Large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China occupy a very important position in the national economy. With China's entry into WTO, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China are facing the double pressure of technology and price of foreign enterprises. Only through continuous technological progress and vigorous independent innovation can enterprises continuously improve the technical content and quality of their products and adapt to fierce international competition.
Keywords: technological innovation, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, countermeasures
Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China have made great progress, but on the whole, most enterprises are not strong in technological innovation ability, low in scientific and technological content of products and lack of international competitiveness. Mankind is stepping into the era of knowledge economy. A country's comprehensive national strength depends largely on its scientific and technological innovation ability and creativity. The course of world economic development eloquently proves that technological innovation is the source of human wealth and a great driving force for economic development. Large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China occupy a very important position in the national economy. With China's entry into the WTO, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China are facing the double pressure of technology and price from foreign enterprises. Only through continuous technological progress and vigorously strengthening independent innovation can enterprises continuously improve the technical content and quality of their products to adapt to fierce international competition.
First, China's large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in the international and domestic environment for technological innovation
1 international environment
(1) Developed countries strongly support technological innovation of enterprises. In developed countries, enterprises are the main body of technological innovation, but the government still plays an important role in technological innovation. For example, the United States began to increase the state's support for technological innovation of enterprises in the 1990s, and in June, it established the State Science and Technology Commission 1.993+0.05 to take charge of the whole national innovation system and promote the government's participation in the development of non-governmental science and technology. 1997 us government and business investment r&; The amount on D is as high as $205.6 billion, which exceeds the sum of R&D funds of Japan, Germany, France, Britain and Italy. In Japan, the government also attaches great importance to the support for technological innovation of enterprises, which is mainly manifested in the following three aspects: active economic assistance policy and organization and coordination policy; Providing technical service support for enterprise technological innovation, including technical guidance, technical information and technical training; Support of financial policies and laws and regulations. (2) Large foreign enterprises continue to maintain high investment in technological innovation. In order to maintain strong competitiveness and remain invincible in the international market, large foreign enterprises invest in R&D every year. D invested heavily and continuously introduced innovative products. R & Top 100 Enterprises in the World; D investors generally account for 10% of their sales revenue, and some even reach 15% or more. Take International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) as an example. 1992, the company r&; D expenditure is as high as $5 1 billion, which is higher than the total investment of R&: D (about $2.537 billion) 1 times; To 1997, company r&; The D fund has increased to 7.3 billion US dollars, while the total R&D investment in China is about 5.827 billion US dollars.
(3) The increasing trend of global economic integration has further enhanced the mobility of scientific and technological talents. With the trend of global economic integration, the competition of multinational companies for talents in China is becoming increasingly fierce. Because the wage level and overall working and living environment of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China are generally far below the level of multinational companies, they will face more and more severe challenges in retaining and attracting talents.
(4) Technological innovation of enterprises must adapt to WTO rules. After China's entry into WTO, the technological innovation of China enterprises is restricted by WTO rules. According to the agreement of China's accession to the WTO, China enjoys the following four rights: multilateral and stable MFN treatment; "GSP" treatment and other special care for developing countries; Make full use of the dispute settlement mechanism; The right to "participate in and discuss state affairs" in the multilateral trading system. At the same time, we should also undertake the following seven obligations: ① reducing tariffs; ② Gradually abolish non-tariff barriers; ③ Cancel export subsidies and standardize R&D subsidies; ④ Opening the service market; ⑤ Expand the scope of intellectual property protection; ⑥ Adjust the foreign investment policy; ⑦ Increase the transparency of trade policy. Among them, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 have a direct impact on the technological innovation of enterprises in China.
2. domestic environmentb
(1) The functions of our government are still in the process of transformation and improvement.
In the past 20 years of reform and opening up, the government has gradually shifted from directly organizing enterprises to carry out technological innovation activities to macro-control, creating environment and conditions, formulating corresponding laws and regulations, providing policy guidance and services, and promoting Industry-University-Research's cooperation, but these are still being transformed and improved.
(2) The domestic market structure is not perfect. Low differentiation of peer products. The price competition is fierce. American economists Kaman and Schwartz studied the technological innovation of enterprises from the perspective of market structure, and put forward that the most favorable market structure for technological innovation of enterprises is "moderate competition" between monopoly and perfect competition. China's market structure is imperfect, local protectionism still exists to varying degrees, and the domestic market is divided by human factors to varying degrees; Enterprises lack monopoly and effective competition with market power. This market structure is not conducive to the optimal allocation of innovation resources and technological innovation. Specific performance in the following aspects. First, the market concentration is too low, that is, the scale structure of industrial organizations or enterprises is unreasonable. Generally speaking, the larger an enterprise is, the stronger its innovation will be. However, China's "big and complete, small and complete" market structure is difficult to promote technological innovation. Second, the economies of scale are poor. Enterprise technological innovation needs certain scale conditions, which are determined by the risk or uncertainty of technological innovation process and market. Low-level redundant construction not only wastes resources, increases enterprise costs, and lacks good financial performance, but also fails to achieve economies of scale in investment, production, research and development, sales and consulting services. Only when the scale of the enterprise is large can we concentrate on using our own advantages and accelerate the pace of technological innovation. Third, the degree of product differentiation of domestic enterprises in the same industry is low. On the one hand, it causes excessive competition among peers and eventually loses both sides; On the other hand, it is easy to cause high imitation rate. Fourth, enterprises have higher barriers to advance and retreat. Bankrupt enterprises did not withdraw from the market because of the intervention of local governments, which also hindered the expansion of dominant enterprises.
(3) The modern enterprise system has not really been established. The core of modern enterprise system is the corporate governance structure. Because the real corporate governance structure has not been established or the behavior is not standardized, the property rights of enterprises are still unclear and there is a lack of relatively scientific and effective incentive and restraint mechanism. The consequence is that, on the one hand, it is difficult for enterprises to become the main body of independent innovation and lack the motivation and pressure for innovation. As can be seen from the table 1, the main position of technological innovation of enterprises in China is not obvious; On the other hand, the property rights of enterprises are increasingly unclear, which breeds the "moral problems" of operators.
(4) The educational and scientific research system lags behind the needs of technological innovation of enterprises.
China's education system is relatively backward, innovative talents are in short supply, education, scientific research and enterprises lack the necessary information connection, and Industry-University-Research is out of touch. On the one hand, talent training can't meet the needs of science and technology and economic development; On the other hand, there is a shortage of technical and economic development talents.