(1) abstracts are divided into Chinese abstracts and foreign (usually English) abstracts. Different schools and institutions have different requirements on the length limit. Generally, Chinese abstracts should not exceed 300 words, English abstracts should not exceed 250 substantive words, and Chinese and English abstracts should be consistent.

(2) Ask the instructor more, and make timely amendments according to the opinions provided, so as to reach a higher level.

(3) Abstract is a complete essay, which is independent and can be used independently. Even if you don't read the full text, you can still understand the main contents of the paper, the author's new ideas and viewpoints, the purpose of the project, the methods adopted, the results and conclusions of the research.

(4) The narrative is complete, the logic is highlighted, and the structure of the essay is reasonable.

(5) The text should be concise and to the point, and there should be no superfluous words. Important contents should be abstracted, without foreword, background and other details. Old conclusions and original materials should be removed, without comments and annotations. Use direct expression to delete unnecessary literary embellishments. The author's future plans and irrelevant contents should not be included, and the most information should be provided with the least words. ?

(6) The abstract does not use special characters, charts, chemical structures, and mathematical expressions composed of special characters, and does not list examples.