Finishing and research, and achieved fruitful results. In recent years, some people pay attention to the process of modern society from the perspective of ideological construction.
Made a valuable reflection. This paper also intends to discuss the ideological changes in modern society and the experience and lessons of the May 4th Movement.
Second, social transformation: the causes of ideological changes
The ideological change of modern society is not the inevitable result of the development of traditional ideology itself, but the promotion of western civilization.
Around the theme of saving the country. This can be confirmed by the above research on transition trajectory. Therefore, we believe that
The reason for its change lies in the social transformation of Chinese traditional agricultural society under the impact of western modern industrial civilization.
The motivation for this change comes from two aspects: First, western powers regard China as a "semi-feudal and semi-colonial society" and
Then integrate into the world capitalist economic and political order; On the other hand, it is a democratic movement for the people of China to save the nation and survive.
Efforts for modernization and industrialization. The latter force, as the subject of ideological cognition and choice, plays an important role in its changes.
Direct influence. Generally speaking, the ideological choice of modern China people is based on the national position of saving the nation from extinction. But society
The division of subjects caused by the transformation inevitably makes them treat all kinds of ideological resources and cultural heritage from their respective class positions.
Production. This has caused the complexity, vacillation and fierce struggle of modern social thoughts. Specifically, three aspects
The reason determines the process of modern ideological changes.
(1) Changes in social and economic structure.
Modern China was destroyed by foreign capitalist economic aggression, and the social and economic structure changed slowly, which was determined by the economic base.
The slow change of superstructure and economic structure has caused ideological changes.
Investigating the reflection of China's ideology on the changes of economic structure in modern times, on the one hand, it is the local literature represented by Confucian ideas.
Cultural heritage is accumulated in the deep structure of national psychology, and people are often unconsciously influenced by it. At the same time, it has always been
Small-scale peasant economy has always occupied a dominant position in modern China. Therefore, in the new concept,
Under the impact, it can often roll the waves back in various forms. On the other hand, in the slow change of social and economic structure, tradition
After all, ideas have been impacted and criticized to varying degrees. The national bourgeoisie, regardless of its various components.
At the same time, there are many differences in political opinions, but the criticism of Confucian economic values is always positive. When is this?
But it is also a realistic requirement for the bourgeoisie to develop for its own interests and ideals. Early reform thought, Reform Movement of 1898, Xinhai
The revolution and criticism of the traditional economic view is a historical inheritance and inheritance relationship, and the latter always changes the former in quantity.
The cognitive subject chooses the schema of environmental factors.
In this historical period, Confucianism, as a traditional ideology, should maintain the economic and political systems that reflect the interests of the landlord class.
At the same time, it is also the spiritual support of the landlord class and traditional social forces against western learning. With the disintegration of the old natural economy,
It provides a commodity market and a source of labor for the emergence of capitalism, and the invasion of foreign capitalism is the result of this disintegration process.
The objective existence of external factors. Of course, the great powers don't want to turn China into a capitalist China, which will only increase for themselves.
Competitors. Therefore, the development of Chinese national capitalism is deformed and suppressed. China's bourgeoisie is facing.
It is very difficult to concentrate on the two fronts of traditional forces and foreign forces, and to guard against the awakened proletariat. this
It determines that the national bourgeoisie is revolutionary, weak and compromised at the same time. As this kind of economic power and politics
The choice and reconstruction of ideology reflected by ruling power is a dilemma. So although it can play the role of enlightenment, but
It can't replace the historical choice in the end. With the emergence of the bourgeoisie, the proletariat, which is opposite to its production relations, has also emerged.
Being born and growing up laid a class foundation for the spread of Marxism in China. Finally, during the October Revolution, the guns rumbled.
Under the impact of Marxism-Leninism, the left-wing intellectuals in China who have repeatedly failed to save the country quickly accepted Marxism-Leninism as a new ideological weapon.
The proletariat in China has changed from a comfortable state to a self-sufficient class. With the efforts of the * * * production party in China, Marxism-Leninism and China
The combination of revolutionary practice adapted and changed the social and economic structure of old China, and finally became the dominant ideology of new China.
(2) The influence of western learning.
Western learning provides new ideological resources and broad vision for the builders of modern ideology. The spread of western learning has enabled China people to
Compared with the history and present situation of western capitalist countries, this paper combs, analyzes and dissects Confucianism as the main body of traditional ideology.
Thirdly, this process is extremely arduous and tortuous.
As the ideology of patriarchal society, Confucianism is "only the conceptual expression of the dominant material relations", so it
Its class attribute is obvious, and what it wants to demonstrate is mainly the rationality, necessity and eternity of the absolute monarchy system. in essence
The conflict between western learning and middle school is a conflict between two different cultures and between capitalist ideology and feudal absolutism.
