While strengthening students' basic theory and comprehensive quality education, talents in this field should strengthen the application of computer and automatic control technology, strengthen professional practice teaching, pay attention to all-round training, and comprehensively improve their practical ability and scientific research potential.
The major of energy and power in China was formed in 1950s. Taking Jiaotong University as an example, when the departments were adjusted in 1952, the power group set up in the mechanical department at that time set up the power mechanical department separately. Due to the influence of the education system of the Soviet Union at that time, in the development of this subject, the specialty was once more detailed. In the early 1950s, there were only majors such as boilers, gas turbines and internal combustion engines. Later, there were refrigeration specialty and fan specialty, and the refrigeration specialty was subdivided into compressor, refrigeration and low temperature specialty. In the late 1950s, the major of nuclear energy was established, and in the 1960s and 1970s, some schools opened the major of engineering thermophysics. Such energy and power disciplines include boilers, steam turbines, thermal energy of power plants, fans, compressors, refrigeration, low temperature, internal combustion engines, engineering thermophysics, hydraulic machinery, nuclear energy engineering and so on. 1 1, forming an obvious basic pattern of teaching students according to their aptitude.
The major of water conservancy and hydropower power engineering included in the major of thermal energy and power engineering was formerly the major of hydropower station. This major was formed in the 1950s. After the founding of New China, with the development of national flood control and economic construction, the state has established some specialized water conservancy institutions, such as East China Institute of Water Conservancy, Wuhan Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, and North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydropower. From 65438 to 0958, the specialty of hydropower station was set up in these colleges and the Department of Water Conservancy of Xi Jiaotong University (the predecessor of Hydropower College of Xi University of Technology) to meet the urgent demand of the country for hydropower construction talents. 1977 after the resumption of the college entrance examination, the major was renamed as Power Equipment Major of Hydropower Station. 1984 this major was renamed as water conservancy and hydropower engineering, covering raw water power engineering, hydropower plant, power equipment of hydropower station, hydropower generation and its automation, electromechanical irrigation and drainage engineering, hydropower generation and water lifting engineering, etc. Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chengdu University of Science and Technology and other universities have opened this major. 1998 According to the newly promulgated professional catalogue of the Ministry of Education, the major of water conservancy, hydropower and power engineering was merged into the major of thermal energy and power engineering. The newly-added majors of thermal energy and power engineering include nine majors, including primary heat engine, fluid machinery and fluid engineering, thermal energy engineering, refrigeration and low temperature technology, energy engineering, engineering thermophysics, water conservancy and hydropower, engineering refrigeration and refrigeration engineering.
Objectively speaking, this major division was in line with the planned economic system and the actual situation of industrial development in China at that time. The professional scope is too narrow, but it has trained students with strong professional work ability. Therefore, it played a positive role in the economic development and industrial system reconstruction of China at that time. However, with the development of social economy in the direction of modernization, the progress of high technology, especially after China's reform and opening up, a large number of foreign advanced science and technology and management systems have been introduced, and the cross-integration of disciplines has continuously produced new economic growth points. At that time, the actual engineering specialty setting was too narrow and narrow, which could not meet the needs of the new situation and development on the whole, and the specialty adjustment was necessary. Therefore, in the adjustment of the professional catalogue conducted by the former State Education Commission 1993, the original 10 major of energy and power discipline was compressed into four majors: thermal energy engineering, heat engine, refrigeration and cryogenic engineering, fluid machinery and fluid engineering, nuclear engineering and nuclear technology. 1998 The Ministry of Education issued a new professional catalogue, which further merged the above four majors into thermal energy and power engineering, and nuclear engineering and nuclear technology were established separately. In the catalogue of guiding specialties, it is suggested that thermal energy engineering and nuclear energy engineering should be merged. However, at that time, most schools in China still adopted the scheme that thermal energy engineering and nuclear energy engineering were set up separately. Therefore, in the new round of teaching guidance committee established by the Ministry of Education in 2000, there are three committees under the teaching guidance committee of energy and power discipline: thermal engineering, nuclear engineering and nuclear technology, and teaching guidance sub-committee of thermal basic course.
Energy and electric power industry is an important foundation and pillar industry of China's national economy and national defense construction, and it is also a comprehensive industry involving many fields and high technology, which has been playing an extremely important role in national economic construction and social development. In recent years, with the in-depth development of various reforms in China, including the gradual establishment of a market economy, the transformation of the mechanism of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, the challenges faced by China after its accession to the WTO, and the technical development in the field of energy and electricity, considering the situation and tasks faced by China's nuclear science and technology industry in the 11th Five-Year Plan and 2020, the training of energy and electricity professionals in China is facing severe challenges.
