The classification of bronzes is mainly to clearly distinguish the nature and function of bronzes, which is conducive to the study of their respective shapes.

The specific classification is as follows: food containers, wine containers, water containers, musical instruments, weapons, chariots and horses, farm tools and tools, currency, seals Jeff, weights and measures, bronze mirrors, etc. The following details the names, uses and modeling features of various vessels:

First, the food container. Comprises a cooker, a food container and a food fetching device. There are mainly Ding, Wei, Zhu, Xiao, Zhong, Shan, Dun, Dou and Bi.

(1) Ding: an ancient cooker, used in cook the meat or for holding fish. Most of them are round, with three feet and two ears; There are four-legged Fang Ding and round and square tripod. The main body of a circular tripod is usually in the shape of a basin or a pot. The main body of a square tripod is usually barrel-shaped. The earliest bronze tripod was made by imitating pottery.

Ding is the main utensil in bronze ritual vessels. In ancient society, it was regarded as a symbol of the rank and power of the ruling class. According to the Book of Rites, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the emperor used Jiuding and the first tripod filled with cows, which was called Tai Prison. Followed by sheep, tapirs, fish, wax, intestines and stomach. Governors generally use seven ding; Doctor Qing uses five ding; Scholars use three ding, but also one ding, which is actually a jackal.

(2) Wei: The porridge pot was widely used in the Neolithic Age. Erya &; #8226; The release of the equipment means that the money is enough to be called a tripod. Hanshu &; #8226; "Sacrificing the suburbs" refers to the empty tripod. It can be seen that the pot is shaped like a tripod, but it is empty and boiling water is easy to heat. The prototype of bronze is modeled after Tao Ge. There is also a square, which is divided into two parts. There is a door that can be opened and closed at the lower part, and charcoal can be put in the door.

(3) hey; The rice steamer consists of upper and lower parts. The upper part is used to hold rice and the lower part is used to boil water. The grate in the middle is steamed in a steamer. Its shape is round and square; There is a combination of upper and lower, and there is a division of upper and lower. After the Han and Jin dynasties, there was no foot. This kind of foot without foot is called kettle. Zhuan is a necessary utensil in most bronze ritual tombs, together with ding, GUI, beans, pots, plates,

Compose a set of funerary objects, which are mainly unearthed in western tombs at weekends and in the early Spring and Autumn Period.

(4) Reed: it is a vessel for holding cooked millet, millet, rice, sorghum and other meals. The words in the bronze inscriptions are generally written as "?" It is written as "Gui" in ancient books. Its use is equivalent to the current big bowl of rice. Most of them are round abdomen, full mouth and feet, with or without ears, two ears, three ears or even four ears.

In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the reed was an important ritual vessel. Especially in the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was used together with even-numbered combination and odd-numbered tripod in sacrifice and banquet, just like tripod system. According to the literature, the Emperor of Heaven used Jiuding and Eight Guis, the vassal used seven Ding and six Guis, the doctor used five Ding and four Guis, and the scholar used three Ding and two Guis. Archaeological findings also prove that the number of reeds appears in even numbers.

(5) Hairpins: utensils for holding millet, millet, rice, sorghum and other meals during sacrifices and banquets. Zhou Li&; #8226; "Scheeren" and "the place of sacrifice * * *". Zheng Xuan's note: "The square is called bamboo, the round is called bamboo, and millet, millet, rice and beam are flourishing." The hairpin seen in the real thing is rectangular, with a lid, the same size as the container. When closed, it is the same as two containers. This feature is also called Queli or Quejia in the study of ancient artifacts. The container and the lid each have four short feet. Zan is called "Hu" or "Hu" in ancient books, also known as "Kuang".

(6) Cup: It is a vessel for holding millet, millet, rice and sorghum. Shaped like a reed, it is oval, with a closed mouth and a bulging abdomen. There are animal ears or appendages on both sides, round feet or four feet under it, and the cover is rectangular four-legged or round feet, which can be lifted. The lid can also be put upside down. Cup appeared in the second half of the middle period of Western Zhou Dynasty, mainly popular in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and basically disappeared in the early Spring and Autumn Period. Usually even.

(7) hoarding: vessels for holding millet, millet, rice and sorghum are developed in combination with the shapes of ding and Lu. Its basic shape is round belly, double ears, three short feet and a cover. Some are "up and down in circles", commonly known as "spherical" or "watermelon-shaped". The characteristics of the lid and the container are completely the same, and a container can be divided into two when in use, thus improving the use value of the container. The ancients also called a kind of discontented evasion a waste evasion. Dun came into being in the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, prevailed from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the late Warring States Period, and disappeared after Qin Dynasty.

