A paper (or academic paper) is an article that discusses, studies and describes the research results of this discipline in the scientific field. In other words, the paper is not only a means for researchers to discuss problems and conduct scientific research; It is also a tool to describe scientific research achievements and conduct academic exchanges.
I. Types and functions of documents
From the content and form of the paper, it can be generally divided into three categories:
First, deny some old ideas in a certain subject field and put forward new ones. For example, pointing out the disadvantages of exam-oriented education; Advocate quality education and discuss its advantages and significance. Another example is criticizing the disadvantages of traditional teaching methods such as cramming and mechanical training, advocating heuristic teaching and emphasizing the cultivation of students' problem-solving ability.
Second, collect and sort out some scattered materials, make them systematic, demonstrate with new ideas and methods, and draw new conclusions. For example, the articles on comparative education research, on the basis of collecting the relevant data of primary school mathematics teaching in various countries, make a horizontal comparative study and get the same characteristics and development trend.
Third, in a certain discipline, after careful research, observation and practice, some discoveries and creations have been made and new opinions have been stated. For example, in the actual teaching, the causes of students' thinking obstacles in the process of mastering geometry concepts are analyzed, the methods to eliminate thinking obstacles are discussed, and suggestions to improve geometry teaching are put forward.
The application of this paper is very extensive, and its functions mainly include the following aspects:
First of all, papers are precious spiritual wealth of human beings. Excellent papers often influence people's thoughts and are the cultural basis of social progress and development.
Second, the paper is in the form of expressing research results through words. After investigation, data collection, analysis and synthesis, theoretical argumentation, etc. In order to solve a practical or theoretical problem, the author draws a conclusion or forms a complete theoretical system. Moreover, these research results must be fixed and expressed in words for readers to judge, learn from or solve problems.
Thirdly, the thesis is a means to measure the author's research ability. The level of the thesis can reflect the author's knowledge theory level, thinking method, research ability and writing ability.
Fourthly, thesis is an important way to cultivate research-oriented talents. The writing process of the thesis is the process of the author's study and research, and also the way to cultivate and improve his ability.
Second, choose the topic of the paper.
(A) the significance of the topic (hereinafter referred to as the topic)
Judging from the problems discussed by the Institute of Education, it can be divided into two categories.
The first category is basic theoretical topics. This paper mainly discusses what education is. For example, "What function should education have" and "What is the purpose of education".
The second category is application problems. This paper mainly discusses how to educate. Such as: "what kind of content to teach", "what kind of teaching materials to choose" and "what kind of teaching methods to adopt".
These two kinds of research topics are very important and have close internal relations. However, as primary school teachers and teaching and research personnel, we should generally focus on the subject of applied research.
From the meaning of the topic itself, there are two kinds.
The first is broad sense. The choice of research topic is to choose and determine the research field and direction. For example, choose the basic education theory discipline or the application discipline.
The second is the narrow sense. Determine the central theme of the paper within your own research scope. In other words, within the scope of primary education and teaching, what problems should be studied.
We mainly refer to the second meaning here.
(B) the best consideration of topic selection
There are a lot of problems in educational practice, but not all of them can be the theme of this paper. Some problems involve a wide range and are universal, and it takes a long time and a lot of energy to solve them. For ordinary researchers, limited by their own literacy and objective research conditions, they are unable to bear it. Some are too specific and lack universal value. Therefore, we must consider various conditions and find those necessary, innovative and possible problems to study.
Pay attention to the following aspects when choosing a topic.
1, which meets the requirements of the development of the times and meets the needs of the development of national education.
The purpose of educational research is to promote and promote the healthy development of education in China. The topic selection should focus on social efficiency and value, and the research should solve the universal problems in educational practice. Therefore, the author should pay close attention to the development status and trend of education and teaching reform. Facing the 2 1 century, the focus of basic education research in China is to promote quality education and realize educational modernization. Therefore, in the field of primary school mathematics teaching, the focus of research should be how to cultivate and improve students' quality through mathematics teaching. Educational researchers should focus on how to reform the current mathematics curriculum, teaching materials and teaching methods, and establish a mathematics curriculum, teaching materials and teaching system for quality education in 2 1 century. For teaching and research personnel and teachers, we should start from the concept of quality education, generally pay attention to the mathematics teaching process, improve teaching methods, let students actively participate in the mathematics learning process, and improve teaching quality.
2. Choose a topic that interests you.
Have a strong interest in research topics, will show greater perseverance and subjective initiative. Interest will generate enthusiasm and make people overcome difficulties and concentrate on research.
