Population aging is the basic national condition of our country, and the change of population structure brings pressure and challenge to social pension. The following is a paper on the rural old-age care model that I compiled for you for your reference.

Rural Old-age Security Mode: Reflection and Prospect of China Rural Old-age Security Mode in the Transitional Period Abstract: With the transformation from planned economy system to market economy system, rural old-age security mode is also undergoing evolution and facing severe challenges. Judging from its basic value, the reform of social security system in China should take people's livelihood, including farmers, as the most important goal of social security, and should not overemphasize its economic significance from the perspective of instrumental rationality.

Paper Keywords: transition period; Rural old-age security model; Ensure people's livelihood

As a social system, the construction and development of rural old-age security in China depends on the economic base on which it depends, and on the other hand, it is strongly restricted by other social environments such as political and cultural systems. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to sort out the changes of rural old-age security system, clarify the challenges faced by China's rural social security system during the social transformation period, and explore the future trend of rural old-age security model for ensuring rural old-age security, realizing the stability and development of China's rural areas, and even building a harmonious society.

First, the current situation and reflection of the rural old-age security model in China during the transition period

In the process of China's transformation from a traditional society to a modern society, from an agricultural society to an industrial society, and from a planned economy system to a market economy system, the social economy has made unprecedented achievements, but the negative effects that followed are increasingly apparent. The negative impact of social transformation is mainly manifested in the polarization of society and the emergence of a large number of socially disadvantaged groups, among which the social security of rural old-age care, which accounts for about 60.9 1% of the total population, has become particularly prominent and urgent. Consider the source of old-age care. During the period of social transformation, the old-age security model for farmers in China is facing severe challenges.

Single family pension

From the content point of view, the rural family pension model is them, and family members I, including children, spouses and other relatives, perform the duties of economic support, life care and spiritual comfort for the elderly. In the current comprehensive pension system, family pension is the mainstream and dominant pension model. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, as of June 1999, 97.6% of the rural elderly were supported by their families, and only 7.34% were supported by the elderly, collective support and nursing homes. More than 70% of the elderly aged 60 and over live with their descendants.

In the period of social transformation, family pension has encountered great challenges, which is the result of imbalance between supply and demand based on the theory of supply and demand in economics.

The number of children in 1 decreased. The decline of fertility rate means that the number of children is reduced, the average family size is reduced, and the number of nuclear families is increased, which greatly weakens the family's pension function. Between the two censuses of 1982 and 1990, the household size decreased from 4.3 to 3.97. According to the sample survey of 1% population in China in 1995, the average family size dropped to 3.7 people. By the fifth census, the average family size was only 332. The number of only children in rural areas in China has increased significantly, and the family structure has shown a trend of "4 ~ 2-L" or "8—4_2-L". The old-age security model based on family pension will make future children unable to bear the burden of old-age care.

The number of farmers is decreasing. With the transformation of rural economy from tradition to modernization, the development of township enterprises and the rise of small towns, the security function of rural land is declining. First, the area of agricultural arable land has decreased. Second, the absolute income from land management has fallen sharply. According to statistics, in 2000, the per capita land income of farmers was only 1090.67 yuan, while the per capita living consumption cash expenditure in the same year was 12847.4 yuan. Unable to meet the most basic living expenses. Third, the comparative benefits of agricultural production are generally low. The long-standing "scissors difference" in the prices of industrial and agricultural products makes the comparative income of agricultural production lower, although * * * also adopts relevant preferential policies to make agriculture develop rapidly and farmers' income continue to rise. But the relative benefit is still very low. On the other hand. Compared with similar international products, it has no advantages. Fourth, the gap between urban and rural areas is widening.

In 2002, the income gap between urban and rural residents expanded to 32: 1, far higher than the world average 1.5: 1, making it the largest income gap in the world. By 2006, it had reached 328 times.

