-Li Yunfeng.
Environmental problems have always been one of the global problems that plague the international community. The emergence of environmental problems is generally due to the one-sided pursuit of economic development by human beings, which leads to the exhaustion of resources and the aggravation of pollution. The pursuit of human development will inevitably lead to the consumption of natural resources and the destruction of the environment. Since the middle of the 20th century, with the rapid development of science and technology and the rapid growth of the world economy, human activities have spread all over the world, and human activities have gradually become an unbearable burden for the earth. Environmental problems have gradually developed from regional problems to global disasters affecting all countries in the world, and a series of hot issues have emerged, which have attracted the attention of the international community. Environmental problems have restricted the development of human beings and gradually attracted people's attention. There is also a process of human understanding of environmental problems. At first, people thought that the emergence of environmental problems was caused by the underdevelopment of science and technology, and hoped that scientific and technological progress would eliminate environmental problems. However, with the progress of science and technology, while solving old problems, new environmental problems are in front of people, and they are more complicated and difficult. People gradually realize that the environmental problem is not only a scientific and technological problem, but also a complex around politics, economy, philosophy and other aspects. Based on this concept, the international community has formed extensive cooperative relations in economy, politics, science and technology, trade and so on. In order to solve the increasingly serious environmental pollution through various means and channels. It is in this context that environmental impact assessment came into being.
Environmental impact assessment, also known as environmental pre-judgment assessment or environmental future assessment, is one of the types of environmental quality assessment, which means that when engaging in construction projects or the state formulates plans, policies and laws, it should be in the planning stage or before formal implementation. Investigate the scope and extent of its possible impact on the environment in advance, analyze, predict and evaluate the possible environmental impact caused by the implementation of planned construction projects, put forward corresponding opinions and countermeasures, prevent or mitigate adverse environmental impacts, and conduct follow-up monitoring methods and systems. It is an important part of the environmental protection policy system.
Environmental impact assessment can realize the transformation of environmental management mode from terminal control to whole process control. The characteristic of environmental impact assessment lies in its predictability. It emphasizes that it is a kind of predictive work to predict and evaluate the possible environmental impact before formulating relevant economic development activities, such as relevant plans, plans, policies or proposed projects. It is hoped that through the understanding of the causes and laws of environmental problems that human beings have mastered, they can consciously control the adverse environmental consequences of their own actions and realize rational planning and scientific decision-making.
Environmental impact assessment is a system introduced from abroad in China. It was developed on the basis of absorbing the environmental impact assessment system initiated by western countries and combining with the actual situation in China. China's environmental impact assessment system has experienced a continuous development process. China's environmental impact assessment has gone through several stages, such as concept introduction, tentative research and practice, institutionalization and legalization, and has become an important tool and means to control the source and promote win-win economic development and environmental protection. Environmental impact assessment system is a system established by the state in the form of legal or normative documents through legal procedures to regulate environmental impact assessment activities. The concept of environmental impact assessment was first put forward at the international environmental quality assessment conference held in Canada in 1964. The promulgation of the National Environmental Policy Act (65438-0969) in the United States marked the establishment of the first environmental impact assessment system in the world.
China promulgated the Environmental Protection Law (Trial) on September 1979, marking the establishment of environmental impact assessment in legislation. In 2002, the Environmental Impact Assessment Law was formally passed and implemented on September 1 2003, and China's environmental impact assessment entered a new stage. After more than 30 years' development, China has established a set of distinctive legislation system of environmental impact assessment. A perfect legislative system provides institutional guarantee for realizing the higher-level function of environmental impact assessment, promoting scientific and democratic decision-making and escorting scientific development.
Public participation is an important content in the environmental impact assessment system, which refers to the activities that social groups with public interests and interests intervene in government decision-making involving public interests, or put forward opinions and suggestions. Academic circles have different views on the concept and content of public participation. At present, there are three main views on public participation in theoretical circles. 1, "sharing theory", that is, public participation is the sharing or participation of the vast majority of people or the public in society in national affairs or public affairs. This view regards public participation in environmental protection as a kind of sharing behavior of the public on state affairs. 2. "Authorization theory", that is, public participation is the right given by the public and its representatives to participate in public affairs management according to national laws and regulations. 3. The theory of checks and balances, that is, the function of public participation is to embody the right to restrain power.
Public participation is a two-way communication between the project owner or EIA party and the public. The establishment of a normal mechanism for public participation in environmental supervision and management can enable the public in the affected areas of the project to know the information about environmental issues in time and have the opportunity to express their opinions through normal channels, which is very necessary for the decision-making and smooth implementation of the construction plan. Let the public help identify the main environmental problems that may be caused by the project, especially many potential environmental problems, and understand the protection targets or problems that the public is most concerned about, so as to take corresponding measures to effectively protect sensitive protection targets.
