Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Bianqiang Pronunciation: děqiāng Explanation: Origin of ancient ethnic minorities in China: basic information of Yanwu in the poem Ode to Shang, formation of border ethnic groups, Xia Shang, west of Ziwuling, east of Ziwuling, data records, existing situation, Qin Dynasty, formation of various military forces, life of Qiang people, basic information words. They all live in the northwest today. The term "frontier strength" can also be used together to refer to the ancient nationalities in China distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and western Sichuan today. The source of "Poems, Odes and Yanwu": "If you are a monk, don't dare not come to enjoy it, don't dare not come to the king." Confucius' Ying Da Shu: "The species with strong borders still exist in the Han Dynasty, living in the west of Qin and Gansu." "Xunzi Outline": "I am not worried about the shackles of border strength, but I am worried that it will not burn." Yang Xu's note: "It's tiring to study at the base. It is a custom to burn A Qiang's body after his death. It's stupid not to worry about being captured now, but not to burn it. " "Three Kingdoms Shu" wrote: "Let's gather and revive the two counties." . Megatron is fierce, and his merits are obvious. Zhang's Preface to the Book Caste: "Jiang's surname is Ye, and his son is. "Di nationality is the formation of an ancient nation, named after raising new sheep breeds. First, it merged with Rong, Beidi, Dongyi, Donghu and other ethnic groups that had already distributed here at the foot of Taihang Mountain in northern Hebei Province, forming a new Di nationality, and then moved to Gannan in the southwest, where they mixed with Qiang people and merged with each other, forming a Di nationality in the Han and Wei Dynasties. Due to the long-term coexistence of Di and Han nationalities, deeply influenced by Chinese culture, they live a life of farming and settlement, with relatively developed economy and higher civilization than other ethnic minorities. In the Yongjia Rebellion at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Miao people joined the ranks of "five wild flowers" and successively established countries such as the former Qin Dynasty, Japan and Korea. By the Tang Dynasty, almost all the Miao people were integrated into the Han people. People belonging to the Miao nationality and whites migrated southwest to western Sichuan, northern Yunnan and central Yunnan. Therefore, the frontier ethnic group is an ancient ethnic group with a large number, extensive migration and far-reaching influence, and it is an important backbone of the Chinese nation. The Xia-Shang period from 2 1 century BC to 1 1 century BC, that is, the Xia-Shang period, including various departments within the boundary strength category, can be roughly divided into two categories: the west and the east of Ziwuling, Shaanxi. The Yellow River to the west of Ziwuling, especially to the west of Longshan and its tributaries Huangshui, Datong and Taohe, have entered the Bronze Age, but there is no unified political power, and the activities of tribes in these areas are not clearly recorded in historical documents. Archaeological culture proves that in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and Huangshui and Datong River basins, Kayo culture and Tang Wang culture developed with Qijia culture, which is roughly equivalent to Xia Shang to Western Zhou Dynasty, and the economy changed from primitive farming to nomadism. Along with the development of Qijia culture, Siwa culture and Anguo culture appeared in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, Taohe River basin and even the upper reaches of Minshan Mountain. These two cultures are in the same era as those of Kaga and Tang Wang, and they have the same origin and many characteristics. The main difference today is that the culture of Xiwa and Anguo is still dominated by farming, and animal husbandry accounts for an obvious proportion. Archaeologists and national historians judge that these two types of bronze culture belong to the cultural remains of the Qiang nationality. Their political connection with Xia and Shang Dynasties is not clearly recorded, but their economic and cultural interaction with the Central Plains is reflected in archaeological culture. The Weishui River basin to the east of Ziwuling and the western areas of northern Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan were either the central areas or the western parties of the Xia Dynasty. Except for the conquest of the Xia Qi Youhu family, which involves the present Guanzhong area, there are few records of the conflicts between the Xia Dynasty and the western regions and the ethnic groups in the northwest. " The poem Ode to Shang Yanwu said: "Once upon a time, there was soup, so I didn't dare to enjoy it, and I didn't dare to be king. It was said that business was normal. "Perhaps the Shang Dynasty destroyed Xia Hou, and the western regions and the northwest surrendered. However, in the middle and later period of Shang Dynasty, Oracle Bone Inscriptions since Wuding reflected that the main frontier troubles and conquering directions of Shang Dynasty were concentrated in the west and northwest, and the main sides were Tu, Fang, Qiang, Gui and Zhou. Among these, Turkic and Fang are the strong enemies of the West, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions often records the personal expedition of Shang Wang, and Turkic and Wu also made an army conquest. " The word "waiting for someone" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions means to conquer and retreat. The number of people recruited by the earth and the party reached 3,000 or even 5,000 at a time, and the number of expeditions and invasions was also very frequent. According to the data, as early as 1930, Mr. Guo Moruo proposed that "the so-called land is the Xia nationality", and its distribution was determined to be from northwest Shanxi to Inner Mongolia. 