2. Older people's demand for old-age resources has increased.

1 the rapid aging of the population and the demand for old-age care ⅱ. Population aging is one of the main social problems facing the world in the 2 1 century. China is the most populous country in the world, and the rural population accounts for an absolute majority of the population. According to the data of the fifth national census, in 2000, there were 88 1, 1 000 elderly people in China. Accounting for 696% of the total population. Compared with the fourth census, the proportion of the elderly population increased by 1.39 percentage points. According to the international standards of population aging, China has entered an aging society. According to the population experts' prediction, by 2020, the proportion of elderly people over 65 in rural areas in China will be 140%- 17.796. According to the data of the fifth national census. The elderly population in cities and towns is about 3 1.8 million, and that in rural areas is about 563 1 10,000. Its absolute number is 17 times that of towns; Judging from the growth rate, the rural population is aging faster than the cities.

Second, rural social endowment insurance.

Rural social endowment insurance is the first formal social security system for farmers in Chinese history, and has made some progress since the implementation of 1992. By the end of 2034. There are 53.78 million people participating in rural old-age insurance in China, and 2.05 million farmers receive pensions throughout the year. At the end of the year, the accumulated balance of rural endowment insurance fund was 28.5 billion yuan. However, as far as the overall situation of the country is concerned, the current rural social endowment insurance system is still at a very low level, and there are still many defects and deficiencies to be overcome, mainly in the following aspects:

L, the level of protection is low. It is difficult to meet the basic needs of life. According to the calculation table of rural social endowment insurance payment issued by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, farmers can receive pensions in 2 yuan and 4 yuan every month after 10, and pensions in 47 yuan and 94 yuan every month after lS. If interest rate cuts, inflation, management fees and other factors are taken into account, farmers get less pensions, which is only a drop in the bucket for farmers to provide for the elderly. 、

2. The system has poor sustainability. Since 199 1 rural social endowment insurance system was piloted, all parts of the country, especially the richer rural areas, have shown great enthusiasm for implementing this system. However, after several years of development, some praised typical areas disintegrated in a short time. The reason is that the establishment and cancellation of the system, the collection and application of fees, and the issuance of insurance benefits are not in accordance with strict legal procedures, but in accordance with some rules and regulations formulated by local governments, which is not a standardized and sustainable contract between * * * and farmers. The payment of endowment insurance is a process that lasts for more than ten years or even decades. Farmers pay when their young income is high, and when their income is too low, they expect to spend their old age with pensions. But at present, the necessary conditions for the smooth realization of this process are not available. First of all, farmers don't have a stable income source like urban workers, and the rural economy is fragile, and farmers' income is greatly affected by climate and market conditions. Even a little income can hardly offset all kinds of heavy burdens, including price burden, and it is difficult to increase income and ensure the stability and sustainability of payment. Secondly, from the perspective of fund management, there are many cases of misappropriation and corruption of social security funds, which makes farmers worried; Third, from the perspective of * * *, the rural social endowment insurance system is not established on the legal basis and is greatly influenced by administrative factors.

3. Lack of real sociality. The "Program" stipulates that the rural social endowment insurance adheres to the principle of "individual contributions are the mainstay, collective subsidies are supplemented, and the state gives policy support", which is determined by the specific situation of rural economic development. The country's financial resources are limited, and the social security of cities is still trapped in the situation of tight funds, and it is even more unable to take care of the countryside. Therefore, raising funds can only rely on collectives and individuals. However, most rural collectives are unwilling to give subsidies or even zero subsidies to rural social endowment insurance. In fact, the financing of rural old-age care has become "all individual contributions", with too much emphasis on individual responsibility. Its essence is a kind of old-age care with obvious self-protection nature, and it simply does not have the "sociality" it deserves.

4. The management level is low, and it is difficult to maintain and increase the value of funds. According to the current policy, pension funds are mainly deposited in banks. Due to the continuous downward adjustment of bank interest rates in recent years, there is a widespread problem that pension payment and collection cannot be cashed. The Ministry of Civil Affairs promised farmers that the fund appreciation rate was 1.29%, and the payment standard was determined according to this level. Moreover, the plan does not design insurance premiums and pension benefits according to the internationally accepted calculation model of endowment insurance. Once the pension is received for life, it is difficult to adapt to the rapid changes in social and economic life under the conditions of market economy, to ensure that the actual value of the pension, the purchasing power of the elderly and the living standards remain unchanged or steadily rise, and to bear the heavy responsibility of providing for the elderly in reality and in the future.

