Keywords: export tax rebate; Enterprise; Financial revenue and expenditure; Export policy
First, the development of export tax rebate in China
The development of China's export tax rebate system can be traced back to the 1980s, and the first reform was in 1994. Since then, China's export tax rebate mechanism has been improved. After more than 30 years of development, China's export tax rebate mechanism is in finance.
It has played an important role in the process of revenue and expenditure, improved the export competitiveness of products and optimized the domestic industrial allocation. Practice shows that the export tax rebate mechanism has an important impact on China's fiscal revenue and expenditure, and its impact mechanism is shown in the following figure:
In 2004, China's export tax rebate policy entered the adjustment stage, and in 2005, the government made a structural adjustment. The export tax rebate mechanism has greatly promoted the development of China's foreign economy, and has had a great impact on the financial revenue and expenditure management system, the operational risk of financial revenue and expenditure, the proactive fiscal policy and the financial collection and management system. However, in the actual operation of China's export tax rebate mechanism, there is often a phenomenon of paying attention to one thing and losing another. How to deal with the relationship with fiscal revenue and expenditure has become a hot topic in the industry. As we all know, the essence of export tax rebate is a welfare measure to protect China's export interests. However, some enterprises cheat international export tax rebates, and the amount of tax fraud is increasing year by year, which has a serious negative impact on China's fiscal revenue and expenditure. The collusion between domestic and foreign illegal enterprises has seriously disrupted the normal operation of China's market order and had a bad impact on China's export field. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to further analyze the impact of export tax rebate on China's fiscal revenue and expenditure. Among them, from 20 12 to 20 14, the changes of China's total exports, total export tax rebates and the proportion of total exports in fiscal revenue in that year are shown in the following table:
As can be seen from the above table, China's total import and export volume has accelerated since 20 12, and the national policy is to support the export of Chinese enterprises' products. The export tax rebate has increased steadily year by year, accounting for about 12% of the national fiscal revenue, but since 20 12, the proportion of export tax rebate in fiscal revenue has shown a slight downward trend year by year. It can be seen that the direction of China's economic development has changed from relying solely on exports, and the role of the domestic market in promoting the vitality of the national economy has been valued by the government. The export tax rebate has dropped from 20% ten years ago to 12% at present. In addition to the above discussion, it is enough to show that the export tax rebate of enterprises occupies an important position in China's fiscal revenue and expenditure, especially for weak enterprises.
Second, the positive impact of enterprise export tax rebate on fiscal revenue and expenditure
1. Influence on financial revenue and expenditure management system
According to relevant statistics, in 20 13, China's local governments shared 20% of the total export tax rebate, which can effectively alleviate the central financial pressure. The efficiency of local government in export tax rebate management is accelerating, and its influence on local government can not be ignored. Local governments will fully consider their own interests, and thus constantly strengthen the management of the export tax rebate mechanism. Secondly, the positive impact of enterprise export tax rebate on fiscal revenue and expenditure is also manifested in balancing the distribution of financial resources in different regions. For example, 20 13, Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin and other places have developed export trade, accounting for 95% of the country, with strong financial resources. In order to prevent this kind of export-oriented provinces from obtaining higher-than-usual policies and central financial subsidies, the export tax rebate mechanism has played a positive role in balancing the disparity of strength among regions on the basis of the normal financial capacity of each province.
2. The impact on the operational risk of fiscal revenue and expenditure
Since the reform of export tax rebate mechanism in June 2004, it has had a great impact on financial operation risks. Before the reform and opening up, the annual growth rate of China's total exports was 37%, but by 2003, it had reached $443.8 billion, and the central fiscal revenue in the same period was 19%. The growth of foreign trade export tax rebate is not balanced with the growth of national fiscal revenue. Therefore, the tax rebate owed by the central government to enterprises reached 250 billion yuan in 2002 and 327 billion yuan in 2003. In addition, in recent years, China's budget expenditure is rigid, and the number of foreign trade exports of enterprises has increased sharply, which directly leads to the central government's commitment to a large number of tax rebates, and financial arrangements and expenditure operations have begun to bear greater risks. The new export tax rebate mechanism optimizes the repayment process and the central government tends to be stable. The export tax rebate system has been effectively reformed, and the operational risks of the central government have been controlled accordingly. In recent years, in order to better solve the negative chain reaction caused by the problem of tax refund arrears, local governments, with the help of commercial banks, have taken full care of the export tax refund accounts of enterprises. The export tax rebate accounts receivable play a guarantee role, and it is easy for enterprises to obtain short-term working capital loans, thus avoiding the occurrence of capital turnover difficulties to the greatest extent. This combination of financial institutions and national financial credit risks facilitates enterprise loans, but it cannot effectively ensure that loans can be recovered as scheduled. The essence of this risk transfer is that it has caused some obstacles to the normal operation of the market, but the new export tax rebate policy has put forward the government's full discount strategy in time, and the financial risks have been largely avoided.
