Preparation of culture medium
Cultivation materials are the material basis for the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, and its quality is the key to determine the success or failure of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation and whether it can obtain high quality, high yield and stable yield.
(1) cottonseed hull, sawdust, rapeseed hull, etc. There are many sources of cottonseed hulls in rural areas of our county, which are generally used as fuel, so there is a lot of space. In order to make full use of these raw materials, they can be softened by sun exposure and other methods as raw materials for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation. Treatment method: Expose cottonseed hull, rapeseed hull and rape stalk before batching. , and crushed into coarse chaff samples, generally 2 ~ 3 cm long, and then soaked in 1% ~ 2% lime water for 8 ~12 hours, then took out the drained water, adjusted the pH value to 7.5, and mixed the auxiliary materials.
(2) bran. It mainly provides the nitrogen source needed by Pleurotus ostreatus, and the dosage is 10% ~ 20%.
(3) gypsum. The function is to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter, improve nutrient composition and adjust pH, and the dosage is 1% ~ 2%.
(4) lime. It is an alkaline substance, which can neutralize excessive acid in the culture medium and kill pests and miscellaneous bacteria.
(5) urea. The amount of nitrogen source should not be greater than 0.3%, which will inhibit the growth of mycelium.
(6) calcium superphosphate. Acidity, the general dosage is 1% ~ 2%.
Scientific preparation of culture
The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the culture material should be controlled at 30 ~ 50: 1, and the culture material prepared on the same day should be sterilized for several days; Otherwise, it will be sour easily.
(1) wheat straw. A: 50% wheat straw, 26% poplar leaves, 20% wheat bran, 1% lime, 1% gypsum, 1% sugar and 0.2% urea. B: wheat straw 70%, sawdust 13%, bran 15%, lime 1%, gypsum 1% and urea 0. 2%。 C: wheat straw 46%, buckwheat flower 30%, sawdust 20%, urea 0. 1%, sugar 1%, calcium superphosphate 1%.
(2) Rapeseed shell or buckwheat flower. Answer: 50% rapeseed skin, 5% ~ 15% bran, 0/%gypsum and 0/%calcium superphosphate. B: buckwheat flower 50%, sawdust 40%, bran 5% ~ 10%, gypsum 1%, urea 0. 1%, calcium superphosphate 1%, 25% carbendazim 0.2%. C: buckwheat flower 50%, cottonseed hull 30%, sawdust 15%, bran 5%, urea 0. 1%, calcium superphosphate 1%.
(3) sawdust. Pine sawdust contains terpenes, acids, resins, etc. And inhibit the growth of hyphae. Before use, it must be treated, humidified with 2% lime, and then exposed to the sun to make it scrapped before use. Answer: sawdust 78%, bran 20%, sugar 1%, gypsum powder 1%. B: sawdust 93%, bran 5%, sugar 1%, urea 0.3%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.2%, potassium permanganate 0. 1%, pH 6.5.
Mixing, bagging, and sterilizing.
(1) mixed materials. Mix the culture materials evenly according to the formula ratio, and control the ratio of material to water at about 65% (that is, it is appropriate to squeeze water with your fingers without dripping water).
(2) Specifications of plastic bags. There are often 15cm×35cm, 20cm×42cm, 22cm×45cm, etc. It is best to use polyethylene bags for atmospheric steam sterilization and polypropylene bags for high pressure steam sterilization.
(3) bagging. When loading by hand, press with your fingers while loading. When pressed by hand, the bag wall is only pressed around and slightly pressed in the middle, so that the periphery is tight and the middle is loose, and the two ends are tight and the middle is loose, which is suitable for mycelium growth. If packed too tightly, oxygen will not easily enter the bag, and bacteria will grow slowly; If you pack it too loosely, it will be difficult to produce mushrooms. After bagging, insert 2cm thick and 5cm long corncob into the materials at both ends, wipe the inside and outside of the material film at both ends of the bag with dry cloth and tie it tightly to prepare for sterilization.
(4) Put the sterilization bags on the pot rack in turn, leaving a gap in the middle, and add water to start sterilization. At first, increase the firepower and raise the temperature to100℃ as soon as possible; Otherwise, the culture medium will turn sour easily. Maintain 8 ~ 10h. When the temperature drops to 80℃, slowly open the door, take out the material bag and put it into the sterile room for inoculation.
Inoculation and culture
(1) strain selection. The quality of strains is directly related to the success or failure of culture. Generally, cultivated species with vigorous growth, white density, purity, absolutely no miscellaneous bacteria, young age and strong wall climbing ability are selected as strains. At present, the Pleurotus ostreatus strains suitable for planting in our county are Wenguang 1, Dabai Pleurotus ostreatus, Ye Feng 1 18 and so on.
