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Algae Algae are algae that grow in the sea and are cryptoflowering plants in the plant kingdom. Algae include several different kinds of organisms that produce energy through photosynthesis. They are generally regarded as simple plants, and their main characteristics are: no vascular tissue, no real differentiation of roots, stems and leaves; No flowers, no fruits and seeds; There is no special protective tissue in reproductive organs, and spores or gametes are often produced directly by a single cell; There is no embryo formation. Because of the simple structure of algae, some botanists attribute it to the "phyllosome flora" of lower plants together with fungi.

Chinese name: seaweed

Latin scientific name: Sargassum

Nicknames: Sargassum macrophylla, Artemisia macrophylla, seaweed, seaweed.

Field: the field of plants

Family: Sargassum

Distribution area: It grows in the shallow sea area below the low tide line-the place where the ocean meets the land.

catalogue

Definition of words

Factory definition

Scientific classification

Morphological characteristics of celery

Leaflet seaweed

Tidal level distribution

Growth habit

Reproductive element

Nutritional component protein

polysaccharide

dietary fibre

vitamin

Inorganic element

Amino acids and fatty acids

Carrageenan for chemical use

mannitol

Medicinal chemical constituents

pharmacological action

toxicity

distinguish

Prepare herbs by frying.

Sexual taste

Meridian tropism

Functional indication

dosage

pay attention to

Additional prescription

proportion of ingredients

Effect of pharmacological action on thyroid gland

Hypotensive effect

Work on blood lipids

Anticoagulation and hemostasis

Pathogenic microorganism action

Other functions

Various schools discuss the role of dietotherapy.

Nutritional analysis

The right crowd

Therapeutic value

Healthy diet

Red tide algal toxin theory

The characters in Dwelling House live in seaweed.

Brief introduction of archives

A narrative interspersed with flashbacks

Definition of words

Factory definition

Scientific classification

Morphological characteristics of celery

Leaflet seaweed

Tidal level distribution

Growth habit

Reproductive element

Nutritional component protein

polysaccharide

dietary fibre

vitamin

Inorganic element

Amino acids and fatty acids

Chemical application

Medicinal value of carrageenan mannitol

Pharmacological action and toxicity identification of chemical components; Indications and dosage: pay attention to the pharmacological effects of the proportion of each component in the attached prescription.

The effects on thyroid, blood lipid lowering, anticoagulation and hemostasis, pathogenic microorganisms and others were discussed.

Nutritional analysis of dietotherapy is suitable for people's dietotherapy value. Health care recipes "Dwelling" figures in the theory of red tide algae toxin

Introduction of residential seaweed archives; Interpolation; Editing; Definitions of words in this paragraph.

ㄞㄗㄠㄠ seaweed. Also known as Luohai, seaweed. Algae plants born in the sea, such as kelp, laver, seaweed, asparagus, etc. Some can be eaten and some can be used as medicine. Volume 27 of A Record of Beginners introduces Jin Shen Huaiyuan's Record of South Vietnam: "Seaweed, a kind of seaweed, or Jairo, was born on a research stone. Li Mingshizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica Caoba Seaweed: "Seaweed is adopted in offshore areas. Also known as seaweed, it's a name, and goods are everywhere. The third and sixth times of Legend of Heroes of Children: "A piece of black seaweed with several islands is the' salty seaweed' bought by the drugstore. "American researchers recently confirmed the theory that red tide algae produced toxins more than 20 years ago. This discovery may provide some help for protecting shellfish, marine mammals and human beings in coastal areas from periodic red tide outbreaks. Timothy jamison, an associate professor at MIT, published a paper in the latest issue of Science, saying that he and other researchers have successfully replicated a series of chemical reactions in which red tide algae produce toxins. 1985, chemists at Columbia University pointed out that red tide algae produced toxins through a series of chemical reactions. But for a long time, researchers have been unable to replicate such chemical reactions in the laboratory. Jamison said that he and Ivan Vilotijevic, a graduate student at MIT, have been able to start such a chemical reaction in the laboratory. One of the keys of the experiment is to carry out such a reaction in water. Jamison speculated that the toxin-producing marine planktonic dinoflagellate (a marine unicellular organism that can cause red tides) triggered such a chemical reaction through an enzyme. Through chemical reaction, they can produce a chemical substance related to red tide toxin, called "Brevenal". But studies have also shown that this chemical can be used to treat cystic fibrosis. Red tide is a natural phenomenon. When the temperature and salinity of seawater promote the excessive reproduction of some algae and plankton, seawater will change color and produce red tide. A considerable number of red tides are harmless, they will die, but some red tides are harmful. 1972 a large-scale red tide occurred on the east coast of the United States, which caused a large number of manatees in Florida to die.