As an effective environmental management system, environmental impact assessment has played a great role in the history of environmental protection in China. From the experience of its many years of operation, it can prevent and reduce the adverse impact on the environment caused by the implementation of construction projects and planning, and ensure the rationality of the site selection and layout of construction projects, which is conducive to the implementation of China's sustainable development strategy, promote the coordinated development of economy, society and environment, and promote the development of some environmental science and technology. Since the implementation of the environmental impact assessment system in China, we have focused on the adjustment of industrial structure and industrial layout, insisted on paying equal attention to pollution prevention and ecological protection, and conscientiously implemented the principles of clean production, discharging up to the standard, bringing the old with the new, and regional reduction, effectively controlling the total pollutant discharge of new projects. With the sustained and rapid economic development of China, we have ensured that the overall environmental quality of China has not deteriorated, and some areas have improved, especially in pollution prevention and ecological protection. Today, China has established and formed a set of environmental impact assessment management laws and regulations system with China characteristics. Environmental impact assessment has become an important means to support China's economic development, a basic guarantee for the implementation of sustainable development, and an important measure to realize "people-oriented" and promote the coordinated development between man and nature.
Based on the characteristics of the implementation effect of environmental impact assessment in Jiangnan District of Nanning City, the theoretical model of public policy implementation (Smith process model) is used to analyze the policy quality, executing agencies, target groups and policy implementation environment in the implementation process of environmental impact assessment system, and to think about the interaction between these problems, and then put forward scientific and effective solutions and improvement suggestions to promote the effective implementation of policies and finally realize the public policy of environmental impact assessment. The implementation of the environmental impact assessment system in Jiangnan District has achieved certain results, but the implementation rate and safety assessment conclusion of the actual environmental impact assessment system have not yet reached the system requirements, which are manifested in the lack of obvious guiding role in the adjustment of regional industrial structure, the prominent phenomenon of enterprises' "getting on the bus before paying the ticket", the constant environmental complaints caused by improper implementation of environmental impact assessment and the increasing environmental pressure.
The construction period of residential district construction projects is generally long, and the environmental impact during the construction period is also long. The environmental impact during the construction period mainly includes construction dust, construction wastewater, domestic sewage noise, solid waste light pollution and so on. In order to predict the environmental quality of the residential area after its completion, it is necessary to conduct background investigation and evaluation on the environmental quality of the proposed residential area. Because the residential area will become a highly populated residential area after the completion of the residential area, it is best for all the data of the environmental quality of the residential area to come from on-site monitoring. Small projects that do not use historical data as statements as much as possible generally do not need on-site monitoring, but for the following six situations, from the perspective of protecting the health of residents in residential areas, on-site monitoring should be carried out whether making statements or making statements:
1 If there are obvious air pollution sources near the proposed residential area, and the pollutant emission concentration and amount are high, and they are located in the upwind direction of the dominant wind direction, the ambient air quality should be monitored. In the northern region, the monitoring time should be chosen in the winter heating period.
2. If the drinking water of residents in the proposed residential area is taken from groundwater or surface water in or near the residential area, the water quality of groundwater or surface water should be monitored.
If there are strong traffic noise sources near the proposed residential area, including industrial noise sources and social life noise sources such as traffic trunk roads, expressways, elevated roads, railways, light rails, subways, airports and shipping passages, in addition to temporary noise sources, noise or vibration monitoring should also be carried out, and environmental air quality monitoring should also be carried out near the highway, including PM 10 CO THC and NO2.
4 If there are strong malodorous pollution sources in or near the proposed residential area, such as garbage disposal yard, garbage collection room, sewage treatment plant, public toilet, black and smelly surface water, industrial enterprises, etc., the concentration or odor intensity of malodorous pollutants should be monitored.
If there are electromagnetic radiation pollution sources or radioactive pollution sources such as radio and television transmitting facilities, radar and navigation equipment, large-scale power stations, satellite communication facilities, electrified railways, mobile communication transmitting base stations, high-voltage power transmission and transformation facilities, radioactive solid waste and units that discharge radioactive waste gas and liquid, which may affect the health of residents in the residential area and the normal use of household appliances, electromagnetic radiation or radioactive pollution monitoring shall be carried out.
According to the requirements of the State Environmental Protection Administration No.200447 on the prevention and control of environmental pollution in the process of enterprise relocation, if the proposed residential area was originally an industrial enterprise that produced hazardous waste, such as chemical electroplating and other enterprise laboratories and units that produced and operated hazardous waste, soil and groundwater must be monitored.
Strengthen the research on the relevant theories and methods of planning EIA, paving the way for the EIA of development zones to finally rise to the level of strategic planning. Encourage the planning department of development zone to take self-evaluation, follow the principle of "early intervention", incorporate environmental impact assessment into the planning process, and provide decision-making services for the optimization of planning scheme. We should continue to strengthen the study of regional environmental carrying capacity and constantly improve the theory, evaluation method and evaluation index system of environmental carrying capacity, especially the spatial analysis technology and dynamic quantitative research of environmental carrying capacity need to be further deepened.
China's environmental impact assessment has been entrusted with a new historical mission, and the relevant legislation is constantly improving. Although there are still some defects in China's current environmental impact legislation, especially the legislation related to strategic environmental assessment, we can see that many scholars, institutions and departments are still actively promoting it. It is believed that through practice and attempt, China's legislation on environmental impact assessment will make a greater breakthrough and better ensure that environmental impact assessment serves the function of scientific decision-making.