3. Impact on proactive fiscal policy
In 2004, China carried out a new round of tax reform, and export tax rebate, as an important content, became a hot topic in the industry. Export is one of the three troikas of China's national economic growth, rising from 40% in 2000 to 78% in 20 12, and showing a continuous upward trend. Therefore, exports play an important role in China's economic growth. However, at present, the situation that the central government owes tax rebates to enterprises is even more severe. More than 90% of enterprises have not received funds for a year, which has caused many enterprises to be unable to expand their production scale and seriously hindered their development. In recent years, the improvement of policies has changed the traditional pull-in mode and formed a form of paying equal attention to supply and demand, which has a certain positive effect on export tax rebate, making up the capital gap of enterprises and optimizing the enterprise structure. The downward adjustment of tax system has a restraining effect on trade export, but the restraining effect is very limited due to the labor cost and resource market advantages of China enterprises. With the development of the times, China's export structure tends to be scientific and reasonable, and the new export tax rebate system will certainly have a far-reaching impact on fiscal policy.
4. The impact on the financial collection and management system
The export tax rebate policy of enterprises will also play a positive role in the implementation of the financial collection and management system. The key points are: the export tax rebate policy clearly stipulates that it is necessary to continuously increase the comprehensive understanding of the tax rebate policy; Constantly improve safety awareness; Once there is tax fraud, go to hell and pay it; Earnestly implement the reform of export tax rebate and conduct effective supervision and guidance. Local government departments should strengthen the breadth and depth of cooperation, which is also the requirement of the new policy. Constantly deepen the sense of post responsibility, enhance the cooperation ability of various departments, and severely crack down on tax fraud. In addition, the central government has also implemented the electronic audit process of special invoices for value-added tax, and the export tax rebate process meets the requirements of modern information technology. The application of modern technology has accelerated the process of information construction, and made the golden tax project, golden finance project and golden customs project have a solid cornerstone.
Third, the negative impact of export tax rebate on fiscal revenue and expenditure.
1. will increase the short-term burden of the central government.
The new export tax rebate mechanism can effectively stimulate economic development, but it will still bring a certain burden to the central government in the short term. The principle of "not paying the new account, not paying the old account" is the focus of the enterprise's export tax rebate policy formulation. The main content is that the tax refund owed before 2002 must be paid off in full before 2004, otherwise the central government will bear certain interest. According to relevant statistics, before the implementation of the new system, the central government has already paid a tax rebate of up to 392.4 billion yuan. Because it is unrealistic to rely solely on the central finance, the repayment ratio of the central and local governments for the follow-up work is 3: 1. The central government repaid 294.3 billion yuan, and the local governments repaid 98/kloc-0.0 billion yuan, and the full discount required to pay 3% annual interest (* * */kloc-0.0/.80 billion yuan). This year-on-year increase in fiscal expenditure has become a persistent problem for the central government, but in recent years, the central government's policies of encouraging net exports, continuously stimulating demand and reducing taxes have brought a series of financial problems to the central government.
2. Local finance faces the challenge of fiscal expenditure.
The competitive advantage of products in western China is mainly reflected in resource-based enterprises. Under the export tax rebate policy, the single product structure cancels or reduces the export tax rebate policy of some resource-based products, which has a negative impact on the development of enterprises in the western region, reduces the tax level in the western region and further increases its financial burden. There are obvious differences in industrial structure and financial strength between the eastern and western regions. The tax rebate policy has not brought a big impact to the eastern region, so the proportion of old accounts involved in 3: 1 lacks certain flexibility, and the differences in finance and product structure between regions make the government's burden different. For example, under the background of the new export tax rebate mechanism, mainland enterprises export products in coastal areas, and export tax rebate belongs to the category of coastal areas. Mainland enterprises have to pay 25% value-added tax, and the financial resources of coastal areas have gradually shifted to the mainland, and the inequality of wealth transfer has begun to appear.
