think carefully and examine" when judging a case, but Pu Songling's praise of stone and criticism of those self-righteous officials, which is "fettered and calm", is really thought-provoking. In the supplementary provisions, Pu Songling added, "Mr. Yushan, my teacher also. You were still a boy when you saw it. When I saw his champion, I was very afraid of boxing. If there is a little grievance, it will be handled well. I refused to be a school, so I wanted to flatter myself. There are more than one generation of masters who protect saints, and Hengwen is not wordy. And love is like life, especially beyond the reach of future generations. " This is really a confession. The article says that Teacher Shi is my teacher! When I first received his education, I was still an inexperienced teenager. At that time, I saw him rewarding and supporting students, and my sincere feelings were even inexhaustible. Students who feel a little wronged must be treated gently, and must not be used to bully others and please the powerful. Like Confucius, he defended and promoted Confucianism, which was highly respected by more than one generation. He regards talents as his own, and he also tries his best to review students' articles, never wasting them, especially not perfunctory like studying politics later. Then, Pu Songling quoted the story of "Treasure Prosperity" written by a famous person, and further praised Shi's spirit of caring for talents. This passage is written like this: It is not surprising that a famous person entered the venue to write the article "Cherish Prosperity" and made a mistake in the word "water". After the recording, he realized. After writing the lyrics, he said, "The treasure is in the mountains, but it is mistaken for the water's edge. The Crystal Temple is built on the mountain. Hu Changfeng is pointed, and the beads are at the top of the tree. This time, the punter fell to his death on the cliff! Tell heaven, leave some tips for friends to see. " At this time, Mr. Wang read the article and said, "Bao will boast in the mountains and suddenly see the water." The woodcutter talks like a fisherman. Although the title is poor, but the text is good, how can it be put under others? When you see him, you are afraid of danger. If you had seen him, you would have drowned! "This passage means that a famous person took part in the imperial examination and wrote an article entitled Baoxing, but he confused the source of Baoxing and mistook" mountain "for" underwater ". The theme of the article is wrong, and the following discussion is even more wrong. He expected that he would not be admitted, so he made a word in a playful tone after the article and asked the examiner to save face for himself. Shi didn't mind, but praised the celebrity's writing skills with humorous language and a poem, saying that he wouldn't let him fall to the last place. Pu Songling praised Shi's "elegance" and Shi's "sadness".