Edit this factory definition.

The general name of algae, usually fixed on the seabed or solid structures, is a single plant or a long list of simple plants composed of basic cells. A large number of aquatic plants cannot produce stems or leaves when they appear. The most common macroalgae are algae, such as green algae, red algae and brown algae. Its root fixer only has a fixing function, but it can't absorb seaweed-plant characteristics.

Collect nutrition. Algae tend to form thin sheets in shallow water. An obvious belt is formed on the shore with a water depth of 50 meters (about 165 feet). Algae growing on the high tide line are often exposed to the air; Algae below the low tide line can't be exposed to the air for a long time, so they can't grow near the coast, such as fucoidan, macroalgae, neuroalgae, kelp, etc. They can only breed below 18℃(64℉) and only distribute in cold water.

Edit the scientific classification of this paragraph.

Common brown algae include brown algae, Sargassum and fucus. Some large seaweeds and ascomycetes in the Pacific and Antarctic regions are the largest seaweeds, with a length of more than 33 meters (100 feet). The Pacific coast and the British Isles are rich in kelp. Sargassum is common in Gulf Stream and the sargasso sea, and it is a free-floating substance. Its shape is different from other algae, and it looks like a branch with leaves and berries. Berries are actually hollow air sacs that make leaflike bodies float on the water. F. vesiculosis, which is common in the intertidal zone of the British Isles, also floats through airbags. Common red algae include Porphyra yezoensis, laver, agar and carrageenan. Rhodymenia palmata, the palm leaf of the North Atlantic, is purplish red, composed of flat solitary or clustered bacteria, with a fan-shaped appearance and divided into many bifurcated lobes. At low tide, the lower part of the intertidal zone on the rocky coast of the Atlantic Ocean is covered with various carrageenans. In spring and summer, there are many lavers below the high tide line in the intertidal zone of the British Isles and Japan. Gelidium is used to make agar. There are few green algae in seaweed, and Ulva is one of them. Seaweed has important economic value, such as Porphyra yezoensis, Sargassum, Ulva, etc. It is used as food all over the world, and brown algae is often used as fertilizer.

Edit the morphological characteristics of this paragraph

Celery

Celery

Shrinkage and curl, dark brown, partially frosted, 30 ~ 60 cm long. The trunk is cylindrical with conical protrusions, the main branches are born on both sides of the trunk, and the lateral branches are born in the axils of the main branches with short spines. The primary leaves are lanceolate or obovate, 5 ~ 7 cm long and 65438 0 cm wide, and the whole leaves are roughly serrated; The secondary leaves are strip-shaped or lanceolate, and there are branchlets with strip-shaped leaves between the axils. Balloons are dark brown, spherical or ovoid, some with handles, the top is blunt and round, and some with thin and short tips. Crispy, soft when wet; Swelling after water immersion, microalgae

The meat is sticky. The smell is fishy and slightly salty.

Leaflet seaweed

Small, 15 ~ 40 cm long. Branches alternate, without thorns. The leaves are strip-shaped or spoon-shaped, and the apex is slightly enlarged and hollow. Balloons are axillary, spindle-shaped or spherical with long handles. Hard quality.

Edit the tidal level distribution in this section.

