On the problems of language rhetoric;

1 description class

Question: Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why? Or: Can a sentence in the article be described as another sentence? Why?

Answer: No, because this word is vivid and specific (vivid and accurate), it will become+bad effect after being changed. Or: no, because this word has stronger feelings than another word (or this word is more suitable for the personality characteristics of the object than another word).

2 structural class

Question: Can the order of two or three words be reversed? Why?

Answer: No, because (1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from the superficial to the deep, from the surface to the inside, from the phenomenon to the essence) (2) words correspond to the above one-to-one; (3) these words are progressive, interlocking and expressive. ...

3 Rhetoric category

Q: What rhetorical method is used in this sentence? What are the advantages of writing like this in expression?

Answer mode: confirming rhetorical devices+the function of rhetoric itself+combining sentence context.

1. Metaphor personification: vividly wrote+object+feature.

2. parallelism: imposing manner, strengthening tone, and doing it in one go; Spread out layer by layer, gradually expand and strengthen the theme; Emphasis+object+feature.

3. Contrast: emphasize … stand out …

4. Ask questions: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics.

5. rhetorical questions: emphasis, emphasis, etc. ;

6. Repetition: Emphasis+Emphasis

Second, the question about the layout:

Question: What is the function of a sentence (paragraph) in the text?

Answer mode:

1. Preface: opening point; Take care of the problem; The full text of the general manager; Render the atmosphere and pave the way; Set suspense as the auxiliary bedding behind.

2. Text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above; Echoing the previous article.

3. At the end of the article: point out the center; Sublimate feelings and deepen the theme; Take care of the beginning and have a rigorous structure; Make the finishing point; The lines are full of meaning.

Third, the question about expression:

1 art class

Question: What are the benefits, effects and functions of writing this article?

Answer mode: method+content+effect (or function)

Two-person class

Question: What are the advantages of using this person to write? Or: Why change this person?

Answer mode: first person: cordial, natural and true, suitable for psychological description; The second person said: it is convenient for emotional communication, lyrical and anthropomorphic; The third person: it is objective and calm, not limited by time and space, and easy to describe and discuss.

Four, about the main points of inductive content:

Question: Please summarize the main points of a paragraph (or full text).

Answer mode: there are three steps: the first step is to divide the level of this paragraph, the second step is to extract keywords, and the third step is to integrate answers.

5. Questions about appreciating people:

Question: Please briefly analyze the image of the hero in the article.

Answer method: Answer according to the total score (total score). First, make a qualitative analysis of the whole character in one sentence, and then make a quantitative analysis from several aspects; You can also make quantitative analysis from several aspects first, and then make a qualitative summary in one sentence.

Expression skills, terminology analysis and inductive guidance in modern Chinese reading.

First, the narrator

1. First person: The narrative is cordial and natural, and it can freely express thoughts and feelings, giving readers a real and vivid feeling.

2. The second person said: enhance the lyricism and intimacy of the article and facilitate emotional communication.

3. The third person: can directly and objectively show colorful life, not limited by time and space, and reflect reality more flexibly and freely.

Second, the narrative mode

1. Sequential narration: it can be described clearly in a certain order (time or space).

2. Flashback: causing suspense and fascinating.

3. Interpolation: Make necessary preparations and supplementary explanations for the main plot or central event to make the plot more complete, the structure more rigorous and the content more substantial.

4. Supplementary narration: Supplementary explanation of the above contents and explanation of the following parts.

5. Plain description: commonly known as "two flowers bloom, one for each table", (referring to describing two or more things that happen at the same time) makes the clues clear and handled properly.

Third, describe

Generally speaking, description has the following functions: ① Reproduce natural scenery. ② Describe the appearance and inner world of the characters. ③ Explain the natural and social environment of the characters' activities.

1. Portrait, action description and psychological description: better show the inner world and personality characteristics of the characters.

2. Description of scenery: Describe the natural scenery in detail, create an atmosphere, and set off the emotions and thoughts of the characters.

3. Description of environment and scene: Explain the background of the characters' activities, specify the time and place of the event, and render the atmosphere to better represent the characters.

