(1) visual disability. Laser has powerful energy, which can damage the cornea, lens and retina of the eye, and even cause blindness due to retinal injury. Laser blindness mainly occurs in technicians engaged in laser work and laser pollution caused by outdoor application of lasers (such as laser ranging, laser alignment, laser cutting or laser welding). The method of prevention is to do relevant protection. In the laser work area, a certain range should be delineated, eye-catching signs should be set up, and safety work should be done carefully to prevent residents from being injured by accident; It is emphasized that laser workers should wear special protective equipment to prevent laser leakage. Infrared rays are thermal rays, which will produce thermal effects when acting on biological tissues. Infrared rays acting on the eyes can cause cataracts and retinal burns (that is, eclipse blindness). The prevention methods of infrared disability are as follows: first, people who stay on the ground, sand and plateau snow in direct sunlight, and all kinds of workers who work in high temperature and open air should wear protective glasses; Secondly, the infrared source should be sealed and isolated with isolation equipment.
(2) Hearing impairment. Acoustic disabling factors include noise, explosion and shock wave, infrasound and so on. , cause hearing loss and deafness, but also cause noise troubles, hinder mental activities, and become a risk factor for accidental injuries. Acoustic disabling factors are rare in nature, and most of them are produced in production activities and social activities. The main measures for noise control are that the relevant production departments and law enforcement, supervision and management departments should strictly implement China's "Hygienic Standard for Noise in Industrial Enterprises (Trial)" and "Standard for Environmental Noise in Urban Areas of People's Republic of China (PRC)", and the relevant staff should wear safety protection articles.
(3) Electrical disability. Including lightning disability and high-voltage electricity disability. Disability caused by lightning mainly includes eardrum rupture, explosive deafness, cataract, traumatic blindness of optic nerve and visual center, limb paralysis, limb necrosis and so on. Measures to prevent disability caused by lightning stroke: 1. Enhance the public's awareness of prevention. In outdoor activities, especially in the wild and on the flat ground, when encountering a thunderstorm, you should quickly hide next to nearby tall and prominent objects, twice the height of the objects, so as to achieve the purpose of protecting the human body with high objects. Second, don't go near open doors and windows and metal pipes in thunderstorm weather, unplug electrical appliances in time, don't use electrical appliances, and don't make phone calls. The third is to install lightning protection devices on tall buildings, chimneys, poles and iron towers. High voltage electric disability refers to electric shock disability caused by various high voltage electric shock accidents, which mainly leads to limb necrosis. Preventive measures: First, strengthen education on safe operation. The second is to quickly remove the electric shock from the power supply and treat the wounded in time.
(4) thermal disability. Thermal disabling factors include frostbite and burns. Frostbite is a kind of frostbite, which is a local disease of the body caused by cold and its inducement. Severe frostbite can destroy the distal end of the limb and lead to disability. Frostbite disability mainly occurs in catastrophic mountain avalanches, sudden snowstorms and people who have no time to work in cold areas. Measures to prevent frostbite disability: First, workers in cold areas should wear cold-proof devices and use cold-proof equipment. Second, when a snowstorm strikes, on-site personnel should quickly find shelter on the spot to prevent sudden heat dissipation. Third, the rescued personnel should be transported to a safe place for treatment in time. Severe burns can lead to a variety of disabilities. Preventive measures: first, strengthen safety education, improve public awareness of safety and fire prevention and knowledge of self-help and mutual rescue. The second is safe production, scientific management and elimination of fire hazards. Third, the treatment of the wounded after burns should be timely and correct to avoid or reduce disability.
(5) Low air pressure is disabled. Low air pressure means that the atmospheric pressure drops to a level that causes physiological stress reactions such as hypoxic blood. Generally speaking, the atmospheric pressure above 2000 meters above sea level is low pressure. Low air pressure can lead to altitude sickness, among which altitude cerebral edema, altitude pulmonary edema and altitude heart disease can lead to the damage of central nervous system and cardiovascular system, and in severe cases, lead to brain and heart failure, and the decline of living ability and working ability. There are two main aspects to prevent the risk of low-pressure disability: first, to prevent altitude sickness, that is, people in plain areas or plateau areas should undergo physical examination when entering higher altitude areas, and people who are prone to altitude sickness should not enter high altitude areas; People entering high altitude areas should also receive necessary adaptive training. The second is to prevent the disease from worsening, that is, when altitude sickness has occurred, it is necessary to rescue and treat it in time to promote recovery.