Each algae has its fixed tidal level, which is mainly related to the type and content ratio of pigments. Different pigments need different wavelengths of light, and the distribution of algae is also affected with the change of light intensity and light quality. Generally, in dark places or deep seas, phycoerythrin and phycocyanin can absorb blue light and green light more effectively than chlorophyll, so green algae containing only chlorophyll and carotene mostly live near shallow waters. However, red algae are mostly found near the low tide line and in the deep sea. In addition, topography, sediment, temperature, humidity, salinity, tide, wind and waves, ocean currents, pollutants, animal foraging, competition among algae and other factors will also affect the growth and distribution of algae. Take the common seaweeds in Taiwan Province Province as an example. From late autumn to early spring, in the splash area where seawater can't be submerged, Nostoc flagelliforme, laver, seaweed and nail vegetables are the main coastal areas in the north and northeast, and Cirsium japonicum, Sphingomonas and sea bream are the main coastal areas in the south and east. These algae are protected by colloid and can endure long-term drought and high temperature. They are often exposed to the sun for three or five days, but they still have not withered and withered, showing strong vitality. But in summer, the drip belt is bare. The intertidal zone is divided into upper, middle and lower regions according to the change of spring tide and tide. In the upper part of intertidal zone, most of them belong to green algae, such as Ulva membranaceus, tubular hairy or filamentous cladosporium, etc., which can endure strong light irradiation and dry and wet changes of high tide and low tide twice a day, especially in winter and spring, and often form a lush "green carpet" on the platform of marine erosion. In summer, like water droplets, the rocks in this area are mostly bare, but they can still be seen in tidal pools or in the shade. In the middle of the intertidal zone, brown algae are the main species, supplemented by green algae. Ascomycetes, Volvariella volvacea, polyploid, Sargassum, Ulva, Echinococcus and so on are common in winter and spring. Especially where the waves beat in March and April, there are the most kelp in the north, and most of these algae disappear in summer and autumn. In the lower intertidal zone and near the low tide line, red algae are dominant. Common Sargassum, Sargassum, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Taxodium ascendens, carrageenan and Strophanella. Especially in the area where waves beat near the low tide line, small coral algae, marginal algae, cauliflower, ferns, Sargassum and bovine coral algae are used.

Horn trees and centipedes are the most common. These algae can endure the direct beating of waves and the impact of ocean currents. Among them, coral algae and marginal algae can absorb lime from seawater and accumulate it in the body. On the one hand, they can strengthen bones and resist water flow, on the other hand, they can reduce the proportion of organic matter in the body, make other marine life reluctant to eat, and also help to build reefs. sea grape

These colorful algae in the intertidal zone gradually disappear in summer, but under the intertidal zone and in the subtidal zone covered by seawater, all kinds of algae can be seen all year round. Common seaweed, pine algae, ferns, fungus, cauliflower, cockscomb, eucheuma, seaweed, centipede, etc. Sargassum, in particular, often grows in large numbers in June and July, forming a small the sargasso sea.

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It grows in the shallow sea area below the low tide line-where the ocean meets the land, where the impact of waves is relatively mild, the seawater is rich in minerals and the sunshine is abundant. Both red algae and brown algae of different colors contain chlorophyll, which can be used for photosynthesis to make food. When they carry out photosynthesis, the oxygen released is indispensable for animals to breathe. Seaweed plays an important role in making the marine world so colorful and lively.

Edit this part of the reproductive element

Although algae have no flowers, fruits, seeds and other structures to reproduce, they have various reproduction methods to adapt to the environment. In asexual reproduction, some cells can be directly divided into two parts, such as Spirogyra, which can be divided into several segments, and each segment will grow into an independent individual; Some algae can produce many flagellated spores that can swim freely, and each spore grows into a new individual when it matures; When the environment is bad, some algae can produce thick-walled resting spore, and when the environment is suitable, they will germinate and grow into new individuals. In sexual reproduction, some algae can produce female and male gametes and grow into new individuals after mating. In the life of algae, asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction often alternate regularly, forming a complex life history. For example, laver and kelp, which we often eat, have different growth forms of sporophyte and gametophyte. Spore produces spores, and gametophyte produces female and male gametes, which is called "generation alternation".