1989, Hu Houxuan, a Oracle Bone Inscriptions scientist, wrote Textual Research on Earthwork in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, a Xia man, and collected Oracle Bone Inscriptions and documents in detail. He came to the conclusion that he conquered the land many times in the south of Shanxi and the west of Henan, that is, the Fang country where Xia adherents did not serve the Shang Dynasty, and then built Dayi Town House in the area between Hefen in the south of Shanxi and Yicheng County in Shanxi, that is, the central area of Xia people. The document calls it the summer land. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's records, it is inferred that the land was in the west and northwest of Shang Dynasty and in the west, so it may be a nomadic people distributed in northern Shaanxi and northern Shanxi today. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the Qiang people refer exclusively to the Fang State called Qiang, and generally refer to the tribes and Fang States in the west and northwest. Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins: Geography of Kingdom, written by Mr. Chen, quoted Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the conqueror of Wuding, and collected 3,000 people who had returned home, "traveling 10,000 people, * * * 3,000 people". In addition, there are other special names such as Beiqiang and Domaqiang. Summary * * * lists five Oracle Bone Inscriptions articles about Northern Qiang and Ma Qiang, of which only one recorded the conquest of Northern Qiang, and the other four recorded the submission of Northern Qiang and Ma Qiang to Shang Dynasty. Mr. Chen concluded that Ma Qiang may be the Qiang of Ma Fang or Ma Fang. Both Northern Qiang and Ma Qiang were ministers belonging to the Qiang people's country of Shang Dynasty, and they never left the west of Shang Dynasty or near the northwest border. Experts engaged in Oracle bone inscriptions have made a statistical study on the frontier invasion and Shang conquest since Wuding. They not only found that Oracle Bone Inscriptions indicated that the main threats at that time came from the surrounding areas of Shang Dynasty in the west and the north, but also that sometimes when tribes and countries in the west or northwest "acted together or formed alliances", they often dominated. The records of war in Oracle bones rank first in terms of quantity and variety. "Oracle Bone Inscriptions has 200-300 records of the other side's war, 70-80 records of the Turkish side, 30-50 records of the next crisis and the Pakistani war, and so on. "The total number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Qiang, Maqiang and Qianglong wars does not exceed 30-40". However, in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the Shang Dynasty captured Qiang people, "only Qiang people", or treated Qiang people as slaves, all of which were called "Qiang people", but there was no specific record of whether they were Fang people, Turks, Yu people or Ba people. "This enlightens us that the meaning of the servant Qiang in Shang Dynasty is not limited to the subjects of Qiang, but a general term for the nomadic people in northwest China; The Oracle of' Wei Qiang' is not a war against Qiang, but reflects the organized looting of the northwest by the border people of various countries. " The Shang Dynasty constantly fought against the tribes and countries he regarded as Qiang people, sometimes not because of the invasion and plunder of the conquered tribes and countries, but to capture and plunder the population, that is, "only Qiang people." In addition, the Shang Dynasty forced conquered tribes and countries to pay tribute to people and livestock, which fully showed the characteristics of ethnic oppression in the Shang Dynasty under the slave possession system. They are mainly captured Qiang people who also pay a certain amount of tribute, which are used to worship ancestors, gods, rivers and mountains, praying for the New Year, dharma difficulties and other important sacrifices. The number ranges from two or three to hundreds. Among them, Wu Ding's Oracle Bone Inscriptions, including "Wu Zi Bu, Dang and Zhen Mu, used 300 Ding tonight. Ding Yi, Qi, 245,,, Ding is one of the most solemn ancestors who offered sacrifices to Zujia in Wuding, and is often considered to refer to Zu Ding. At the end of the speech, the word' Yong' was added, indicating that 300 Qiang people were killed at one time after divination. This is the highest number of actual sacrifices that can be determined