3. Minimum living security system

The rural minimum living security system is the most basic public product to meet the needs of farmers. It is the minimum requirement to guarantee the subsistence rights of farmers and citizens, the relief mechanism to solve the rural poverty problem, the indispensable basic component of all modern national social security systems, and the last "safety net" of rural social security systems. 65438-0995, the Ministry of Civil Affairs carried out the pilot work of rural minimum living security in some areas. In 2003, 10 provinces in China have implemented or are fully implementing the rural minimum living security system. By the end of the same year, 3 1 10,000 villagers and 65,438+768,000 families had received the minimum living security. However, the level of protection is generally low.

Second, the future trend of rural old-age security model in China

First, the idea of building a rural old-age security model

To build a rural social security system model, it is necessary to combine China's national conditions, rural socio-economic characteristics and future development direction, and optimize the allocation of backup security methods. First of all, rural social security must be able to guarantee the basic needs of elderly farmers: first, to meet basic physiological needs such as food and clothing; The second is to meet the reasonable survival needs of socialization, culture and education; Third, we can share the positive results of economic development and social progress with other members of society and enjoy the treatment of citizens. Secondly, it is conducive to the harmony between urban and rural areas and the harmonious development of farmers and urban residents. Rural stability is global stability. The social force that poses the greatest threat to China's future social stability is the marginalized farmers. Adopting an appropriate social security model for the aged and actively solving the problem of farmers' present and future difficulties in providing for the aged will contribute to the harmony of urban and rural residents and even the harmonious development of society. Finally, from its basic value, the social security system reform in China should take people's livelihood, including farmers, as the most important goal of social security, and should not overemphasize its economic significance from the perspective of instrumental rationality.

Second, the overall concept of rural social old-age security system

Rural areas should implement the same social endowment insurance system as towns and establish a unified model of urban-rural integration, which is the ultimate goal of the social endowment insurance system. The general idea of constructing rural social old-age security system is as follows: based on the macro background of building a harmonious society in an all-round way, the development level of rural productive forces and the national economic strength, focusing on improving the system and standardized operation, and promoting it according to the regional differences of economy and the horizontal distribution of rural labor force, first, establishing a social old-age security system that is unified and treated differently between urban and rural areas in economically developed areas, and then establishing it in the central and western regions one after another; Vertically, diversified and hierarchical old-age security modes coexist, that is, family pension, social pension insurance and minimum living security coexist; Progressive and all-round rural social old-age security model. At present, it is the best choice for rural society in China to establish a rural social pension security system with China characteristics, which is dominated by family pension, guided by social pension insurance, supplemented by the minimum living security system and community pension.

Mode of rural old-age care mode Mode 2: Analysis of the choice of rural old-age care mode in China during the transition period Paper Keywords: comprehensive old-age care mode, rural old-age security during the transition period

Abstract: China has entered an aging society, in which 75% of the elderly live in rural areas. The realistic economic conditions determine that family pension is still the main pension mode in rural areas of China. However, under the impact of market economy, the family pension model is facing challenges, and we need to establish a new comprehensive rural pension model.

Generally speaking, in a normal life journey, you have to go through the process of being raised by your elders when you are young, raising your children to support your parents when you are an adult, and being supported by your children or relatives when you are old. Therefore, no matter what kind of society, no matter what stage of development the society is in, there will always be the problem of providing for the aged. A sense of security for the elderly is an issue involving all mankind, and no country can avoid it. In China, the seriousness of the problem is that it is estimated that there will be 23 1 10,000 elderly people in 2020, accounting for 16.0% of the total population, and it will reach 4120,000 in 2050, accounting for 26 1% of the total population, of which 75% elderly people live in rural areas. And so far, the new old-age security system is basically limited to cities, and the social old-age security in rural areas is still a neglected field. In addition, under the impact of market economy, the old family pension model in rural areas is facing various challenges. Under the condition that the country can't establish rural social old-age security for the time being, rural areas urgently need to establish a transitional old-age security model.