Edit the nutritional composition of this paragraph.

protein

Seaweed contains a special kind of protein, called glycoprotein, which has affinity for specific sugars, rather than combining with them. Glucagon is a kind of lectin, because it can cause cell sedimentation when combined with cell membrane sugar molecules. Glycophilic proteins are ubiquitous in terrestrial animals, plants and microorganisms, especially in leguminous seeds. Glycophilic proteins play an important role in biological defense, growth, reproduction, nutrient storage and biological life through their characteristics of recognizing sugar. Glycophilic proteins can also be used in blood cell separation and detection, drug carriers, immune antibody production and medical use of anticancer drugs. It was not until 1966 that algae contained agglutinating active substances. Later research found that glycophorin from seaweed was not only edible.

It can agglutinate red blood cells, tumor cells, lymphocytes, yeasts, marine bacteria and unicellular cyanobacteria, and can also promote lymphocyte division in mice and humans. Some red algae, such as ginger, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, pig excrement beans, spirulina, etc., have this effect. Algae glycoprotein can activate lymphocytes and is closely related to immune function. Subsequent studies have found that some trehalose proteins can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells, such as leukemia cell lines and mouse breast cancer cells. Another example is the combination of staining and cancer cells, so that we can diagnose or track the division and metastasis of cancer cells in the human body. The application and research of trehalose protein outside Taiwan Province Province in human health care and medicine is still in its infancy, and polysaccharide is not mature, so it needs active research and development. It can be expected that phycoerythrin has great potential in the future clinical application of immune system function diagnosis, tumor formation and metastasis. However, the screening of algae active species should be strengthened first, and then glycoprotein should be isolated and purified, and its biochemical characteristics and structure should be analyzed, so as to provide basis for subsequent research and expand its future application and improve its value in medical care.

polysaccharide

The substances in seaweed that can enhance immunity and resist cancer belong to special polysaccharides, protein, lipids, pigments and low molecular substances. In Chinese medicine, several kinds of brown algae can be used to prevent and treat cancer after cooking. The main component of this hot water extract is polysaccharide. Seaweed is rich in dietary fiber and belongs to sulfated polysaccharide or acidic polysaccharide. In addition to the above functions, some dietary fibers also have anti-cancer activity. Carrageenan from red algae is a polymer of sulfated galactose, which has immune enhancement and anticancer activity. Carrageenan mainly comes from carrageenan, Taxodium ascendens, Eucheuma, Sargassum and Ginkgo biloba. Porphyrin and cloth paste are also sulfated polysaccharides with anticancer activity. The former comes from laver, and the latter is mainly galactose polymer of sea radish. Application of brown algae diet

Fucoidan sulfate in brown algae is the most studied compound among the anti-tumor and anticoagulant active components in seaweed. The experimental results show that the monosaccharide has the effects of anti-tumor and prolonging the life of mice. A variety of brown algae, such as fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida and Sargassum, can also inhibit tumors and enhance the immune antibody function of mice. Alginate is the main component of the cell wall of brown algae, and its anticancer activity is related to mannuronic acid and guluronic acid. Some people think that the anti-cancer mechanism of alginate may be related to the enhanced activity of phagocytes and interferon, which indirectly induces the immune response of protein cells and affects the activity of lymphocytes.

dietary fibre

Dietary fiber is a macromolecule with polysaccharide structure, which is the main component of seaweed cell wall and also distributed in the intercellular space. The dietary fiber of red algae and brown algae is rich and diverse, and most of them are water-soluble. The content and structure of fiber vary with the species of algae. The fiber composition of green algae is almost the same as that of terrestrial plants, mainly cellulose, but red algae is watercress, carrageenan and cloth paste, and brown algae is alginic acid, fucoidan and kelp sugar. Generally, the fiber content of seaweed is about 30 ~ 65% of the dry weight, which is much higher than the average content of beans, grains, vegetables and fruits. What is the use of dietary fiber for human health care? Taking animal experiments as an example, adding alginic acid to feed can improve the symptoms of hyperlipidemia in mice and inhibit the increase of blood cholesterol content; Carrageenan and watercress can combine with cholesterol and regulate blood sugar. Therefore, moderately increasing the intake of seaweed fiber can reduce blood pressure, blood cholesterol and blood sugar, contribute to the normal law of heart and blood vessels, and prevent cancer. In addition, seaweed food fiber swells after entering the human gastrointestinal tract due to water absorption, which is easy to cause satiety, avoid obesity caused by excessive food intake, and achieve the effect of weight loss and health care. In the human body, dietary fiber can help digestion and promote waste excretion, avoid the growth of harmful bacteria in the body, and has the function of intestinal regulation.