3. The new measures have brought new problems to the fiscal and taxation management.
The provisions of the export tax rebate policy for enterprises on the problem of not paying off old debts are of great benefit to the further expansion of export enterprises. At the same time, the central government put forward the provision of reimbursement with local governments according to the ratio of 3:/kloc-0:, indirectly requiring enterprises to timely sort out special invoices, foreign exchange verification forms, customs declarations and other documents in the early stage in their daily work, so as to smoothly declare tax refund in the later stage. However, before the reform, export tax rebates were usually transmitted by paper documents or simple data networks. There are many security loopholes in front of the huge data, and the error rate increases, which provides conditions for some export enterprises to cheat taxes. The requirement of full tax refund base of export tax refund policy of enterprises also leads some illegal enterprises to expand the base in order to obtain more tax refund amount. This regulation may also lead to the behavior of local governments seeking benefits in the name of protection, and this way of sharing old accounts may also lead to the gradual formation of local governments' protectionist ideas and the abnormal reduction of export volume. The hidden division of domestic market will have a negative impact on the central and local fiscal revenue and hinder economic development.
Fourth, further improve the financial countermeasures of export tax rebate for enterprises.
1. Try to implement the securitization scheme.
The tax rebate owed by the central government to export enterprises can be converted into equivalent securities, and it is an effective measure to inject funds into the development of enterprises through public offering and selling in the market. The dilemma of government tax refund arrears has been alleviated to some extent. Under the macroeconomic conditions, tax increase can make up for the irrationality of tax refund arrears, and also make the public have a hard constraint on the principal and interest of fiscal tax refund. Implementing securitization is an effective financial countermeasure.
2. Adopt the agency system to share the tax refund burden reasonably.
Production enterprises can sign purchase contracts with foreign importers, and the problem of regional transfer of financial resources behind the export tax rebate policy is effectively solved. Under the background of agency system, export business process is the main body of foreign trade companies under normal circumstances. Only when production enterprises and foreign trade enterprises are separated from each other can the problem of capital transfer be fundamentally solved. However, this method is difficult to implement in practice, because China's agent export accounts for a small proportion in the overall export ratio, which affects the long-term and stable cooperative relationship between Chinese production and foreign trade enterprises.
3. The financial department should implement the reform of export tax rebate.
First of all, we should further improve the legal guarantee system. By comparing the similarities and differences between the new export tax rebate policy and the traditional tax system, we will continue to improve and ensure the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the reform. The concept of export tax rebate regulations needs to be further defined, and the responsibility lies with people. Ideological understanding is the key. Relevant staff should fully and correctly understand the essence of the export tax rebate policy of enterprises, and coordinate the work of other departments while playing their own role. Local governments should strive to increase revenue and reduce expenditure, repay loans in time, set an example, and allocate funds to the old account of 3: 1 as soon as possible to avoid procrastination.
4. Increase financial support for the western region.
Under the framework of sharing the tax refund mechanism between the central government and local governments, the financial pressure in the western region is outstanding. The central government should adopt corresponding strategies to make up for this problem, such as increasing financial support for the western region, implementing low-interest loan strategy, and providing external policy environment support for its activities such as convention and exhibition tourism. , so as to increase revenue and reduce expenditure and promote the all-round development of the national economy.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion
To sum up, the export tax rebate of enterprises plays an important role in China's fiscal revenue and expenditure. In addition to having a positive impact on the fiscal revenue and expenditure management system, fiscal revenue and expenditure operation risk, active fiscal policy and fiscal collection and management system, it will also increase the short-term burden of the central government, and local finance will face the challenge of fiscal expenditure. The new measures will also bring a series of new problems and other negative effects to fiscal and taxation management. It is very important to try to implement the securitization scheme, adopt the agency system to share the tax refund burden reasonably, increase financial support for the western region, and all departments do a good job in the implementation of the export tax refund reform. Under the new situation, the export tax rebate of enterprises should conform to China's actual development situation and ultimately promote China's fiscal balance.