1. As a site condition for producing pollution-free vegetable fields, it should be a pollution-free pollution source area three kilometers away from factories and hospitals.
2, planting plots should be convenient for irrigation and drainage, irrigation water quality meets the requirements of national regulations.
3. The soil of the planting plot should be deep and fertile, with good structure and organic matter content of 2-5%.
4. The base area has a certain scale, and contiguous land is convenient for rotation and transportation.
Second, improve the ecological conditions in the field and create an environment conducive to the growth of vegetable crops.
(A) improve vegetable production conditions
1, improve the field water conservancy facilities and improve the irrigation and drainage system. The underground water level is controlled below 80 cm, and there are three ditches in the field: side ditch, field ditch and ocean ditch, which can be freely drained and irrigated, and there is no water in the field after the rain. Where conditions permit, cement drains can be set up to ensure that when the daily rainfall exceeds 100 mm, there is no water in the field, and fully fixed or semi-fixed sprinkler irrigation facilities are equipped.
2. Improve soil physical and chemical properties. Apply harmless organic fertilizer, harmless sludge, lime, etc. , so that the soil organic matter content is more than 2.5%, the thickness of the plough layer is more than 30 cm, and the pH value is 5.5 ~ 6.5. Soil has a granular structure.
3. Improve the field road network.
(B) the establishment of agricultural land rotation system
1, for many years, the lettuce field has been rotated between different families of vegetables and stubbles.
2. Vegetable fields in alpine summer and autumn, off-season vegetable fields, paddy-upland rotation or other cash crops. Vegetables with devastating diseases: Chinese cabbage, wax gourd, cucumber, tomato, pepper, pea, potato, ginger, yam, taro, yam, etc. , the rotation time is not less than 2 years.
(3) Vegetable fields that are difficult to rotate can be disinfected with soil.
L, ploughing irrigation in summer, keeping the water layer 15 days (or covering it with plastic film 10 days), then ploughing and drying.
2, vegetable fields with light pests and diseases, ploughing and drying twice in summer.
3. After harvesting the green leafy vegetables in the previous crop, evenly sprinkle 30 kilograms of ammonium bicarbonate on each mu of border, cover it with plastic film for 14 days, and then plough and sow.
(4) Agricultural facilities
L, the use of plastic or glass greenhouses, convenient lighting, temperature control, humidity control. Non-drip film should be used in greenhouse, which can adjust the humidity in greenhouse and reduce the occurrence of diseases.
2. Plastic film can be black or silver gray to control weeds and promote the activities of soil microorganisms.
3. In summer and autumn, off-season vegetables and seasonal long-season vegetables in high mountains are covered with straw to keep roots moist, inhibit weeds and prevent diseases.
(5) Clean the countryside
1. Centralized destruction or composting and fertilization of diseased plants, diseased fruits, diseased leaves and pruning, topping branches and sparse small fruits.
2. Remove weeds in the field and agricultural film debris in the residual soil.
(six) to promote the intercropping of vegetables in different families.
Third, improve the cultivation management measures, advocate "fitness" cultivation, and improve the stress resistance and pest resistance of plants.
(A) the selection of improved varieties
1, select pure varieties with high yield, high quality and strong disease resistance.
2, the introduction of varieties must go through plant quarantine, STD and pest control and quarantine. After the introduction, through the plot experiment, the improved varieties suitable for local planting were selected.
3. The seeds of sexual reproduction should be pure varieties, no pests and diseases, high yield and high quality seeds.
(2) seed disinfection
1, chemical seed dressing. The general dosage is 0. 1 ~ 0.5% of the seed weight. Shake the seeds and medicine in a jar for 5-6 minutes, and then mix and sow. Commonly used fungicides include 70% thiram and 70% thiophanate. 90% of pesticides are trichlorfon.
2. Soak seeds with chemicals. Before disinfection, soak the seeds in clear water 1 ~ 6 hours, then soak them in medicinal liquid, disinfect them according to the specified time, and wash them with clear water immediately after taking them out, and then sow them or germinate them.
Common drugs and methods: Soak the seeds with 100 times of formalin aqueous solution (i.e. 40% formaldehyde) for 5-20 minutes, then take out the seeds, fumigate them in a closed way for 2-3 hours, and then rinse them with clean water; Soak the seeds in 1% copper sulfate aqueous solution for 5 minutes, take them out and rinse them with clean water; 10% trisodium phosphate or 2% sodium hydroxide solution, soak 15 minutes, take it out and wash it, which can inactivate tomato mosaic virus.