in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. " . Among the Qiang people used as human beings, there are both ordinary Qiang people and "Er Qiang Bai" records, while the records of Yi and Xi people used as human beings are rare. "Except for the Qiang people, the number of people in Oracle Bone Inscriptions who are commensurate with their national names is generally small, and some have only one or two." Besides being human beings, Qiang slaves are mostly used in animal husbandry and occasionally in agricultural production. These production slaves laugh at Xi people and other ethnic groups, while Qiang people are mainly used for human beings. Chen believes that this is mainly because "the Qiang nationality may be related to the clan of Jiang surname". Other Oracle Bone Inscriptions and ancient history experts such as Guo Moruo, Gu Jiegang, Dong Zuobin, Hu Houxuan and other papers cited by Luo Kun also hold similar views. In Fang Guozhong, which was regarded by Shang Dynasty as A Qiang or a frontier power, some people had good relations with Shang Dynasty, even served as officials in Shang Dynasty, participated in the conquest of Qiang people by Shang kings, or first became enemies of Shang Dynasty, and then became princes of Shang Dynasty. The former is like a ghost face. Oracle Bone Inscriptions records that it is not only rare for Shang kings to fight with ghost faces, but also that "Liang Wuding, a representative of the ghost family, participated in the activities of sacrificing, conquering and plundering Qiang people in the dynasty since childhood, and was often compared with some important members of the ruling group at that time. Even Shang kings were concerned about whether he was sick." According to Records of Historian Yin Benji, Zhou Wang was once "equal to Xibo, Jiuhou and Hubei Hou". Jiuhou is a ghost Hou in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and there are also divinations about whether to let ghost people participate in sacrifices and kill animals. "The divination results in the divination of Chinese characters make the ghost and Zhou occupy this position together." The nature of the "three publics" in the Zhou Dynasty is difficult to determine. It is recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions that Ghosts and Ghosts participated in sacrificial activities in Shang Dynasty as sacrificial victims, which proved that Ghosts and Zhou leaders did use things in Shang Dynasty. There are three situations: one is a nomadic Qiang tribe, but influenced by Shang culture. It is found that the cultural remains of this nomadic people in Shang Dynasty are quite rich in northern Shanxi, northern Shaanxi and Hetao, and Fang is the representative of this kind of people. They were the opponents of Shang Dynasty in the west and the main targets of Shang Dynasty's conquest. One is that the adherents of the Xia Dynasty who did not submit to the Shang Dynasty, such as the Turkic side, may mostly merge with the Shang Dynasty after conquest, or some of them may become one of the sources of Xiongnu in the north. The spread of cultural characteristics such as dragon worship in Xiongnu is probably related to the fact that the Turkic side of Xia people joined Xiongnu. The third kind, such as Zhou people and Ghost Fang, had a good relationship with Shang Dynasty. Zhou people are one of the main sources of the three branches of China, and ghost faces are closely related to Chu people, as well as Chi Di and other people named Kui in the Spring and Autumn Period. In ancient national history, there were many disputes about the ghost clan. How they were mistaken for the powerful enemies in the northwest of Shang Dynasty will be described in the ministries of Zhou Dynasty, so I won't go into details. In the Qin Dynasty, the State of Qin was ordered by the King of Zhou to recover the Haojiang area of qi zhou from Xirong, and was destroyed by King Zhao of Qin. It took five centuries for counties and counties to be established in the Longshan area of Longdong and Longxi and the original distribution area of Zhu Rong. In these five centuries, Qin itself completed the process of resisting Xirong and becoming strong, which laid the foundation for the unification of Xia Dynasty. The original Zhurong in the counties of Qin has also been sinicized and has become a part of the source of the Chinese nation. Today, the frontier ethnic groups in northwest Gansu and Qingchuan developed and expanded during the Warring States Period. Zhu Rong has been formed from Qin Xianggong to Qin Wugong for nearly a hundred years, focusing on recovering the plain area east of Qianlong and west of Huashan, and has also begun to annex Zhu Rong in Longshan area. In 688 BC, that is, the tenth year of Qin Wugong, it was "the beginning of the county, and the beginning of the county". This is the earliest record of establishing a county in Qin dynasty, and it is also one of the earliest records of establishing a county in the Spring and Autumn Period. Qin Yun County belongs to Longxi County, which was changed to Shang Yun County in the Western Han Dynasty. Ying Shao said that "it is also a city", so it is located in the southwest of Tianshui City, Gansu Province. Jixian County belongs to Tianshui County in the Han