Ideological opposition. Westernization school does not want to change the traditional ideology, and their thoughts can only provide the basis for the reform of reformists.
Quantitative change preparation. Reformists once criticized and denied Confucianism on the basis of social contract theory, evolution theory and freedom and human rights view.
However, this kind of criticism and negation is questionable. It still seeks ideological support from the Confucian tradition, and only requires
"Tuogu restructuring". It succumbed to traditional authority and refused to depose the emperor. "I once mistakenly asked what the king would say.
Kind of thoughts and wishes, but, can't change the following facts, shallowness is the material of monarchy, and jun.
The Lord is just the king of mediocrity. Radical as Tan Sitong also "wished Confucianism had Luther", but he didn't know it was just tradition.
The heavy burden stifled the innovative spirit of the Chinese nation, and finally carried out reforms in the cradle, and then turned the reform into a farce (of course, the reform failed)
There may be some accidental factors, but the subsequent constitutional farce proved that that kind of accident is only a disguised necessity.
Type). Thousands of years of power monopoly and Confucianism have poisoned the way of thinking of China rulers, leading them to "have one"
Home world ","Better give it to friends than slaves ",and talk about reform and improvement!
The theoretical construction of reformists is full of self-contradictory embarrassment, which is far from its practical requirements. Their side
The so-called "useful" western learning makes the people's wisdom flourish, and the "useless" middle school can only be "intellectual blindness and bad heart"
Art, wandering hands ",and emphasizes that" people can be still and motionless ",as Lenin said," generally speaking, it is changing ".
The virtue is that people only advocate a change that does not have to destroy the main foundation of the old ruling class, that is, preservation.
These basic compatible changes. "
During the Revolution of 1911, Sun Yat-sen finally put forward democracy as the opposite of absolute monarchy. But the revolution
In theory and practice, the faction took overthrowing the Qing Dynasty as the ultimate goal of realizing civil rights, and replaced anti-feudalism with anti-imperial power.
Democracy was submerged by Han chauvinism centered on anti-Manchu. Because they don't use class analysis to observe society,
Therefore, it is impossible to realize that life in a patriarchal society must "dig up the old soil" (Lu Xun's language). Necessary for the national revolution
The great rural changes that must be carried out have never started. It is no wonder that after the recovery of 1911, the countercurrent of respecting Confucius' retro style was once again noisy
Let's go The Revolution of 1911 had little influence on the overall ideological situation of China society. Lu Xun used < < storm > >, < medicine > > > and < < ah Q-people who took failure as moral victory as comfort.
True story >> A series of novels reflect this fact. As Gao said in> Xinhai
Revolution is fought with racial ideas, not with ideas. So although the emperor abdicated, but the emperor in people's minds.
Not yet abdicated. "
As the ideological problems have never been solved, it is natural for China people to stumble on the road of saving the country.
Has entered the May 4th period. The greatest function of the new culture movement in this period was enlightenment, that is, the establishment of democracy.
Develop science, remove obstacles and open up a road. The independent contribution of the new culture movement is to put forward the transformation of spiritual culture.
It is the first time to put forward the historical topic that all cultures in China (not only material culture and institutional culture) must be modernized.
The ideological resources of the New Culture Movement are the influx of western theories. But at this time, the west has entered the empire from liberal capitalism.
During the period of righteousness, various contradictions emerged one after another, and new theories criticizing traditional capitalism emerged one after another, and socialist thoughts swept across Europe.
Beauty. Under this historical background, people in the May 4th Movement in China also split into liberal intellectuals with conservative tendencies.
Molecules and radical socialists Liberalism has gained a prominent position in the intellectual world and has a great influence on social politics.
Ring, and the socialists engaged in fierce realistic political struggle, eventually unified Chinese mainland in essence ended the Xinhai.
Since the war between warlords, Marxist ideology has been established and regarded as a true scripture from the West: "Everywhere".
Both are allowed. "
(3) the pressure to save the country.
The unprecedented national crisis in modern China made the concept renewal in the process of social and cultural transformation in China have its special laws.
Conceptual renewal and conceptual regression often appear alternately. The reality of national peril has caused great psychological pressure to the people of China.
When we can't wait to learn from the civilized achievements of western industrialization, we find that what we still regard as a model here has been made.
Now its disadvantages urgently need to be sublated and improved. This puts us in an awkward position. Some people follow even more aggressively.
It has surpassed the latest pace of the West and inspired others to treat the ills of the West with traditional oriental culture.
To induce yelang's arrogance. There are also some people who are not stubborn and conservative because they are worried about the impact of new ideas on traditional culture
Negation is beyond the social and psychological endurance of cultural undertakers, which leads to national inferiority and adds new ideas.