3. Soak the seeds in warm soup. Soak the seeds in warm water of 55℃ which is 5 ~ 6 times the amount of the seeds, stir constantly, replenish warm water at any time, keep the water temperature at 55℃, and after 10 minute, the water temperature drops to 20℃ ~ 25℃.
The soaking time of Cruciferae and Compositae seeds in root vegetables, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, mustard and green leafy vegetables is 8 ~ 12 hours; Chenopodiaceae seeds (spinach) for 24-48 hours, leguminous seeds 1-2 hours, eggplant seeds 12-24 hours. Change the water every 5 ~ 8 hours during the seed soaking process.
4. For the ginger seeds, the fields free of ginger blast should be selected as the reserved Taneda, and the ginger seeds with discolored meat, easy peeling off or dry skin should be eliminated. Ginger seeds should be soaked in 20% lime water 10 minute, and then germinated. Cut the seed potato into pieces, cover the incision with a layer of fresh plant ash, and germinate or sow after healing.
(3) sowing
1, sowing date of protected cultivation: in winter and spring, according to the temperature rising performance of plastic film and greenhouse, the local temperature can be raised to 12℃, and sowing can be carried out earlier; In summer and autumn, the sowing date of cool vegetables should be determined according to the cooling performance of covering materials or sunshade nets.
2. Sowing date of off-season vegetables in alpine summer and autumn: from plain to mountainous area, when the altitude rises 100 m in spring, the temperature rising process is 3 days later than that in plain and 4 days earlier than that in early autumn.
3. Adjust the sowing date to avoid the peak period of diseases and insect pests: for example, solanaceous fruits are sown early in spring to 1 1 ~ 65438+ February of the following year, and seedlings are raised in winter to avoid the high incidence of bacterial wilt in the first fruit stage; Spring potatoes should be sown as early as possible under the condition that the seedlings are not damaged by freezing, and autumn potatoes should be sown as late as possible under the condition that the seedlings are not damaged by frost in order to reduce bacterial wilt.
(4) cultivate strong seedlings
1, seedling method
(1) Root vegetables (except kohlrabi, turnip cabbage and turnip, which can be transplanted) and yam should be directly broadcast.
② The leafy vegetables in Chinese cabbage, cabbage and mustard are suitable for seedling raising, and the lobular vegetables can be directly planted or transplanted. Chinese cabbage, pickled mustard tuber and pickled mustard tuber are susceptible to diseases, and protective facilities such as insect nets must be covered, and seedlings should be raised in nutrient pots or plugs and transplanted with soil.
③ Direct seeding or seedling planting of green leafy vegetables.
(4) Melons should be raised in nutrient bowls or plug plates, and big seedlings should be transplanted with soil. Ordinary seedbed seedlings should be transplanted when cotyledons are flat.
⑤ Onions and garlic, leeks and onions should be transplanted, and others should be broadcast live.
⑥ When beans are cultivated in early spring, seedlings should be raised and planted before the first real leaf is unfolded. Live in other seasons.
⑦ Grafting and seedling raising. Mostly used in watermelon, melon, cucumber, tomato and other kinds.
2. Seedbed management
① disinfection. The seedbed should be mixed with waste edible fungi or organic substrates such as fermented sawdust and chaff ash to make substrate soilless seedling raising. If you use vegetable garden soil to raise seedlings, you should spray 50% carbendazim powder for 800 times. Spray or soak the seedling container with 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution for 30 minutes.
② Control temperature and humidity. After spring sowing, plastic arch shed is covered for heat preservation, and the seedbed temperature is about 20℃ after the seedlings are covered with soil. Five days before transplanting, the seedlings gradually became strong. In summer and autumn, the seedlings are covered with sunshade nets to cool down, and the seedlings are gradually tempered 7 days before transplanting.
(3) Spring Chinese cabbage, spring celery and spring cabbage. In spring, it should be planted upside down and the seedbed should be covered with a small arch shed. If necessary, keep warm through the electric hotline. The seedbed temperature shall not be lower than 65438 05℃ from sowing to seedling leaving the nursery.
3. Strong seedling requirements: short and thick stems and tight internodes; The leaves are large and thick, and the leaves are dark green; White fibrous roots are many; No pests and diseases, no damage. When planting spring vegetable seedlings, the terminal buds must not differentiate into flower buds.