Dynasty, so it is located in Gangu County in the northwest of Tianshui City. However, from the west of Xihe, including today's northern Shaanxi and Shaanxi-Gansu border areas, Zhu Rong is still a relatively concentrated distribution area. Since 627 BC, when Mu Gong was defeated by the State of Jin and Jiang Rong in 33 years, the State of Qin stopped developing eastward. Until the Warring States period, Qin mainly annexed Zhurong and marched westward. Qin Mugong borrowed Yu Yu to say that "the eight countries of Xirong served Qin". At that time, from western Liaoning and Yanshan areas to northern Shanxi, Hetao and Zhurong in the east and west of Gansu, "each scattered valley has its own monarch, and there are often more than 100 people gathered, so it is impossible to be one." In historical records, honor and virtue are indistinguishable. In fact, the western Liaoning and Yanshan regions are Shanrong, which is similar to the Donghu people. Hetao area may belong to Xiongnu, which is described in the section of Northern Emperor. Longshan area and Longxi area have been the distribution areas of Qiang and Rong since Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties. Yu Yu's ancestors were Jin people, and he himself was "eloquent" and was called a saint in the tribe. At that time, Zhu Rong had its own monarch, but there was no court accumulation, and the rule of poetry, books, rituals, music and statutes was still unknown. Between chiefs and tribesmen, it is relatively simple to "contain the virtue of chun to welcome it, cherish the faith of loyalty to it, and the government of a country is still governed by one body, and I don't know how to govern it." Its customs are very different from those in summer. In yiqu, the most powerful country in Zhu Rong, relatives died, and firewood was accumulated to burn the bodies, making people feel smoky, thinking that the dead rose with the smoke and the living did their duty. In order to alienate Rong Wang and Yu Yu, the State of Qin gave Rong Wang Twenty-eight Female Music. Rong Wang was fascinated and enjoyed it for many years. Yu Yu refused to listen again and again, and finally he was rejected by Rong Wang and went to Qin Mugong. In 623 BC, the thirty-seventh year of Qin Mugong, "Yu Yu was used to attack the king of Rong, benefit the twelve countries, open Wan Li, and then dominate Xirong". In the summer of the Central Plains, Qin was not counted as summer, and it was not aligned with Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period. Among the 82 countries annexed by Qin Mugong, Mianzhu, Zhaizhai,? Yiqu, Dali, Wushi and Yanyan are located in the north of Qishan. During the hundred years from Qin Mugong to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, there was no record of the war between Qin and Zhu Rong. There may be a period of peace. During this period, Dali Rong and Yi Qurong near Qin developed rapidly. At the beginning of the Warring States, "Yiqu and Dali were the strongest, and dozens of cities were built, all of which were kings", and they probably settled down and changed from nomadism to farming. According to Historical Records of Qin Benji, Chronicle of Six Kingdoms and Biography of Western Qiang, the relationship between Qin and the military forces on the east and west sides of Longshan during the Warring States Period is as follows: in 470 BC, at the age of six, Yiqu came to bribe and Mianzhu begged for help. In 46 BC1year, Zhou Zhending was eight years old and * * * was sixteen years old. Moreover, Dali was destroyed by the Qin Dynasty, which had its place. In 457 Bc, Zhou Zhending became the king of 12 years, Qin Li became the king for 20 years, and even played Mianzhu. In 444 BC, Zhou Zhending was king for twenty-five years, and Qin Li was king for thirty-three years. During the pacification period, Yi Qu was conquered and its king was captured. In 430 BC, in the thirteenth and thirteenth years of the Zhou Dynasty, Yi conquered Qin and invaded Weiyang. In 395 BC, in the seventh year, in the fifth year of Qin Dynasty,,, were cut. In 36 1 BC, Zhou Xian reigned for eight years. In the first year, the first year, and the second year, he sent troops to the west to explore Rong. Wang. 33 BC1In the thirty-eighth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty and the seventh year of King Huiwen of Qin Dynasty, there was civil strife in the Yi Canal, and the general sergeant decided to put troops on it. In 327 BC, King Xian of Zhou was forty-two years old, and King Huiwen of Qin was eleven years old.,,, Qin took land from Yiqu, set up a county, and converted it into King Qin. In 320 BC, in the first year of King Liang of Zhou Dynasty and the fifth year of King Huiwen of Qin Dynasty, the King of Qin swam northward to Rongdi and Dahe. In 3 17 BC, in the fourth year of Zhou Liang Wang and the eighth year of Qin Huiwen Wang, Yiqu defeated Qin in Li Bonian. In 3 14 BC, in the first year of Zhou Wang's pardon, in the eleventh year of Qin Huiwen's Wang Gai,,, invaded Iraq and took its twenty-five cities. In 272 BC, in the forty-third year of King Shu of Zhou and the thirty-fifth year of King Zhao Haoqi of Qin, Xu Antai, king of Qin, set out to kill Yiqu in Ganquan. The distribution of the above-mentioned Zhurong ranges from the west of