vitamin

When a certain vitamin is insufficient or deficient, it will cause metabolic disorder or disease. Seaweed contains many vitamins, mainly vitamins B 12, C and E, biotin and nicotinic acid. Insufficient vitamin B 12 will lead to long-term pain, anemia, fatigue and even mental disorder. Although this vitamin is not much in seaweed, it is widely distributed in various algae. Vitamin C is related to more than 70 diseases such as septicemia, cancer, heart disease and weight loss. Porphyra yezoensis, reticulate algae, Undaria pinnatifida, Enteromorpha prolifera and other seaweeds are rich in vitamin C, which can reach 3 ~ 10 mg/g algae dry weight, not inferior to many vegetables and fruits. Vitamin E is related to the treatment of more than 45 diseases, including skin, muscle, hearing, vision, cancer and heart disease. This vitamin can protect the liver and avoid the damage caused by excessive fatigue. Generally speaking, the content of vitamin E in algae is below 100 micrograms per gram of algae dry weight, but it is as high as 600 micrograms per gram of algae dry weight in fuciforms. Vitamins C and E also have antioxidant effects, which can prevent unsaturated fatty acids from being attacked by peroxides. Nicotinic acid is also widely found in various seaweeds and used to treat arthritis, migraine and insomnia. Seaweed also contains biotin, which helps to regulate fat metabolism. Some algae also contain vitamins B 1, B2, D, A and K, and these trace vitamins also have their specific functions.

Inorganic element

Seawater contains more than 45 kinds of inorganic elements, and seaweed grows in seawater and absorbs inorganic elements as nutrition every day, so seaweed contains more natural inorganic elements than land plants, which can provide human needs. Among the inorganic elements in seaweed, sodium, potassium, iron and calcium are the most abundant. Iron is a component of heme, and iron deficiency is one of the causes of anemia. Calcium is a component of human bones and teeth, and it is also needed to maintain the normal function of cell membrane. But calcium is lost every day, so it must be supplemented, especially for growing children. Many seaweeds, such as ferns, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Alsophila brownii, Cladosporium and Reticulatum, contain a lot of iron and calcium, which can be taken in to supplement the deficiency. For another example, iodine deficiency in human body can cause abnormal thyroid function, and kelp contains a lot of iodine, which can provide the needed. Some algae contain a lot of magnesium, which can relieve stress and avoid heart disease caused by stress. Seaweed contains trace amounts of copper, zinc and manganese. Excessive use of these three trace elements in human body will cause poisoning, but if it cannot be maintained in proper amount in the liver, the liver will be damaged. Copper can also affect the absorption of iron, while manganese is related to blood sugar and epilepsy. If the human body lacks the above-mentioned macro and trace elements, it needs to be supplemented appropriately. Daily intake of seaweed can supplement various inorganic elements.

