Solid waste refers to the solid and semi-solid wastes that pollute the environment produced by human beings in production, construction, daily life and other activities.
Environmental pollution and resource waste caused by solid waste are the main problems of environmental protection and resource protection in the world today. The word "waste" in solid waste has distinct temporal and spatial characteristics. In terms of time, it is only equivalent to the current technological and economic conditions. With the rapid development of science and technology, mineral resources are increasingly exhausted, and biological resources lag behind human needs. Yesterday's waste will inevitably become tomorrow's resources. From the point of view of space, waste is just equivalent to a process that has no use value in a certain aspect, not all processes or aspects. The waste of one process is often the raw material of another process. Starting from the form of rapid economic growth, severe environmental conditions and relative lack of resources, it is an important strategic choice to complete the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way in the first two decades of this century and realize the coordinated development of economy, society and environment. Since the implementation of the sustainable development strategy in the 1990s, developed countries have taken the development of circular economy and the establishment of circular society as important ways and means to implement the sustainable development strategy. In today's international society, all countries in the world are striving to implement the strategy of sustainable development and explore a win-win path for economic development, environmental protection and social progress. According to many years of international practical experience, circular economy is a development model different from traditional economy. In the pollution control of solid waste, the recycling of solid waste can effectively solve the environmental pollution problem of solid waste and support the road of rapid and sustainable economic development in the future.
Second, the status quo of solid waste
People's Republic of China (PRC) Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste has been implemented for 8 years, and the prevention and control of solid waste pollution in China has achieved initial results, but it is still in its infancy, with many historical debts, weak infrastructure and serious solid waste pollution. The present situation of solid waste in China is that the comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste is steadily improved, the harmless treatment rate of urban solid waste is gradually improved, and the treatment and disposal of hazardous waste are intensified. The national industrial solid waste output increased from 65438+659 million tons in 1996 to 888 million tons in 2006, with an annual increase of xxxx；; Its emissions increase by 1xxxx every year. Among them, the output of industrial solid waste in Harbin in 2003 was 871.3xxxxx tons, an increase of1.3xxxxx tons compared with 2002, and the comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste was 636.9xxxx tons, with a comprehensive utilization rate of 7xxxx. The output of municipal solid waste is also increasing, with an annual increase of 8- 1 xxxxx, and the harmless treatment rate of garbage is only 2xxxxx. The cumulative storage capacity of hazardous waste reaches 200xxxx tons. In 200 1 year, the annual comprehensive utilization of industrial solid waste in China was 473 million tons, with the comprehensive utilization rate reaching 52.xxxx, and the annual garbage treatment capacity was 783xxxx tons, with the treatment rate reaching 58.xxxx.
At present, the outstanding problems in the prevention and control of solid waste mainly include: the comprehensive utilization and disposal of industrial solid waste are prominent, and the waste residue produced in the production process of industrial enterprises is accumulating more and more, which can not be effectively disposed of for a long time, which brings serious harm to the surrounding environment, especially the chromium residue in many provinces and cities. The disposal of industrial solid waste in township enterprises is a weak link. According to statistics, there are 90xxxx kilometers of land occupied or destroyed by solid waste accumulated in mines nationwide, of which two thirds are cultivated land. The capacity of municipal solid waste treatment facilities is insufficient, the standard is not high, the treatment method is single, and the domestic waste is increasing sharply, and the treatment method is sanitary landfill. Year after year, land resources are overwhelmed. The centralized disposal capacity of hazardous waste is low. The annual output of hazardous waste in China is about 90xxxx tons, and the comprehensive utilization and disposal is only 60xxxx tons. It stores about 30xxxx tons every year, and China's accumulated storage capacity has reached 200xxxx tons. At present, only 1xxxx cities in China have built centralized hazardous waste disposal facilities, but they have not been fully utilized for various reasons. The emergency rapid response capability of hazardous waste is at a low level for a long time. The problem of rural solid waste pollution is becoming more and more serious. The treatment of rural solid waste in most areas has not been put on the agenda. Due to the intensification of agricultural production, livestock manure is directly discharged into the environment without effective treatment, which seriously pollutes the air and water. A large amount of domestic garbage in rural areas has basically not been treated and disposed of.
Three. Significance, principle and framework of solid waste recycling
(A) the significance of solid waste recycling
The recycling of solid waste is the concrete embodiment of circular economy, and it is also an ecological economy in essence. It uses natural resources and environmental capacity according to ecological laws to realize the ecological turn of solid waste, which can effectively reduce the generation and discharge of solid waste and make it a raw material resource to create new economic value. Solid waste should be used reasonably and permanently in this continuous cycle, so as to minimize the impact of economic activities on the natural environment, thus fundamentally solving the sharp contradiction between environmental pollution caused by solid waste and economic development for a long time, and providing an effective way to achieve sustainable economic development.
(B) the principle of recycling solid waste
With the aggravation of environmental pollution caused by solid waste and people's increasing concern about environmental pollution, the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste established the "three-oriented" principle for the first time, that is, the principle of "reduction, recycling and harmlessness". Among them, recycling refers to taking management and technical measures in the production process of enterprises to recover substances and energy from solid waste. The waste of the former product is used as the raw material of the latter product, and the waste of the latter product is used to produce the third product. Such recycling can not only greatly reduce the discharge of solid waste, but also make full use of limited resources, which meets the requirements of benign and sustainable development.