(2) inoculation. Inoculation can only be carried out when the temperature in the material drops to 30℃. Before inoculation, disinfect the room into a sterile room according to the conventional disinfection method. At the beginning of inoculation, first scrub hands, inoculation tools and plastic bags with 75% alcohol, and then re-spray disinfection with carbolic acid 1 time. If it can be inoculated above the flame of alcohol lamp, if it is unconditional, try two people to inoculate. 1 One person opens the bag mouth, 1 One person quickly digs out the strain, puts it into the bag, immediately ties the bag mouth, and then connects the other end. After connection, roll the culture bag on the lime powder for 1 time, so that the lime powder fills the small holes in the bag to prevent contamination by miscellaneous bacteria. Generally, the seed block size is suitable for jujube kernel. At the same time, the inoculation amount should be as large as possible, so that hyphae can cover both ends of the surface of the material to prevent the infection of miscellaneous bacteria.
(3) culture. Move the bags of good bacteria into the culture room, with 4 ~ 5 floors in summer and 7 ~ 9 floors in winter. Bacteria will grow at room temperature of 25 ~ 28℃, and the temperature in the material should not exceed 30℃. The heatable adobe sleeping platform commonly used in rural areas of our county is heated, and the material bag is often put over, which leads to high temperature in the lower layer and serious bacterial combustion. After 3 ~ 5 days of inoculation, hyphae began to eat, and miscellaneous bacteria should be checked. If pollution is found, it should be removed immediately. After 8 ~ 10 days, open the window every day for ventilation and keep warm. If the mycelium is not eaten at all, it is a strain problem, and the strain should be replaced or re-inoculated; If the mycelium is eaten slowly, it is because the culture material is too wet or the strain is declining. Put on a collar and wrap it in sterile paper for ventilation. Under normal circumstances, the bag is turned over 1 time in 5 ~ 8 days, which changes the bag position and is beneficial to the orderly growth of mycelium. Generally, after 30 ~ 35d days, the mycelium completely penetrates the material layer to form a block, and then the mushroom is ready to grow.
Result period management
Move the bag full of hyphae into the shed and grow mushrooms at 80% ~ 90% relative humidity.
The fruiting stage is the stage of fruiting body formation and mushroom growth. At this time, the management is directly related to the yield, and its temperature and humidity are obviously different from the fruiting stage.
(1) accelerated the bud differentiation stage. After the hyphae were full of bags, Pleurotus ostreatus began to transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. At this time, the feed temperature should not exceed 25℃, and generally 18 ~ 20℃ is appropriate. To improve the relative humidity of air by 85% ~ 90%, it is necessary to have good ventilation and scattered light stimulation. Rake the surface of the culture material with thick iron wire at the mouth of the bag, gently remove the old hyphae around the inoculation block, flatten it, replace it with a plastic braided rope loop with a diameter of about 5cm, and wrap it with clean paper.
(2) the original base period. That is, the white or yellowish tumor-like process formed by hinged hyphae is the primordia. Don't peel off the wrapping paper at this time, increase the amount and frequency of water spraying on the ground and walls, and it is absolutely forbidden to spray water directly on the material bag; Otherwise, the original base is easy to die.
(3) Mulberry stage. That is, that germ of the rice bud is for. It usually takes 2 ~ 3 days, so it is not advisable to water it at this time to control the relative humidity.
(4) Coral stage. This is a critical period for high yield. If it is well managed, the result rate will be high. Otherwise low, even the vast majority of deaths. (1) Take off the wrapping paper on the collar and keep the collar, which not only ensures good ventilation, but also makes mushrooms grow in the collar, with concentrated nutrition, many mushrooms, large and thick, and high yield. ② Spray water to moisturize. To master the principle of "light, diligent and fine", it is not advisable to spray more water on the mushroom body, but to spray more water into the space.
(5) Extension period. The mycelium of fruiting body is obviously different from the stalk of mushroom. During this period, spray water 3 ~ 4 times a day, spray mushrooms as little as possible, spray more at intervals, spray more on sunny days and spray less on rainy days, open the window for ventilation every day1~ 2 hours, and pay attention to shading; Otherwise, the color of mushroom cap is black, which will affect the variety.
(6) maturity. At the early stage of maturity, you can spray water directly on the mushroom body, but it should not be too much, too little, too thin and too diligent. Don't spray water at the later stage of mushrooms, spray 1 times fine water before harvesting to keep the mushroom cover fresh and tender. Harvest the spores before they are expelled.
(7) Intermittent period. After picking 1 tide mushrooms, the dead mushrooms, rotten mushrooms, diseased mushrooms and sundries should be removed in time, and the clean iron wire should be used to paddle back and forth on the material surface for a few times, slightly compacted, and the water spraying should be stopped for 2 ~ 3 days, so that the mycelium can fully recover and accumulate nutrients. After 3 ~ 4 days, spray heavy water 1 time, keep the relative humidity of air at 80% ~ 90% and the temperature at 18 ~ 20℃, and manage the second tide mushroom.
(8) cover the soil to produce mushrooms in the later stage. Clean both ends of the mushroom barrel, remove the plastic bag, soak it in water (preferably with nutrient solution), then ditch the mushroom barrel in a row, cover it with fine wet soil with a thickness of 1 ~ 2 cm, and sprinkle a little water to cover the film. This ditch should be watered to keep it moist. After mushrooms are produced, they can be ploughed on the spot and mixed into the soil to improve fertility and increase yield.