4. Characters' dialogue description, psychological description and detail description: portray characters' personalities, reflect their psychological activities and promote the development of stories. It can also describe the voice of the characters and receive special effects.

5. Positive description and profile description: the positive directly shows people and things; Highlight people and things from the side.

Fourth, rhetoric.

1. Metaphor: turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete.

2. Metaphor: giving things an emotional form (personification), vivid description and rich expression.

Metonymy: replace complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, and everything with strangeness.

4. Exaggeration: contrast the atmosphere, enhance the appeal and enhance the association; Create an atmosphere, reveal the essence and inspire people.

5. Duality: easy to recite, easy to remember, so that words have a sense of music; Concise ideographic and lyrical.

6. Parallelism: the rhythm is distinct, the content is concentrated, and the momentum is enhanced; The narrative is thorough and detailed; Good at lyric.

7. Repetition: the lyrical writing of the scenery is strong; Connecting the preceding with the following, distinguishing levels; It has been emphasized many times, which is impressive.

8. Contrast: Make the characteristics of things expressed or the rational viewpoints expounded more distinct and prominent.

9. Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, ask questions, and arouse readers' thinking.

10. rhetorical question: emphasize tone, strong tone and strengthen emotion.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) structural arrangement

Skills of layout planning: cut to the chase, echo from beginning to end, show ambition, pave the way, deepen layer by layer, spread too much, set clues; Compact structure and complete symmetry; Lift the ground and take care of it; Set suspense, create waves, connect and merge, and have twists and turns. Whether the relationship between materials and the center is properly handled and whether the primary and secondary details are appropriate; Whether the materials are typical, authentic, novel and powerful.

Narrative texts are often arranged according to the passage of time, the transformation of space, the change of scenes and the logical order of thinking. The clues of prose conception generally include: taking emotion as the clue; Take reason as a clue; Take things as clues; Take spatial location as a clue.

Clarify the function of sentences in different positions in the text from the structure;

1, the first sentence-lead out the full text, outline and lead out the following to pave the way for the following;

2, the last sentence-summary of the full text, deepen the theme, take into account the above, echo before and after, meaning endless, memorable.

3, into a sentence-connecting the preceding with the following, transition, undertaking the above, leading to the following;

4. Central sentence-point out the center and reveal the main idea;

5, the finishing touch-point out the center of the full text and lead the full text; The sentence is profound, thought-provoking and enlightening after reading.

6, emotional sentences-express strong inner feelings, express your chest directly;

7. Contradictory sentence-it is self-contradictory literally, but the author has profound meaning. Reveal profound connotations and express profound opinions.

Sixth, the expression began to analyze the meaning of the sentence:

1, the discussion in narrative often plays the role of finishing touch, revealing the purpose and significance of narrative;

2. Narratives in argumentative essays often play the role of illustrations;

3. The description and writing style in the explanatory text have played a role in making the works more vivid.

4. The writing method of alternating narration and discussion makes the explanation and discussion of the article relaxed and lively, and it is both interesting and enlightening to read. The narrative in the article serves the discussion, which is based on narrative and provides factual basis for the discussion, making the argument well-founded and convincing.

Seven. language

1, whether the language is accurate, concise, vivid and vivid;

2. What is the unique language style (humorous, spicy, plain, natural, concise and lively, subtle and deep, etc.)? );

3. What unique rhetorical devices are used (metaphor, personification, parallelism, exaggeration, synaesthesia, etc.). ).

Eight, expression techniques

1 Symbol expresses an abstract concept, thought or emotion with the help of concrete things, which is characterized by using some characteristics (content) between symbol and symbolized object to obtain implicit and vivid expression, thus enhancing the expressive force of the article. The symbol means "something to lean on", that is, "to borrow one thing from another", and the theme is implicit but not revealing, hidden but not gloomy.

2, foil, refers to not directly describe the main characters or things, but to describe their background, related characters or things, so that its image is prominent, this writing method not only makes the main image more vivid in contrast, but also makes the article tortuous and implicit, unique.

3, first suppress and then promote, arouse curiosity, emotional bedding, arouse curiosity.