Amino acids and fatty acids

Some edible seaweeds, such as Porphyra yezoensis, Palmetto, Ulva lactuca, Quercus variabilis, etc., have a high content of protein, accounting for about 20-39% of the dry weight of algae. Seaweed contains more than 20 kinds of essential amino acids. It is important that most species contain thioamino acids, such as taurine, methionine, cystine and their derivatives, and the content of algae per100g dry weight is about 465,438+0 ~ 72 mg. Except milk, eggs and beans contain a lot of taurine, the thiamine-containing acids in protein, a common land food, are mostly insufficient or lacking, and insufficient intake will affect human health. Taurine is related to the normal regulation of heartbeat, brain chemistry, nerve cells and vision, while methionine and cystine can chelate heavy metals, and their sulfur and hydrogen combine to form sulfhydryl groups, which have detoxification effect. Taurine contributes to the digestion of fat, inhibits the increase of cholesterol content in blood and liver, and improves patients with high cholesterol. Red algae generally contain more thioamino acids than green algae and brown algae; The content of taurine in laver, seaweed, kelp, Ulva and carrageenan is high, and the content of taurine in seaweed can reach 400 mg per 100 g. Methionine and cystine exist in Ulva, Lycopodium, Enteromorpha, Scolopendra, Porphyra, Chondrophyta, Arthrobacter, Kelp and Fucus. Eating these seaweeds can provide special amino acids needed by human body. The fatty acid content of seaweed is very small, accounting for about 1 ~ 5%, but some special fatty acids have great influence on human health. Seaweed contains a small amount of saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, myristic acid, lauric acid and stearic acid, which are common in animals and higher plants. Most of them are unsaturated fatty acids, such as kelp, Sargassum fusiforme and Undaria pinnatifida, which contain oleic acid, linolenic acid and low linolenic acid. The latter two are essential unsaturated fatty acids for human body. Generally speaking, red algae contain more highly unsaturated fatty acids than green algae and brown algae, especially 20 C 5 alkene fatty acids (EPA). According to the analysis, seaweed such as laver, kelp and Sargassum contains more EPA. This fatty acid is usually found in fish oil of deep-sea fish, which not only helps to lower blood pressure, heartbeat and relieve stress, but also inhibits the increase of blood cholesterol and platelet aggregation, prevents thrombosis and myocardial infarction, and has a preventive effect on circulatory diseases.

Edit the chemical usage of this paragraph.

Chemical products made of seaweed. 1670, Japan invented the method of producing agar from red algae and started the production of seaweed gum. In the late 1950s, China began to study the comprehensive utilization of fucoidan, mannitol and iodine extracted from kelp, and put it into industrial production in the late 1960s. Seaweed processing products mainly include red algae colloid products and brown algae chemical products.

carrageenin

The basic chemical composition of red algae gum is galactose gum composed of galactose. Semi-carrageenan in colloids of different kinds of red algae.

The configuration and conformation of lactose, the number and binding position of sulfate groups contained in lactose are different, and the properties of various products are also different. The main products are: ① agar. Also called agar and freeze-dried powder. A seaweed polysaccharide extracted from red algae such as Gracilaria and Gracilaria with hot water. Heated to about 90℃, it becomes sol, and cooled to about 30℃, it becomes gel with high strength. Agar consists of neutral agarose and a series of continuous sulfated agar. Processing methods mainly include natural freeze-drying method and mechanical processing method. Agar is mainly used as coagulant for soft candy and canned products, stabilizer and emulsifier for cold drinks in food industry. Medically used as culture medium, laxative, etc. ② Carrageenan. Gum extracted from red algae with hot water, such as carrageenan. After treatment, its glue solution can be divided into two parts: precipitated and non-precipitated, which are called K- carrageenan and λ-carrageenan respectively. Among them, part K has strong curing ability, and carrageenan produced industrially is a mixture of the two. Production methods include drying, isopropanol dehydration and alkali pretreatment. The use method is basically the same as agar. ③ Red algae gum. Hot water extraction of polysaccharide from red algae. This kind of algae is common in the North Atlantic. The main chemical structure of fucoidan is similar to K- carrageenan. Similar to carrageenan, it is mostly used in food industry. ④ Hairy gums. Gum contained in red algae of Serra. The otter is heated with water and stirred for extraction, and the filtrate and dye can be directly mixed into printing paste for use.

mannitol

The main chemical products of brown algae are alginate, iodine and mannitol. Algin is a water-soluble high-viscosity colloid extracted from brown algae such as kelp with alkali, and it is an intercellular polysaccharide existing in all brown algae. Alginate includes ammonium salt, sodium salt and potassium salt of water-soluble alginic acid and mannitol insoluble in water.