Choose a topic that can give full play to your specialty.
Researchers should choose and establish topics according to their personal conditions and abilities. Some topics are worth writing, but whether they can be written well is another matter. When choosing multiple-choice questions, you should consider which part of your major you are most familiar with, most sure of and have the fastest effect, so that you can choose which topic.
4. Choose a topic about which you have enough information.
Externally, data is the basis of research. We should fully grasp the materials within the scope of the topic and collect necessary, fresh and typical materials as much as possible. Therefore, choosing a topic for which you have enough information will make the work less difficult.
5. Look for gaps and weak links.
At present, the content of educational research is very rich, and the research on hot issues is also very good. It's a good idea. It's a good idea. Ji Yi, waving a mechanical device and pouring water on Mei? What's the problem? If happy, how to get rid of? Deer? Are you happy? /p & gt；
(C) improper topic selection
Whether the topic is appropriate or not is often related to the success or failure of the whole research. In the submission of the majority of teaching and research personnel and teachers, it is often encountered that some papers cannot be published because of improper topics. Improper topic selection mainly includes the following situations.
1, the topic is too big.
The topic is too big, which is a common problem for ordinary authors when choosing a topic. For example, the topic "On the Cultivation of Non-intelligence Factors in Primary Mathematics Teaching". Because the connotation of "non-intelligence factors" is extremely rich, there are a series of problems in its definition, composition, function and measurement that need to be discussed in depth. Such a topic is often a research direction, but for ordinary individual authors, it is not appropriate to regard it as a specific topic.
2. The topic selection is too difficult.
It is too difficult to choose a topic, it is impossible to complete the topic, or the topic is ambiguous. For example, the topic of "Mathematics teaching and developing children's intelligence" made people unable to start, and finally evolved into using information as much as possible to study what to do according to their own interests and possibilities.
This topic is out of date.
The topic is old-fashioned, stale, original and innovative, and no amount of papers are of little value. Some topics have been written by others many times. If you can't come up with new ideas and opinions, there is no need to write any more.
Third, the writing of the thesis.
(A) Get ready-collect information
After selecting the topic, the paper has a central idea and has taken a key step in writing. However, to write a good paper, the author must also have rich, accurate, comprehensive, typical, vivid and concrete materials. Extract your own opinions from the research and prove your own opinions with persuasive topics (arguments). These materials must be well founded, not subjective. They are either produced by their own practical research or by reliable results summarized by other people's previous research. Therefore, the collection of information plays an important role in the writing of papers. There are several ways to collect data.
1, read relevant theoretical books.
To participate in educational research and write papers, we must master the necessary educational theory and research methods. It is necessary to understand and master some basic concepts of education and teaching theory.
2. Investigate and collect relevant arguments.
After the central idea of the paper is determined, the author defines the object and content to be studied, and then sets out to draw up an investigation outline. List where to start the investigation and study, what aspects to learn, what items and specific contents each aspect includes, what typical materials and data are needed, and the depth and breadth of the requirements for quantity and quality of materials, etc.
3. Consult relevant literature.
The author should not only learn the theory of education and teaching, but also dabble in social science knowledge related to education and teaching. Therefore, we should pay more attention to reading educational books and newspapers, collect relevant research materials, absorb other people's research results, broaden our own ideas and improve our own concepts.
(2) Arrange the structure of the paper
The overall structure of the paper is: putting forward arguments, demonstrating and summarizing conclusions.
1, topic-reflect the content. The title of the paper is the eye of the paper and the embodiment of the whole content of the paper.
A good topic can attract readers to read the content of the article and play a good publicity role. A good topic selection should be to clarify the problems that the author wants to discuss and solve in incisive language, to be clear, concise and easy to understand, to correctly express the central content of the paper, and to properly reflect the depth of the research scope. At the same time, let insiders understand and laymen understand. For example, On the Stimulation of Learning in the Teaching of Applied Problems, Question Consciousness and Mathematics Teaching. The former topic clearly reflects the central content and research scope of the paper, that is, how to stimulate students' interest in learning in the teaching of applied problems; The latter topic is concise and clear, so readers can know the central content of the study at a glance, that is, how to cultivate students' problem consciousness in mathematics teaching.
2. Introduction-Put forward opinions. Briefly introduce the content of the paper and accurately summarize the central argument. The introduction should be concise and clear, not too many words.
Common introduction writing are:
-directly state your own views and opinions, come straight to the point and put forward the central argument.
-prompt the main points of the content.
-Asking some questions makes people think.
-from the phenomenon of daily life.
-quoting classics and telling ancient and modern stories.