(8) Beans: containers specially prepared for seasoning pickles and meat sauces. Judging from Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen, beans may be the first container of millet. The basic shape of beans is a plate on the top, a long handle on the bottom, a round foot and a cover. The long grip is called "pie" and the lower grip is called "stirrup". Bronze beans appeared in the late Shang Dynasty and prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

(9) Bi: an ancient tool for scooping food. According to ancient literature, the ritual &; #8226; Zheng Zhuyun: "Don't be a victim because of the dagger". It can be seen that the purpose of the dagger is to eat and take meat. Archaeological discoveries are often accompanied by Ding, Wei and other artifacts, such as Wei unearthed from Cai Hou's tomb in Shou County, Anhui Province. The body is generally oval, with a handle at the back, which is convenient to take and use, and some have a tip at the front. The handle is often engraved with exquisite patterns, which is called "sparse dagger".

Wine vessel. Drinking vessels, wine containers and wine extraction vessels are collectively called wine vessels. Including knighthood, horn, instrument, instrument, instrument, respect, instrument, instrument, square, instrument, pot, spoon and so on.

(1) Jue: the earliest ritual vessel. The inscription proves that Jue is a kind of banquet apparatus. Its shape is round, flat bottom or convex bottom, with a flow in front, that is, a pouring trough, and a pointed tail at the back to balance the weight of the flow and balance the whole device. On one side of Jue, there are three high-pointed feet below, and there is a column between the stream and the cup mouth, which is the same feature of Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty.

(2) Angle: drinking fountain. Book of Rites &; #8226; Ritual vessel: "Sacrifice in the ancestral temple, the honorable person raises the bow, and the humble person raises the horn." Zheng Xuan's Note: "Four liters to a dime". Combine with other wine vessels. The horn is shaped like a knight, but it doesn't have two columns, and both ends are tails.

(3) Hmm: wine warmer. Wang Guowei quoted Luo Zhenyu's theory in Yi Shuo, and thought that the dispersion of wine vessels in ancient books was a mistake in Yi. The shape of the coffin is similar to that of Jue and Jiao, but the main difference with Jue and Jiao is that there is no flow and no tail, only two rows along the mouth. The abdomen is round and flat.

(4) Pocket: drinking utensils. Many of them have been handed down from ancient times, and they often go out with Jue * * * during archaeological excavations. Shaped like a trumpet, it is generally a slender body with a big mouth and a full circle. The long body is often decorated with raised ribs, which is related to the tenon of the model when casting.

(5) drinking fountains. There are two kinds of bronzes, one is flat, the other is round, shaped like a small bottle, with a small and round mouth. These two kinds of artifacts were found in the late Shang Dynasty and the early Western Zhou Dynasty, while the latter was still in use in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

(6) Bottle: A tall, large or medium-sized wine container. In the bronze inscription, the ritual vessel is called Zunyi, and the hands are unitary, so it is easy for the hands to donate blood like chickens, that is, to toast the chickens. Zunyi is the name of sacrificial vessels, which refers to a group of sacrificial vessels, rather than the proper names of some sacrificial vessels. All kinds of wine vessels and food vessels are generally called Zunyi in bronze inscriptions. The most common forms of respect are round, full of mouth, full of feet and square mouth. In addition, among the objects like Zun, there are some objects with bird and beast shapes, that is, the so-called bird and beast images, which should be a special form of Zun, collectively referred to as bird and beast images. They are all containers for wine.

(7): wine container. The device is shaped like a moo, an oval abdomen or a square abdomen, a round foot or four feet, a flower, a handle and a cover. The cover is made into an angular animal head shape or an elephant head shape with a long nose rolled up. Hu appeared in the late Yin Ruins and remained in use until the early Western Zhou Dynasty.

(8) 30: Wine container. This is a special ritual vessel for holding wine. It is shaped like a pot, but it has a hanging beam, so it is commonly called hanging beam. There are many shapes of belly, such as round, oval and square, and some are made into barrel and owl.

Tigers eat people, etc.

(9) Cup: wine container or wine mixing device. There are many shapes of cups, such as deep belly, round mouth, lid, forward flow, back handle and three or four feet. There are also special-shaped bowls and bowls with beams. Bronze cups appeared in the early Shang Dynasty and prevailed from the late Shang Dynasty to the Western Zhou Dynasty.

(10) Party 1: wine container. Yi, the general term for ritual vessels in ancient bronzes. Erya &; #8226; Interpretation: "Yi, Yi, Ji and Qi are also." Guo Pu's note: "Everyone is full of wine, and its general name is Yi." In ancient books and inscriptions, Fang Yi was not named as a ritual vessel, but the Song people named it Fang. It is characterized by a tall square body with a cover that looks like a roof. The abdomen is straight and curved, and part of it comes out from two ears next to the abdomen. The lid has four or eight ridges corresponding to the abdomen. There were similar square pottery in the early Shang Dynasty, but the discovered bronze square clothes appeared in the late Shang Dynasty.

(1 1): wine container. Shuowen said, "I propose a toast." It can also hold water. There are two kinds of square and round, square, shoulder width, shoulder and back ears, covered; Bow, big belly, round feet, two ears. These two kinds of tapirs usually have a nose for threading at the lower part of one side. Pot shape was found in the late Shang Dynasty and was popular in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.