First, the reasons and functions of the traditional family pension model

Traditional family support for the aged refers to a series of social services provided by family members to the older generation, such as clothing, food, shelter, transportation, medical care and funeral. China is an ancient civilization with a history of 5,000 years, and the traditional family pension has its historical reasons.

Family pension has a long history in China.

China is an ancient civilization with a tradition of respecting the elderly. As early as more than two thousand years ago, there was a view of respecting the elderly, that is, "I am old and people are old." At the beginning of Shoujing, it is pointed out: "The filial piety of the husband, the classics of heaven, the righteousness of the earth, and the trip of the people." On filial piety, the Book of Rites has a higher evaluation: "A husband's filial piety, home to heaven and earth, and spread to the world, apply to future generations instead of Korean." Respecting the elderly is regarded as the biggest code of conduct between heaven and earth and has become the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation. This shows that the ancients respected filial piety. In modern society, we should see that most elderly people have contributed their youth to social progress and devoted their lives to the growth of their children. "But how much affection is there for an inch of grass to enjoy three spring scenery?" When old people return to their families, they should receive not only necessary social compensation, but also economic support, life care and spiritual comfort. It all depends on the role of the family. It is the family that not only cultivates the affection between parents and children, but also embodies the traditional virtue of respecting the old and loving the young, and reflects the degree of social civilization in China.

Second, from the perspective of social development, the family pension model is determined by the development level of rural productive forces.

Because China is implementing a dual economic structure between urban and rural areas, with a large agricultural population and slow industrial development, the state has adopted some practices of "supplementing agriculture with industry" and "promoting agriculture with industry" to develop the industrial economy as soon as possible. Such as the scissors difference in the purchase of agricultural products. A series of social welfare measures, such as farmers' education, farmers' medical care and farmers' old-age care, cannot be implemented because of poor economy. In this way, on the one hand, the rural family pension model adapts to the rural, village and family conditions in China and becomes an important social foundation for agricultural development in China; On the other hand, the rural economy is developing slowly, and it is difficult to implement a new pension model.

Third, the family pension model is beneficial to the physical and mental health of the elderly.

In the long spread of respecting the elderly culture, the happy spirit and psychological satisfaction of the elderly constitute the highest standard of their quality of life. "The Book of Rites" says that it can be raised but not respected; Respect is ok, but it is not easy to make the elderly feel comfortable and satisfied. Lutz once felt guilty for failing to support his parents well. Confucius said, "It is filial to eat tofu and drink clear water, and parents are mentally satisfied and steal quickly." Confucius once asked Xia Zi, "Is it filial to work for parents and let them eat and drink?" Then what is filial piety? In modern words, it is to let parents have higher life satisfaction and happiness. To this end, Lv Kun in the Ming Dynasty pointed out that "the best way to treat parents is to make them happy, followed by taking care of parents, and the worst thing is to take care of parents without understanding their psychological feelings." For the vast majority of the elderly now, family is their comfortable nest, safe haven, the last harbor in their lives, and the main support of the emotional world of the elderly, which is irreplaceable by any institution or individual. Home-based care for the elderly is also conducive to the mutual complementarity of intergenerational advantages in economy, spirit and life, especially spiritual complementarity; It is beneficial for the elderly to feel the youthful atmosphere from young people, broaden their horizons, restore their vitality and prolong their lives; At the same time, it is beneficial for young people to learn social experience, life experience and good morality from their elders, and to grow up and mature better. The high suicide rate of the elderly in Denmark, a "welfare country", strongly shows that the elderly have their own money and the society has enough welfare facilities, so the elderly may not be happy in their later years. Why? This is because the elderly are very lonely in that society. As emphasized in Vienna International Plan of Action on Ageing 1982: "The family, regardless of its form or organization, is regarded as the basic unit of society. Countries around the world are increasingly aware that to improve the situation of the elderly, we must first improve the family environment.

Second, the challenges faced by the traditional family pension model in rural areas during the transition period

With the progress of the times and the rapid development of social economy, China is in the transition period of human history. The arrival of this stage is accompanied by unprecedented changes in rural social economy, family structure and traditional culture, and the traditional family pension model has begun to be challenged and weakened.

With the rapid growth of the elderly population, the burden of family pension is unbearable.