3. This theory-to demonstrate. Analyze and explain the argument from different angles and levels. Based on facts, data and related theories, reasoning and argumentation are carried out according to speculative laws.
This part is the part of the paper to expand the topic and analyze the problem. Argumentation is to clarify the inevitable connection between arguments and arguments, to prove that one's claim is correct, and thus to help readers understand the emergence and correctness of the conclusion. Therefore, this part of the content should be rich and substantial, and the views should be consistent with the materials and well-founded. The order of discussion and the level of reasoning should be arranged according to the internal relations of things, so as to be organized. Therefore, this part requires the hierarchy of structure, the logic of argument and the richness of argument.
Generally speaking, a paper with complex structure should be decomposed after putting forward the central argument, and several sub-arguments or small arguments should be set up in different aspects. The arrangement of content structure generally has two forms.
One is the parallel form, which divides the central argument into several sub-arguments that are parallel to each other, and then demonstrates and synthesizes them separately.
For example, the parallel structure of the article "Talking about Difficulties in Mathematics Teaching in Primary Schools" is arranged as follows:
The meaning of difficulties in primary school mathematics teaching;
Reasons for difficulties in mathematics teaching in primary schools;
The characteristics of difficult mathematics teaching in primary schools;
Solutions to the difficulties in mathematics teaching in primary schools.
The other is progressive, which divides the general argument into several small arguments at different levels, analyzes and demonstrates them step by step, and finally draws a conclusion.
For example, the progressive structure of the paper "The Combination of Numbers and Shapes to Promote the Harmonious Development of Two Kinds of Thinking" is arranged as follows:
Fully perceive, accumulate appearances and develop thinking in images;
Language participation, performance generalization, triggering abstract thinking;
The combination of numbers and shapes promotes the complementarity of the two kinds of thinking.
4. Conclusion-Summarize the conclusion. On the basis of argumentation, put forward concluding comments as a general summary of the article, and draw or reiterate your own views.
The purpose of writing a conclusion is to strengthen the reader's impression of the whole article, so it should be concise, accurate and powerful. The position of the conclusion is usually written in the last part of the article, but some articles have been explained clearly because of the views of each layer and paragraph, and there is no need to make a conclusion.
5. Notes and references.
Annotation is an explanation of the source of words, contents or quotations in an article.
References are important articles and works that the author refers to and cites when writing a thesis. After writing the paper, you should catalog these articles or works and attach them to the back of the paper.
Anyone's scientific research has certain inheritance, and it is developed and improved on the basis of previous research. Therefore, the viewpoints, materials and methods in other people's works or papers are often cited as the basis of their own discussion, and the contents of these references must be clearly marked in the papers. This can not only show respect for others' labor achievements, but also show the basis for their own arguments, and also provide convenience for readers to continue their research.
(3) Writing of the thesis
1. Draw up a writing outline.
Drawing up a writing outline is the beginning of thesis writing. The outline is the embryonic form of the paper. Through it, the main ideas and structure of the paper are fixed and clarified in words, which makes the ideas of the paper more perfect and plays the role of organizing materials, thinking carefully and preventing omissions. In the process of drafting the outline, the following tasks should be completed.
(1) Clarify the central argument and sub-arguments of the article.
The central argument is also called the general argument. This is the core point that the author will elaborate in the article. All the materials in the article are for it. The central argument runs through the whole article like blood. However, if you want to make the central argument concrete and practical, you must break it down into several sub-arguments. The basis of decomposing the central argument must be clear, unified and consistent. Arguments after decomposition should not only have close internal relations, but also have external sequence forms. Each argument is an integral part of the central argument, and the synthesis of several arguments is the central argument. The full text is based on the order of sub-arguments.
(2) Arrange the order of argumentation.
After you have made it clear that there are several sub-arguments, you should arrange them. The arrangement should be based on the needs of the central argument and the internal relations of the sub-arguments. It can be divided into several aspects, and it can also be discussed from the main to the secondary, from the big to the small, and from the light to the heavy. These are the two situations mentioned above, namely, parallel relationship and progressive relationship.
(3) the materials are seated accordingly.
According to the needs of sub-arguments, group the materials to be written in the article and put the materials belonging to the same sub-argument in one group. There are several arguments and several groups of materials. When writing, you will naturally use which materials to write which arguments.