4. By expressing his will through supporting things, the author skillfully entrusts his personal feelings and ideas in the process of describing things, and integrates his feelings into things to express his inner feelings, which is implicit, philosophical and suggestive, so that readers can enjoy a unique aesthetic feeling in appreciation.

5, lyrical scenery, through the description of the scenery, to contrast the author's feelings of joy or sadness.

6. The combination of reality and fiction can grasp the key points and highlight the essential characteristics of things, thus depicting people more vividly, highlighting the characteristics of things and scenery and revealing the theme more deeply. Compact structure, concentrated pen and ink.

7. Dynamic and static contrast, dynamic and static contrast, vivid contrast, complement each other.

8. See the big from the small, embody major themes from ordinary and subtle things, highlight the performance center and be more powerful.

9, rendering contrast, rendering, refers to the author through the appearance, behavior, psychology, language or events, environment, scenery, etc. , pay attention to description, highlight the essential characteristics of people or things, in order to deepen the theme of a means of expression. Setting off means not directly describing the main characters or things, but describing their backgrounds and related people or things to make their images stand out. This kind of writing not only makes the subject image more vivid in contrast, but also makes the article tortuous and subtle and unique. By comparison, we can find the difference between them: rendering lies in the intentional description of something; A foil is a description of other things related to it, which plays a role in setting off this thing. There is also an intersection between the two, that is, the author sometimes uses rendering to play a comparative role; Other things used as foil can also be described by rendering.

10, associative imagination, the so-called association, is the psychological process of thinking of another thing from one thing, and the so-called imagination is the process of creating a new image on the basis of the original perceptual image. Associative imagination is often used together, which can enrich the content of the article, enrich the image and increase the artistic expression of the article.

Nine, demonstration method

1, metaphorical argument, its function is to put abstract truth in concrete images, making it easy to understand and be accepted by people.

2. Analogy argument, comparing two similar things by telling stories and analogy, thus naturally drawing a new conclusion. It is a combination of shallow and deep, near and far, vivid and convincing.

3. Demonstrate with examples and prove the argument with hard and typical facts. Facts speak louder than words and are very convincing.

4. Comparative argumentation, comparing with positive and negative examples or reasons, and proving the argument in comparison, the contrast is clear, the right and wrong are clear, and it is impressive.

5, citing arguments, authoritative and powerful.

6, extended argument, through the careful analysis of the reasons or results, layer by layer analysis, thus proving the correctness and rationality of the argument, wonderful and profound.

X. skills of answering questions

1, the examination of expression ability in the college entrance examination is mostly subjective, and it is necessary to organize accurate written expression. Expression can be divided into three stages: skill, content and effect. That is, what skills are used, what content is expressed and what effect is achieved.

2. Multi-angle: analysis of strips. Some paragraphs show more than one expression skill, and their functions (effects) cannot be exhausted in one or two sentences. Moreover, the word limit of the college entrance examination questions was cancelled. If time permits, we can analyze it from multiple angles and give a more comprehensive and detailed answer. Especially when answering general questions with high scores, you must set a serial number such as 123, so that it can be clear and clear, show the depth and breadth of the answer, and let the marking teacher know at a glance.

3. Use terminology:

First of all, we should memorize the names of some commonly used expression skills, such as dynamic and static contrast, seeing the big from the small, combining the virtual with the real, promoting first and then restraining, raising objects to express the ambition, connecting the preceding with the following, directly expressing ideas, setting off and rendering, comparing, symbolizing and contrasting.

Second, we should understand the function of some common skills, such as the function of metaphor is to turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete; The function of parallelism is to have a clear rhythm, enhance the momentum and facilitate lyric; The first person is true, the second person is cordial and the third person is objective;

Third, we should understand some commonly used procedures, such as what is embodied, what is emphasized, what is strengthened, what is created, what is expressed, what is deepened, and the theme is clear.

Modern reading answering skills

Basic answers to frequently asked questions

The influence of the first beginning on the following or the whole text.