At present, China's elderly population over 60 years old has exceeded 97 million, accounting for 8. Accounting for 6% of the total population. According to the internationally accepted standards, an elderly country is a country where the elderly over 60 years old account for 7% of the total population. Therefore, China has entered the country of old age, and the speed of entering the country is unmatched by other countries in the world. It is predicted that the elderly population in China will increase at an average annual rate of 3% and double every 25 years. By 2030, the elderly population in China will account for 2 1.38% of the total population. In other countries in the world, the rate of doubling the elderly population is very slow. For example, it takes 1 15 years to double the elderly population in France, 85 years in Sweden, 66 years in the United States and 45 years in Britain. Faced with such an elderly population situation, relying on family support for the elderly can only be a drop in the bucket. Coupled with the implementation of China's family planning policy, the number of rural "4 21"families will continue to increase, which means that a couple who are both only children may have four old people and one child. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the average population of each family in China is 3. From 65438 to 0999. The reduction of family size will further weaken the family's function of providing for the aged, while the "April 21" family will greatly increase the family support coefficient, and the children's financial burden and care pressure on their parents' lives will increase.

Second, the weakening of traditional family ethics.

Under the control of traditional ideas, for the long-term interests of the family, we should get married early, have children early and have more children. Xie Yuantai and others pointed out in their research that in the traditional society, the family took the succession as the top priority, and the absence of children made it impossible for the family blood relationship to continue. This interruption was regarded as the greatest unfilial to the ancestors. This kind of family concept strongly influences people's concept and behavior of bearing children, prompting people to form the custom of early marriage, early childbearing and more childbearing, and * * * affects the high population growth. However, in the increasingly developed market economy, the impact of commodities, monetary concepts and value laws on this traditional family and ethics is increasingly strong. People's preference for small families and indifference to large families have become the inevitable result of the development of things, and relying on traditional ethics to maintain family pension has become inadequate. In addition, with the development of industrialization and urbanization, the transfer of rural labor force to non-agricultural fields is inevitable. Generally speaking, the transfer of rural labor force has brought about the separation of rural elderly and their children. If this separation lasts for a long time, it will weaken the affection between parents and children and bring down the filial piety of children. At the same time, due to the outflow of young and middle-aged labor, the family economic support and life care of the rural elderly will face difficulties. Third, the quality of life of the elderly can not be guaranteed.

Traditional family support for the aged is an action based on traditional morality. Although China promulgated the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly in 1996, it is clearly stipulated that "the elderly mainly rely on the family to provide for the elderly, and family members should care and take care of them", and family members have the obligation to "support the elderly economically, take care of them in life and comfort them spiritually". However, the present situation of rural family pension is still not optimistic, and there are many cases in which the rights and interests of the elderly are violated. In cases that infringe upon the rights and interests of the elderly, the right to support is the highest. Most of the elderly who can't get family support are those who are old and sick, have no spouse and live in the countryside. In the case of laws to follow, because there are no relatively complete and operable rules and strict and effective supervision, the problem of family pension is still serious. * * * only stipulates that children have the obligation to support their parents, but it does not clearly stipulate how to support them. In fact, * * * basically gave up the active supervision of family pension. If the court's arbitration of pension disputes is regarded as passive supervision of family pension, then at present, this simple form is playing a negative role, and the quality of life of the elderly is still not guaranteed.

Third, establish a comprehensive rural pension model that combines family pension, social pension, self-pension and community pension.

The formation of the pension model is not arbitrary, but determined by the development level of productive forces, social structure and family structure. In different societies and different stages of historical development, the pension model is different. In the current transitional period, we should establish a comprehensive rural pension model that combines family pension, social pension, self-pension and community pension.