The ranks of questioners. Many people are radical in their early years and conservative in their later years, such as Kang Youwei and Yan Fu. Some people are very young.
Take a negative attitude towards learning from the west, while advocate "Westernization" if you are strong. For example, Chen Duxiu said, "When we were young, we read stereotyped writing and talked about the past.
Learning, every illness depends on the scholar-bureaucrat Xi Owen to talk about the new bachelor, thinking that all foreigners are slaves and famous teachers are not allowed. "By the May 4th Movement, it was erected.
The banner of "Westernization" holds that "everything should adopt a new western way." This complicated situation makes us very embarrassed.
The new and the old in culture are completely equivalent to loyalty and treachery to the nation in politics. Patriots may not be advanced, such as the boxer movement;
Conservatives are no more patriotic than radicals. As for the social psychology of the whole nation, we have never got rid of the subconscious fear.
And alert psychology: if social ideology remains unchanged, it will destroy the country and destroy the species; Change it, and worry about "westernization" and become a vassal of the west.
-"Fake foreign devils". So it is often either "East" or "West". If you find that new learning is rampant, the west
Talk too much about culture, traditional culture will be impacted, challenged and threatened, and some people will speak out and carry forward the quintessence of the country; On the contrary, when found
When traditional culture is talked too much and the traditional burden is too heavy, a group of people will stand up and call for the introduction of western culture. This is in modern society.
In the process of the change of social thoughts, a historical tragedy has been formed in which the protagonists take turns singing operas. Although in this cycle, democracy from the west,
The core values of modern civilization, such as science, have gradually penetrated into China society, but they are entangled or even distorted by China's traditional old consciousness.
Qu. Until today, China's ideology is brand-new and advanced as a whole, but the problems of democracy and science are still not thorough.
Solve.
We should also see that in modern China, facing the "near fire" of national peril, "critical weapon" is always inferior to "far water"
"Weapon criticism" is convenient and effective; Therefore, in the process of our country's independence and development, military action and politics
The role of governance occupies a major position. Although the ideological trend of modern society is repeated and the ideology has been changing, these
Most of them are public opinion preparations for real social actions, serving and obeying the dominant military and political actions. We also believe that.
The construction of new culture has stood the test, but it has not been fully developed; Although we have met the masters of new culture construction, we seldom meet them.
Star. Sustained and repeated political actions, to a considerable extent, not only dominate, but actually replace cultural construction, and
Rich and inclusive cultural pluralistic structure, which is rejected by a single ideological structure with distinct political inclination, thus making
Many people in China think that culture equals ideology, politics equals culture, and cultural people are used to treating culture as.
Politics, even when we really begin to move towards modernization, is related to the performance of the country's comprehensive strength.
On the level, we have to admit that the cultural level is quite backward.
The May 4th Movement is known as the New Culture Movement, but due to the historical needs of social and ideological changes and the survival of the nation in modern China.
, is largely ideological. Ideology has strong group consciousness, group value and group model elements.
The party opposes differences, vigorously advocates its own social-centered values, and integrates the culture of individuals and society into ideological integration.
Replace. The early construction of cultural ideology made the social mainstream unable to face and adopt rich ideological and cultural resources.
Source. The May 4th Movement advocated "scientific democracy" and advocated new morality, new literature, humanism and individualism.
Ideological trend, advocating human rights and equality are all rational choices made to meet the needs of national development. But please note
As a logical inevitable link of modern ideological change, the urgent requirement of saving the nation from extinction makes it only related to real politics.
In a sense, the New Culture Movement is that China first established the democracy and political power of the Republic of China, and then worked for this government.
A movement to seek the basis of legitimacy and rebuild ideology. Chen Duxiu said it very well in the> article.
Understand: "Old ideas are spread all over the country, so we must re-consolidate * * * and the state system, and we cannot oppose theories and literature such as * * *."
Old ideas such as learning must be washed away, otherwise not only * * * and politics can't be carried out, but also the signboard of * * *.
I can't hang up. "After the May Fourth Movement, with the gradual development of Japan's attempt to subjugate the country, the national peril became increasingly serious, and the ideological circle
Rely more on political forces to play a practical role. In China, enlightenment is always to save the country, so we have to talk about utility.
Political struggle that cannot be independent of reality.
However, the predecessors of the May 4th Movement were unwilling to ideologize the culture. As the "Commander-in-Chief" of this movement, Chen Duxiu once
He said: "Literature has its own unique value. If writers don't admit it, they must adhere to the Six Classics and pretend that' literature carries the Tao'.
..... historiography also has its own value, and historians themselves don't admit it. They will cling to> and focus on' righteousness and birthright'.
..... Music also has its own independent value. Musicians don't admit it, but they will stick to St. Wang Zhidao and be willing to listen.