the Yellow River, Jing and Luoshui Valley to the east and west of Longshan and Qin area, which is fundamentally different from the distribution of Zhurong in Haojing and area in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The difference is that the names of Zhurong tribes in the Western Zhou Dynasty are unknown, but they are generally called as the general names of Zhurong tribal groups such as Xirong, Rong Gui and Xun Yu. During the Warring States Period, the names of tribes and countries in Zhu Rong were more detailed, which was due to the development of Zhu Rong society, and the relationship between Qin and Zhu Rong was closer and more detailed than that of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Dali is in the easternmost part, and Beiluoshui River and Weihe River are at the intersection of the Yellow River. Today there is Dali County in Shaanxi Province, which is the central distribution area of ancient Dali Rong. There is Peng's Rong in the northeast of Dali, which is now the village in the northeast of Baishui County, Shaanxi Province. As early as the early Spring and Autumn Period, Dali was annexed by Qin Wugong, but it was between Jin and Qin. No matter whether Jin and Qin were at peace or at war, Dali did not endanger its existence in the whole Spring and Autumn and three centuries, and developed into one of the most powerful countries among all the military countries. The lack of mysterious history and its tenacious existence between Jin and Qin for more than three centuries also illustrate Dali. The most concentrated area in Zhu Rong is still in the west of Qin, with Longshan as the center. Mianzhu, located in Tianshui County, Tianshui City, Gansu Province, is the closest place to Qin Yi and Goushan established in the early Qin Dynasty. Mianzhu Road in the Western Han Dynasty belongs to Tianshui County. Zhai is now in Lintao County, Gansu Province, and there are De, Zhai and Dao in the Western Han Dynasty, which belong to Longxi County. ? Is there a Han Dynasty in the north of Longxi County, Gansu Province today? The highway belongs to Tianshui County. Wushi, northwest of Pingliang County, Gansu Province, has Wushi County in Han Dynasty, belonging to Anding County. Kanyan, located in the southeast of lingwu city, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, has Kanyan County in Han Dynasty, which belongs to Beidi County. Yi Qu is the most powerful of all the Rong in Longshan area, with its capital in the north of Ning County, Gansu Province, and Yi Qu in Han Dynasty, which belongs to the northern county. After the Qin Dynasty destroyed Yiqu, Beidi County was established, including the southeast of Ningxia, Qingyang of Gansu and parts of northern Shaanxi. In the meantime, there were Wushi and other departments, and I don't know whether they belonged to Yiqu, but there were dozens of cities from Yiqu. Among them, 25 cities in Yiqu were captured by Qin in 3 14 BC, and Yiqu also attacked Qin to the north bank of Weishui, defeating Qin and Li Bo. It shows that Yiqu area includes a relatively vast area in northern Qin. Qin destroyed yiqu by special means. Qin Wang's mother, Xuan Huang, has been in contact with Qin Wang Yiqu for a long time and has two sons. At that time, although Yiqu had gone to the Qin Dynasty, he still had considerable strength. Finally, Queen Xuan lured and killed Yiqu King in Ganquan Palace, and then Yiqu was destroyed, and Beidi County was established, and the Great Wall was built along Longxi and Beidi to separate it from nomadic tribes. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, barbarians called "Dao" at the county level, and most of the counties set up in the former Zhurong area were named "Dao" after the original department. It can be seen that these places were originally in Huarong, but they were not merged. Qiang people live in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Today, Qinghai is adjacent to Gan Qing. There have been many tribes since three generations. In the official period, that is, the early Warring States period, there was a Qiang people named Jane. I don't know which tribe it belongs to, but it was captured by Qin and became a slave. Later, he fled to Hehuang, and the tribe thought that the sword was blessed by the gods, so he survived and made him the leader. At that time, Hehuang was a matter of "less food and more livestock." Therefore, the farm animals of the Sword School have become more and more loyal. Qiang people regard slaves as nothing and love swords as slaves, so they are named after them. I will be proud of it in my later life. "During the Han Dynasty, there were many Qiang tribes in Cizhi area of Hehuang, and their leaders were mostly descendants of Wu Yijian. There are Wusun, Yueshi and Saizhong in Hexi Corridor and now Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, among which Yueshi was made king at the end of the Warring States Period. To the west of Longshan, today's stone men in Wudu and Lueyang, Gansu Province, also came from Zhurong in the pre-Qin period, and their historical achievements were greatly demonstrated in the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, and their origins will be traced back to the relevant parts after Qin Dynasty. This saving is slightly.