After the above work is completed, a specific writing outline should be formed. There are two commonly used outline types:
First, the item-by-item outline: set up the framework of the full text with thick lines. Arrange the central argument, sub-arguments and materials one by one with concise and summarized phrases, sentences and material serial numbers, and make a sketch. For example, the sub-item outline of the article "Thinking Obstacles and Countermeasures in the Process of Students Mastering Geometry Concepts" is as follows:
Analyze the causes of obstacles and explore the ways to eliminate obstacles (central argument) 1. The interference of daily concepts in the analysis of thinking disorder —— Materials ① and ②.
Interference of non-essential attributes-material ①, material ②
The limitation of knowledge level-materials ① and ②.
2. The method of eliminating obstacles attaches importance to intuition-materials ① and ②.
Attach importance to variants-materials ① and ②.
Attach importance to assimilation-materials ① and ②.
Pay attention to practice-materials ① and ②.
Second, the outline of the statement: use unadorned sentences to express the arguments and materials in sections and layers. Who is in front, who is in the back, and how to connect them are all closely considered. (For example. )
After writing the outline, we should re-examine it with a critical eye and strive for a harmonious structure. Important parts should be placed in prominent positions, occupying a large space; Secondary materials should be properly placed and occupy less space.
2. Progress of the discussion
The structure of the paper is arranged and the materials are well prepared. At this time, we need to concentrate on the discussion. To discuss, the author needs to have certain writing skills and skills, and will adopt some rhetorical methods to increase the readability of the article. During the discussion, we should pay attention to the following points.
(1) The argument should be clear and prominent, which can make readers understand it quickly, but the identity of the argument should be guaranteed, and it should not be converted, expanded or narrowed halfway.
(2) the argument should be detailed and appropriate, the main materials supporting the argument should be delicate, the pen should be used more, and the non-main materials should be summarized.
(3) The argument should have strict logic. Argumentation is to reveal the connection between arguments. After you have arguments and arguments, you don't simply piece together an article. The author must organize the argument according to the needs of the argument, so that the argument and the argument become an organic whole. The common methods of logical argument are induction, deduction and analogy, which are often intertwined in an article.
In the process of argumentation, we should pay attention to: first, don't generalize by partiality, analyze the relationship between things thoroughly, and then draw conclusions. Second, the necessary reasoning process cannot be omitted, and it should be elaborated one by one, but it should also be detailed and appropriate. Third, don't beat around the bush, talk like a wheel.
(4) Revision of the thesis
After the first draft of the paper is written, it should be revised repeatedly with great patience to improve the quality of the paper. It can be modified from the following aspects.
1, retrial argument, whether the statement is correct and clear.
See how the argument in the article is expressed, whether it is written and imagined, and whether the reader is consistent with his own ideas after reading it. Whether each sub-argument in the article demonstrates the central argument from different angles.
2. Verify whether the argument is correct and sufficient.
Verify every argument used to see whether the viewpoint is consistent with the material, whether the argument is representative and typical, and whether it is appropriate, accurate and powerful. Dispensable materials should be removed. The quality of the article lies not in the quantity of materials, but in the nature and characteristics of the materials themselves and the direct demonstration function of the arguments.
3. Consider the layout and modify the paper structure.
After writing the first draft, we should further adjust the structure of the article according to the central argument. For example, the order is reversed, the details are uneven, the repetition is repeated, the level is unclear, and there is no organization. , need specific modification.
4. Check whether the language is fluent, standardized and concise.
Arguments, materials, layout and other aspects should be put into writing in the final analysis. Readers use language to judge and accept the author's point of view. In order to make the language not verbose and messy, it is necessary to scrutinize word by word to find the most suitable words to express the content. Make the text fluent, fluent and accurate.
Four, some problems in the submission
With the in-depth development of the research on education and teaching reform, the majority of educators actively participate in the practice of education reform and actively contribute to magazines, creating valuable wealth for the development of education. However, not every manuscript can be adopted. The reason is often due to some problems in the manuscript. In addition to the improper topic selection mentioned above, there are also the following problems that often exist in the submission.
1, the argument is inconsistent with the argument.
Some articles only have arguments, lack of arguments, vague contents and unconvincing conclusions; Some articles only list materials and phenomena, lack opinions, and have no analysis and generalization.
2, the level is not clear, there is no strict demonstration process.
Some articles have arguments and arguments, but there is no clear demonstration process. If you want to write, just write there, so that readers can't have a clear understanding of the problems to be expounded in the article.
3. The language is not standardized.
Some articles use some very common technical terms or some self-made vocabulary, which makes it difficult for ordinary readers to understand and sometimes complicates the original simple problems; Some articles fail to express their ideas clearly; Other authors are too confident in their tone of voice and use tough or absolute words, which makes readers feel uncomfortable and affects reading.