(5) Field planting and management
1, soil preparation
The border should be deeper and higher, and there will be no water in the border after the rain or furrow irrigation in the vegetable garden. The height of the vegetable bed is 25 ~ 30 cm. Border width 1.2m, border furrow 30cm, border length 30-50m. Plant two rows or plum blossom shapes on each border. Under the condition of good drainage, green leafy vegetables, onions and garlic can be planted in multiple rows, with a width of1.8 ~ 2m. Beans, melons and potatoes can be planted in a row with a height of more than 30 cm. Leveling watercress, water spinach, water bamboo and water chestnut, and building ridges around the vegetable garden to keep the water depth 3-5cm. The water depth of water chestnut and lotus root is 5 ~ 10 cm.
2. Soil requirements
① Watermelon, melon and melon in root vegetables, beans, potatoes and melons are suitable for loose and deep sandy loam or sandy soil.
② Cabbage, cabbage, mustard greens, green leafy vegetables, melons, eggplant fruits, onions and garlic are suitable for loam or clayey loam.
③ Lettuce and watercress, water spinach and taro are suitable for loam or clay.
Step 3 plant
Reasonable close planting, the planting hole should be flush with the border surface without depression, and the planting depth should be based on the roots and stems of the seedlings, and should not exceed the cotyledon nodes. Choose sunny and windless days for planting. Water the roots immediately after planting, and water them frequently until they survive.
4, intertillage, weeding, ridging
(1) protectively covered with white or black plastic film.
(2) Off-season vegetables in high mountains, the border is covered with straw to protect roots, weed and prevent diseases.
(3) In uncovered vegetable garden, harrow should be used for intertillage, and tomatoes, peppers and Chinese cabbage should avoid damaging their roots in summer and autumn, or spray beds and ditches with herbicides before planting.
④ Short-term green leafy vegetables with direct seeding should be sprayed with herbicides after sowing and covered with soil before emergence.
⑤ Dioscorea opposita needs to be cultivated, and it should be topdressing and weeding every time it is cultivated.
5, scaffolding, pruning, fruit thinning
Tomatoes, beans (except dwarf varieties), yams, yams, potatoes and other vegetables should be stubbled and pruned in time. Thinning branches and fruits should be taken out of the vegetable garden for destruction.
6, small arch shed, greenhouse temperature and humidity management
(1) The small arch shed and greenhouse should be erected from north to south, so that the shed can receive light evenly all day.
(2) Deep ditches should be dug around the small arch shed and greenhouse for drainage, and the vegetable fields in the shed should be covered with plastic film. If there is pipeline micro-sprinkler irrigation, the pipeline should be placed in plastic film for irrigation.
(3) The ventilation of small arch shed and greenhouse can reduce temperature and humidity. When the weather is cold, it is advisable to ventilate at noon and keep warm with plastic film at 3 pm. With the increase of the temperature in the shed, the ventilation rate is gradually increased until the skirt film and all the films are removed and the sunshade net is used instead.
(6) Irrigation
1, basic principles
① Sandy loam should be fertilized with more organic fertilizer and irrigated regularly. Clay loam should be drained by deep ditch, and the irrigation time should be strictly controlled, not too much. Saline-alkali land is irrigated with river water or well water and open water. Low-lying land "small water irrigation" and "drainage and waterlogging prevention"
(2) Looking up to the sky to see the seedling irrigation. Irrigate more on sunny days and less or no irrigation on cloudy days and cold days. There is wax powder on the leaves, and cauliflower, cabbage and onion with darker leaves should be watered more; Pale leaves, long stems, less or no watering for those that don't wilt at noon. The stem (faucet) of melon is upturned. Don't water the leaves if they don't wilt at noon. If they wither slightly, irrigate less. Otherwise, water them more.
Water in summer and summer must be before 9 am or after 5 pm, and avoid watering at noon. If there is a small thunderstorm at noon in summer and summer, irrigation should be carried out immediately.
(3) Short-term green leafy vegetables, cucumbers, early-maturing gourds and green beans are the vegetables with the greatest demand; The medium water demand includes root vegetables, Chinese cabbage, mustard greens, leafy vegetables in cabbage, beans, onions, garlic, potatoes and dried taro; There are edamame, kidney bean, lentil, potato, yam and so on with less water demand. Vegetables that need adequate water supply include aquatic vegetables and watercress, taro, water spinach and so on.