Energy power and environment are the most important social problems facing all countries in the world at present, and China's energy industry is facing great pressure of economic growth, environmental protection and social development. China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world. Coal accounts for 76% of commercial energy consumption and has become the main source of air pollution in China. The proven remaining reserves of conventional energy sources (coal, oil, natural gas, etc.). ) and the available years are very limited. Statistics in 2000 show that China's remaining recoverable reserves of fossil energy are 92 years of coal and 20.5 years of oil, which is only half of the world's reserve-production ratio. Natural gas has a history of 63 years, and high-quality energy is very scarce. China has become the second largest oil importer in the world, and its dependence on the international oil market is increasing year by year. Energy security is facing challenges and there is a very dangerous potential crisis, which is more severe than the overall energy situation in the world. At present, the international energy competition is becoming more and more fierce. A series of international issues, from the Iraq war and post-war reconstruction to the struggle between China and Japan for the direction of Russian oil pipelines, are concrete reflections of the conflicts and struggles of energy strategic interests between countries. Therefore, it is more urgent and important to develop and utilize renewable energy and realize the sustainable development of energy industry. We should be soberly aware that China's energy resources are limited, and the degree and efficiency of energy development and utilization are very low. In the fields of clean energy development, comprehensive and efficient utilization of energy and environmental protection, there is a big gap between China and developed countries: China (excluding Taiwan Province Province) has a theoretical reserve of hydropower resources of 676 million KW, with an exploitable capacity of 378 million KW, corresponding to an annual power generation of 65.438+0.92 billion KWh, and they are in the same position. By the end of 2003, the installed capacity of hydropower reached 910.39 million kilowatts, and the annual electricity consumption was 27 1 100 million kwh. The growth rate of electricity consumption is only 14%, and the growth rate of installed capacity is only 24.2%, which is far behind developed countries such as the United States, Canada and Western Europe, and also behind developing countries such as Brazil, Egypt and India. The energy consumption of energy-intensive products is about 40% higher than the average level of developed countries, and the energy consumption per unit output value is 2.3 times that of the world average. At the same time, the implementation of sustainable development strategy puts forward higher requirements for energy development. For a long time, the extensive growth mode has made the contradiction between energy development, environmental protection and resources increasingly acute. In the future energy development, how to make full use of clean energy such as natural gas, hydropower and nuclear power, accelerate the development of new energy and renewable energy, popularize and apply clean coal technology, gradually reduce the proportion of coal used in terminal consumption, and realize the sustainable development of energy, economy and environment will be an important choice for the tenth five-year plan and medium-and long-term energy development. In particular, China's nuclear science and technology industry is a national strategic industry. A perfect industrial system of nuclear science and technology is the basic condition for establishing a country's status as a nuclear power. It is an important part of national strategic deterrent force and national defense science and technology industry, an important guarantee and diplomatic interest of national politics and national defense security, and an important industry of national economy. The nuclear military industry, nuclear energy, nuclear fuel and nuclear application technology industries are the main components of China's nuclear science and technology industry. Accordingly, how to cultivate talents of energy, power and nuclear related majors that meet the social needs of the above-mentioned 265,438+0 century is an important problem that every college related major and every worker engaged in energy and power professional education needs to solve.
The utilization of conventional fossil energy is one of the main contents in the teaching of energy and power, which is closely related to environmental problems. At present, fossil energy such as coal, oil and natural gas still dominate the whole energy composition, and it is estimated that this situation will not change in the next few decades. These conventional fossil energy sources are mainly directly applied to thermal power generation, which will bring a series of serious environmental problems, such as air pollution such as sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, solid waste, water pollution and thermal pollution. The latest report shows that the annual coal consumption of thermal power generation in China exceeds 800 million tons, and the smoke emission from power plants is about 3.5 million tons, accounting for 35% of the national smoke emission. Among them, the emission of fine particles (less than 10 micron) exceeds 2.5 million tons, which is the main factor affecting the atmospheric quality and visibility in big cities and seriously endangering human health. Therefore, we must properly handle and control these environmental problems in the process of energy and electric power production, realize environmental friendliness, and ensure human survival and sustainable social and economic development. Environmental problems have become an important part of energy and power technology research, and must also be reflected in the teaching of professional courses. It is also for this reason that Zhejiang University renamed the original major of thermal energy and power engineering as the major of energy and environmental systems engineering. Although nuclear power generation does not have the above problems of thermal power generation, it has its own unique problems, such as radiation protection and health care, disposal and treatment of nuclear waste, which are related to environmental protection. Due to the great pressure of the environment on the development and utilization of energy, hydropower, as a conventional energy source, has been paid more and more attention because of its clean and renewable characteristics, and occupies a very important position in China's energy development strategy.