1. Family support for the aged is a fine tradition of the Chinese nation. Unlike western countries, parents have the responsibility to support their children, and children have no responsibility to support their parents' "relay" intergenerational relationship. No matter the changes of social system, family structure or lifestyle, China has always maintained a traditional family. Parents have the responsibility to raise their children, and children have the responsibility to support their parents and pass them on from generation to generation. Although there are many problems in the traditional family pension model, the value of family pension cannot be denied. Due to the underdevelopment of rural economy in China, especially in the central and western regions, and the temporary defects of the rural social pension system, the elderly in rural areas will mainly rely on the family for pension at present and in the future, so the family's pension function should be fully affirmed and brought into play. But at present, we should pay attention to the following work: 1 Strengthen the construction of spiritual civilization in rural areas, provide a good moral and cultural environment for family pension, and how children respect the elderly will directly affect the quality of pension. Handle family pension disputes in time to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the elderly. There are many daughters-in-law in the countryside now. In the relationship between the old man and his daughter-in-law, the daughter-in-law takes the initiative, and the law does not clearly stipulate their support obligations, which often leads to pension disputes. Rural grassroots organizations should deal with it in time through persuasion and education, and remind the elderly to pay attention to cooperation with their children.

2. Social pension Social pension is the use of all social forces, mainly through social services. It is an important part of the social security system and an important pillar for the elderly to live independently. At present, China's social endowment insurance mainly stays in the stage of commercial endowment insurance. The function of commercial endowment insurance mainly depends on the resource allocation of market economy, but the main body of market economy is to pursue the maximization of its own economic interests, which conflicts with the institutional arrangement of social security system focusing on the pursuit of social interests. Therefore, the role of relying on market economy to solve problems is limited. Even in western developed countries, despite the emergence of some private social pension, the social pension security provided by the state is still in a dominant position, and the private pension security projects are managed by * * *, and the implementation details of the pension security projects are almost clearly stipulated by law, regardless of the source of funds, application direction, security standards, income and expenditure plans, etc. Therefore, while allowing private individuals, enterprises and social organizations to invest in pension insurance, we should constantly improve the relevant legal system. Strengthening the supervision of old-age insurance projects can also actively guide various social forces to invest in public welfare social old-age insurance and vigorously develop old-age welfare and charity.

3. Self-support for the aged Under the condition of socialist market economy, the function of family pension security is weakening, which requires farmers to cultivate and strengthen their awareness of self-support. Generally speaking, most of the economic resources in the family are the wealth accumulated by the elderly all their lives. The elderly should not blindly transfer them to the next generation for free, but should strengthen control over economic resources and use this control to provide self-support for the elderly. At the same time, the development of rural economy has also promoted the improvement of the income and quality of life of the elderly in rural areas in China, laying a certain foundation for them to realize their own old-age security. According to 1986, the population research institutes of five universities, including Peking University, Fudan University, Wuhan University, Jilin University and Liaoning University, conducted a sample survey of the elderly population in Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei, Jilin and Liaoning provinces in three provinces and two cities. A survey of the elderly in three provinces and two cities shows that the proportion of rural elderly people who rely on existing labor income for old-age care is as high as 30. 06%, the labor income of young and old people in three provinces and two cities reached 20%. Therefore, young people who have the ability should be encouraged to engage in planting, breeding, courtyard economy, breeding, service industry, handicraft industry, stall business and so on. This can increase your pension income. In addition, the state should protect and encourage self-retirement savings. For example, everyone has a "special account for preferential retirement savings", and the interest will go with the market, but no interest tax will be levied. In the case of inflation, the loss of interest will be doubled. You can set a minimum and maximum limit for this deposit, and stipulate that it can only be used in old age, which can reduce the burden of social and family pension.

4. The community for the aged is the basic unit of rural society. According to the rural situation in China, we can regard an administrative village as a community. When considering farmers' pension, we should pay full attention to and give full play to the role of the community. The role of community in providing for the aged should be mainly reflected in three aspects: first, it is very important to provide financial support for the elderly farmers, but limited by the development of collective economy, it should be based on a strong collective economy. Therefore, every administrative village in rural areas should be market-oriented and develop village-run enterprises and collective economy based on community resources, not just natural resources. The second is the life service guarantee for farmers' pension, which mainly solves the medical service and life care. At present, community medical insurance and cooperative medical system should be gradually established to provide the most basic medical services for the elderly and share the worries for families. At the same time, use rural human resources to gradually establish life cooking services. Thirdly, the community control mechanism is used to guide and supervise the family pension, so that the family pension can be implemented.