(4) Before the emergence and survival of vegetables, irrigation should be done frequently to keep the soil moist. Irrigation should be done frequently at seedling stage, but less. In the period of vigorous nutrition, more irrigation is needed, but not too much. Sometimes it is even necessary to control the water properly and bake the fields properly to prevent the growth of waste. In the flowering and fruiting period of melons and fruits, in the early stage of leafy vegetables, or in the early stage of budding, more water should be poured to keep the soil moist. Root vegetables, leafy vegetables, onions, garlic, potatoes and taro (except water taro) are forbidden to be watered by big water from 10 to half a month before harvest.
2. Method
① Gully irrigation: the land should be leveled. Before the vegetable clumping stage, furrow irrigation should be used less in clay loam. Trench irrigation drains water immediately after the soil absorbs water to the border height 1/2 ~ 2/3. Summer furrow irrigation should be carried out after evening.
(2) water: water is enough every time. Short-term green leafy vegetables do not need to be watered every day.
Fourth, fertilization.
(A) the principle of fertilization
L, choose decomposed manure, compost, green manure, cake manure, straw, human and animal manure, plant ash, mud manure, organic bacterial manure, artificial organic fertilizer, etc. , supplemented by mineral fertilizers. It is forbidden to use urban garbage as fertilizer for vegetable gardens. The use of mud fertilizer shall be implemented in accordance with state regulations. Raw vegetables such as lettuce and coriander are prohibited from using human and animal manure as topdressing.
2. Nitrogen fertilizer is the most used fertilizer for vegetables. Excessive use of various nitrogen-containing fertilizers may cause nitrate accumulation in vegetables.
(1) The critical value of pure nitrogen consumption per mu of leafy vegetables is 20kg. For Chinese cabbage, cabbage, mustard and green leafy vegetables, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer should be limited. Among them, vase vegetables, rape varieties and spinach varieties of Chinese cabbage should not use too much nitrogen fertilizer. The consumption of pure nitrogen per acre and per crop of this kind of vegetables shall not exceed 10kg, and that of long-leaf vegetables shall not exceed 15kg.
② Mineral nitrogen fertilizer is not applied to high fertility soil (total nitrogen is more than 0. 12%). The ratio of organic nitrogen fertilizer to inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in general fertility soil should not be less than 1: 1.
③ The eighth day after topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is the safe start of harvest and marketing.
④ Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer should be combined with ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and amide nitrogen fertilizer.
(2) Fertilization method
L, base fertilizer, topdressing
① 70% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer and 30% as topdressing. Among them, 3/5 of nitrogen fertilizer is used as topdressing.
② Organic fertilizer, mineral phosphate fertilizer and plant ash are all used as base fertilizers. Other fertilizers can be partially used as base fertilizers.
③ Organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer are mixed to make base fertilizer.
2. Top dressing and head protection attack the central control tail
Apply thin fertilizer mainly nitrogen fertilizer many times at seedling stage; In the early stage of vegetable growth, topdressing is the main method, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be paid attention to; Little or no topdressing before harvest.
Key points of fertilization for all kinds of vegetables:
(1) Root vegetables, onions, garlic, onions and yam begin to swell in bulbs or tubers.
② Cabbage, cabbage, mustard, etc. It is in the early heading stage or the early flowering stage.
(3) Pumpkin, eggplant and beans after the first flower is firmly planted.
3. Preventive measures
(1) Topdressing depends on the weather. Topdressing is more in southerly days with higher temperature and less or no topdressing in northerly days with lower temperature.
(2) Topdressing should be combined with artificial irrigation, intertillage and other operations, and at the same time, factors such as weather conditions and soil water content should be considered.
4. Top dressing outside the root (foliar fertilizer)
① Organic compound foliar fertilizers include Tianfengsu, Haotepu, amino acid compound micro-fertilizer, Plant Power 2003, etc.
(2) potassium dihydrogen phosphate is used to supplement phosphorus and potassium, and water is sprayed 100g and 50kg per mu.
③ Broccoli, broccoli, celery and kohlrabi are sensitive to boron fertilizer. It can be sprayed with 100g borax mixed with 50kg water (spraying 2-3 times from the rosette stage).
(3) improving the harmful substances in the soil
1. For short-term leafy vegetables, 20 kg of lime, 0/000 kg of manure or 0/5 kg of sulfur (soil pH is about 6.5) should be applied per mu per crop, and any one of them should be applied together with base fertilizer.