1. Explain the time, place and background or set the tone for the full text.

2. By comparison, pave the way for the following.

3. Describe a scene. This phenomenon will be discussed below. Lyrics support. Zhang Ben, please deal with it.

4. Compared with the following, make the following content more prominent.

5. Arouse readers' curiosity, attract readers' interest and stimulate readers' desire to read the following.

The second reason is why you should write (or write in detail) these contents.

1. Why write (or write in detail) these contents? In fact, what you are asking is the relationship between material selection and center. Obviously, these contents are written to show, prove, highlight and emphasize the main idea. If you ask why you want to write details, the basic idea is that detailed writing can make the theme more specific, vivid, full and comprehensive.

2. We can think from the perspective of structure, that is, writing this part is to form a reference, contrast and so on with the front (maybe the beginning) or the back (maybe the end).

What does the third article "Let's start with …" say?

1. Generally speaking, ... leads to the topic.

2. Then use such and such examples to illustrate the meaning of this topic.

3. Do deep exploration or association.

4. Discuss, reflect and treat dialectically.

What are the benefits (or effects) of the fourth use of the first person (or the second and third person)?

1. first person, the advantage is that it is convenient to tell stories, act as clues, facilitate psychological description and express emotions;

2. The second person said that it is convenient to express feelings, and it is kind, which narrows the distance with readers.

3. The third person, keep a distance from the reader to facilitate discussion. Because discussion is to be calm, you are often used when expressing feelings, and he is often used when discussing.

The fifth is to appreciate the choice and writing of literary meaning.

1. The common saying is "seeing the big from the small", that is, reflecting the big truth from small ordinary events, such as the reminder written by my mother when I went out, reflecting her love for herself.

2. Novel, unique and unique in perspective. Is the material itself is not fresh, just look at the material from different angles.

Step by step, layer by layer.

It is meaningful to compare people with things.

5. Take ... as a clue and run through ... with clear thinking and concentrated materials.

6. Contrast before and after, with a clear theme.

Advantages of using the sixth figure of speech

1. Metaphor is the most commonly used. Metaphor can make abstract concrete, abstruse popular and boring vivid. Secondly, parallelism can create momentum, express a lot of content in a short space, and create beauty in form and tone.

In addition to contrast and contrast, the purpose is to make something or a feature more prominent and distinctive. Usually when writing a, you may have to write b first, so as to compare it with a from the side and stand out better from the side.

3. In the exam, we will also examine it from a more flexible perspective, such as the transformation of sentence patterns. Why do we use this sentence pattern? In fact, it is to express the need of meaning or formal beauty. This expression may be from near to far, from phenomenon to essence, for emphasis and for coordination. For example, we use the words "red cherry" and "green banana" as verbs in poetry. What is the beauty? Generally speaking, when it comes to the beauty of words, there is a saying that the image is vivid, which is true. Here, "red" also brings static into life, and writes a sense of process and dynamics.

Comment on Appreciation of the Seventh Character

When analyzing a character image, we should first make a qualitative analysis, that is, what kind of person this is, and then talk about his specific characteristics, which can be listed in different points. This is called quantitative analysis. At the same time, it should be noted that the character image is often three-dimensional, complex and multifaceted, that is, he is not simply a good person or a bad person, and the good person will have shortcomings and the bad person will have advantages. Another point is opposition and unity, love and hate, big and small, and so on.

Eight is to appreciate an article from two aspects: rhetorical devices and expressive effects.

The common answer format is: describe and express from the perspective of … by means of … to make the article … more … and be sure to combine the relevant contents of the article when answering.

The ninth case was originally a, but the author said B.

1. is considered from the perspective of theme, in order to emphasize and highlight some feelings of the author.

2. From the perspective of expression effect, it is to increase humor or other effects.

3. It is a special performance under a certain background.

The tenth question asks about the function of a sentence in the whole article.

1. If this sentence is at the end of the article, you can consider it from the perspective of content, deepen the center, reveal the main idea of the whole article, or take care of the beginning.

If this sentence is in the middle of the article, you can think from the perspective of structure, connecting the preceding with the following, and transition from the previous … to the description or discussion of ….

If this sentence is at the beginning of the article, you can think from the perspective of structure and lead to the following. It may also be the content, laying the tone of the full text, etc.