(12) pot: a container for holding wine. Zhou Li&; #8226; Qiu Guan Zhang Ke: "Forty pots." Zheng Xuan's Note: "Pots, wine vessels are also." Poetry and # 8226; Daya & # 8226; Han Yi: "Hundred pots of sake." The inscription pot is like a container with a lid, with laces on both sides and a huge abdomen, so the pot can be regarded as the general name of a long-necked container. There are many kinds of ancient wine, so the shape of hip flask is also different. Bronze pots have been used from Shang Dynasty to Han Dynasty or later in history. There are many kinds of pots, including round, square, flat and flowing round pots.

Most water containers are used for washing, so they are also called washing containers, which can be roughly divided into four types: water containers, water injectors, water containers and water scoopers, including plates, cards, basins, mirrors, fou and bu.

(1) board: water receiver. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it was used for banquets. Before and after the banquet, there should be a ceremony to wash the Book of Rites &; #8226; "The" Internal Rules "stipulates:" When you enter the bathroom, the few will serve the dishes, and the elderly will bring the water and invite you to wash.

Wash pawns and send towels. "In addition, this plate can also be used to hold ice. It gradually became popular in the late Shang Dynasty. After the Warring States period, the ritual of washing was gradually abolished and replaced by washing dishes.

(2) Moo: water injection device for washing hands. It appeared in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and was popular in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period.

(3) Jane: "Shuowen": "Jane, a big basin." Used to hold water and take a bath. When bronze mirrors were out of fashion,

The ancients also used swords to shine on their faces.

Fourth, musical instruments. Including cymbals, bells, holmium, drums, etc.

(1) osmium:

One of the earliest bronze percussion instruments used in China was popular in the late Shang Dynasty and began to be used in the early Zhou Dynasty. Osmium is bell-shaped, large, short and wide.

The mouth is concave and curved. Zhou Li&; #8226; Local officials "stop drums with gold cymbals." That is, when withdrawing troops, it is used to indicate to stop beating drums. It is also used for sacrifices and banquets.

(2) Bell: a bronze percussion instrument used for sacrifice or banquet. The form of the clock evolved from osmium.

(3) Pheasant: an instrument used in ancient marching. Shaped like a cymbal, it is taller and thicker than a cymbal, commonly known as a big cymbal.

Fifth, weapons. Including ge, spear, halberd and arrow.

(1) Ge: The most common weapon in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In ancient times, it was called Goubing. Press the head, press the coffin, press the hat, press the end? ? Composition. Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty

Most hats are made of wood.

(2) spear: a weapon used for sprint.

(3) halberd: the combination of ge and spear. It has the function of hook and thorn.

(4) Arrow: a long-range weapon.

Sixth, miscellaneous equipment. Including household appliances, horses and chariots, currency, seals, etc.

(1) Mirror: An ancient instrument, with opposite faces, generally round, smooth front and buttons on the back.

Qijia culture:

Yin ruins: plain back, small mirror in spring and autumn: small quantity.

Mid-Warring States Period: During the prevailing period, the number increased greatly, and the production was exquisite and beautiful. The back patterns were mostly geometric and animal patterns, and there were no inscriptions.

Han: From the Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, bronze mirrors gradually became thicker and more auspicious characters were cast on the back. When Wang Mang appeared, a bronze mirror engraved with the inscription of the age appeared. "Transparent Mirror" in the Western Han Dynasty

Sui and Tang Dynasties: The Re-prosperity Period of Bronze Mirrors. There are many kinds, such as sunflower mirror, diamond mirror, character story mirror, hunting riding mirror, marine animal grape mirror and so on.

Song dynasty: after the diamond mirror elements were still popular, mirror casting technology gradually declined.

(2) Hook: the hook at one end of the belt, called Shibitou in Xianbei in ancient times, was first used by people in the northern grasslands, and was introduced to the Central Plains during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and has been used until the Han Dynasty. The basic shape is that the lower end is nailed to one end of the belt, and the upper end is bent into a hook to hook the other end of the belt, with a hook in the middle, and the side view is S-shaped.

(3) Incense burner: incense utensils in the Han and Jin Dynasties, also known as Boshan burner.

(4) Currency: The copper coins in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period mainly include cloth coins, knife coins, shell coins and money.

Cloth coins-imitating the shape of bronze agricultural tools shovel, the original empty cloth appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and was cast in large quantities in the Spring and Autumn Period, with the same style as bronze shovel. During the Warring States period, the cloth coins were reformed and the parts were leveled into a whole.

Knife coins-imitation knives, qi broadsword, swallow knife

Beibi, commonly known as "face money" or "ant nose money", was popular in Chu State during the Warring States Period.

Hey, money-like a round jade.

(5) Signs and seals

Operator-a document that conveys orders or dispatches soldiers. An operator is divided into two halves and stored separately. When in use, the two halves are combined, which means that the command is verified and credible.

It is also called the symbol of the tiger because it looks like a crouching tiger. It prevailed in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties.

Seal-a document for official and private communication and mutual exchange.