2. For long-term vegetables, 25 kilograms of lime, 65,438+0,000 kilograms of manure or 2 kilograms of sulfur (soil pH is about 6.5) should be applied per mu per crop, and either of them should be combined with base fertilizer.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) integrated pest control
(a) to implement the policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control".
Length plant quarantine.
Import and export seeds shall be quarantined according to the provisions of the plant quarantine department, and the quarantine objects designated by the local quarantine department shall be prevented from being imported or exported.
2, the use of agricultural technical measures, efforts to reduce pests and diseases, improve the ability of vegetables to resist pests and diseases, reduce the number of drugs.
(1) Soil disinfection, ploughing and airing, high-temperature disinfection by irrigation in summer, and rice-upland rotation.
(2) Clean the countryside, remove diseased plants and residual leaves in time and disinfect and burn them.
③ Rotation and interplanting, that is, rotation between vegetables of different families or interplanting with vegetables of Allium in Liliaceae.
(4) Increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to improve the disease resistance or adopt early sowing or late sowing cultivation time to avoid the peak of pests and diseases.
⑤ Horticultural facilities should be adopted to create a microclimate environment for vegetable growth, control the infection of pests and diseases or avoid the high incidence of pests and diseases.
⑥ Seed disinfection. Physical measures such as soaking seeds in warm soup or chemical pesticides, seed dressing and disinfection were adopted.
3. Physical precautions.
(1) Vibrating lamps attract insects, while color plates attract insects.
(2) ultraviolet sterilization and disease prevention.
4. Strengthen the forecast of pests and diseases, and the requirements for pesticide use are "strict, accurate and appropriate".
① Selection principle of chemical agents: firstly, choose biological pesticides or biochemical agents. Such as BT, Beauveria bassiana, Caifengling, Qingku powder, etc. Secondly, select specific insect growth regulators, such as diflubenzuron and chlordecone; Third, choose pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue, such as trichlorfon, propargite and thiophanate-methyl; Fourth, when catastrophic diseases and insect pests will cause devastating losses, choose pesticides with good efficacy, low toxicity and low residue, and use all kinds of pesticides in strict accordance with the dosage per unit area, the number of times of use of each crop, the concentration of each use and the safe interval.
② Scientifically use pesticides in strict accordance with national regulations, and vegetables can only be put on the market after a safe interval of application.
③ Selection principle of herbicides.
A, the use of low-toxic or slightly toxic herbicides, such as contact herbicides, herbicides, etc. Or herbicide tong and prometryne with poor internal absorption conductivity.
B. Stop using contact herbicides on day 0/5 before harvest, and stop using internal absorption and conduction herbicides within 45 days.
C butachlor, trifluralin and other herbicides that are highly toxic to fish are not used in vegetable fields near rivers and ponds.
(two) the main diseases and insect pests of all kinds of vegetables and their control methods (see chapter III, cultivation techniques of main varieties)
Six, self-inspection before harvest
Pre-harvest self-inspection mainly includes checking whether the safe interval of using pesticides and fertilizers has passed. If possible, rapid detection cards (paper) or instruments can be used for pesticide residue detection.
Seven, harvesting
(1) Pay attention to the appropriate harvest period:
According to the vegetable growth, maturity, target market distance, market vegetable supply, post-harvest treatment facilities and other factors, timely harvest.
(b) listed clean vegetables
1, sensory requirements.
(1) Root vegetables have no sediment, no stems and leaves, and no roots.
(2) Stripping the green outer leaves without roots, and flattening the stem base.
(3) Cauliflower has no outer leaves and its stem base is flat. Broccoli can have main stems, leaves and roots.
(4) Fruits and vegetables without stems and leaves. Melon beans are tender and round.
2, cleaning vegetables with blisters, water quality should meet the prescribed standards.
(3) classification
Vegetables are classified according to quality, color, individual size, weight, freshness and whether there are diseases and injuries.
1, super grade: it has the same shape, color, wind power, uniform size, neat packaging, and tolerance of 5% (quantity or weight).
2. Grade I: It has the shape, color and flavor of this variety, but the color and shape are allowed to be slightly flawed, and the appearance is slightly spotted, which will not affect the appearance and fresh-keeping quality.
3. Grade II: basically having the shape, color and flavor of the variety, with some shortcomings allowed, but not affecting the appearance and fresh-keeping quality.