Music is an accessory of political science. "They expect to think independently and don't want to be attached to politics. However, it criticized the knowledge of the ancients.
As a vassal of ideology, technical culture is highly ideological. A person, like Lu Xun, is also willing to work.
The so-called "submissive literature". Saving the country is hidden. After the May 4th Movement, Marxists expressed their concern for intellectuals.
The ideological trend of "saving the country through education", "saving the country through industry" and "saving the country through science" also holds fierce opposition, which means this.
The expression of cognitive morphology.
To sum up, the change of social and economic structure is the internal basis of modern ideological change, and the influence of western learning is its external condition.
The pressure of saving the country is a powerful driving force for cognitive subjects to actively choose and reconstruct new ideology. These three factors are intertwined.
Get up and be inseparable. We have explained the above separately, just for the convenience of argument. From a cultural point of view,
In the process of modern colonization, local culture never gave up its resistance to western learning. At the same time in a semi-feudal and semi-colonial state.
China, although the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are not dominant, the bourgeois western culture has always been very strong in the west.
The trend of blowing, Marxism-Leninism with proletarian attributes came from behind, fully demonstrating the independence of culture relative to the economic base.
Make love. As a part of the superstructure, culture should directly correspond to the dominant economic relations in a certain period.
Ideological views are somewhat absolute.
(C) Heavy topic: the contemporary significance of the history of modern thought
Contemporary is an extension of modern history, and contemporary people are always interested in yesterday, because we can find some contemporary problems from it.
To the origin of history. In China at the end of the century, nostalgia prevailed in society, and a cultural conservatism rose in academic circles.
Some people think that this is a new choice of China culture at the turn of the century. Contemporary China culture is rooted in today's modernization practice.
Originated from the 5,000-year history of civilization, we need to carry forward the tradition to correct today's impetuous spiritual atmosphere. But some people take this opportunity to "reflect"
The history of modern China thought that the disadvantage lies in the so-called "radicalism", and even assumed that the "Reform Movement of 1898" was not so exciting.
"Jin", the improvement may have been completed by Empress Dowager Cixi. They deliberately ignored the "preparatory constitutionalism" of the Qing dynasty after the failure of the reform.
Nor did I see the farce of "reform". Sun Yat-sen was not a born revolutionary. I also wrote a letter to Li Hongzhang in my early years.
Seek improvement. Revolution is the choice of improvement. Finally, some people call the radical climax "May 4th".
It is believed that it caused a "fault" in China culture. In this regard, we don't want to simply say that "history cannot be assumed", but
I want to analyze it in detail. Above, we can find out from the investigation of the track of China's modern social thought changes and the exploration of the reasons.
The conclusion is that the May 4th Movement is a link in the logical development of China's social and ideological changes, and it is regarded as a modern ideological trend.
The logical conclusion of development and the historical starting point of modern China are natural and inevitable. China's traditional culture is highly intentional.
Confucianism, the official philosophy with the unity of knowledge and action and the ethical concept of "three cardinal guides and five permanents", has existed for thousands of years.
The feudal system, which directly served the autocratic monarchy, could not find a large number of available ideological resources in the modern cultural transformation.
The predecessors of the May 4th Movement also explored the folk literature and old traditions of Zhuang, Mo and Han, but after thousands of years of ideology.
National integration, these cultural resources are only a supplement to traditional Confucianism, and can not meet the revolutionary requirements of the times. Ancestors can only follow
The development direction of China culture in modern times is to seek truth from the west. If this is radical, it is also a historical requirement.
In addition, with the participation of conservatives, modern ideological trend is advancing in the reciprocating debate between conservatism and radicalism. in this
At the beginning of the process, the ideological debate between the Westernization School and the conservatives who only asked for "making foreign countries" lasted for more than 30 years, involving
And the content is very extensive. Later, Feng Guifen further advocated "learning from the West", although what he said was "based on Chinese ethics."
, supplemented by the prosperity of all countries. "But after the completion of its> draft, it was criticized by relatives and friends and had to be redone.
Add a preface to talk about the theory of "Chinese style and western use" in the law of three generations of saints, which was later used by feudal remnants.
It was ridiculed by advanced people as "knowing the donkey's body is useful for horses", but it was also not allowed by conservatives at first. westward
In learning advanced civilization, people with lofty ideals in modern times worked hard at every step. Reformists and die-hards argue, revolutionaries
It is difficult to argue with the royalists, and the May 4th Movement and the Oriental Cultural School also questioned them. There were "problems and harmony" within the May 4th Movement.
After the May 4th Movement, there was also a debate between scientism and metaphysics. Every argument is the most
After all, the new faction has the upper hand, but the new faction has not used the "criticism of weapons." The victory of the new faction is a logical victory, and it is indeed the case.
The needs of the times. On the contrary, embarrassed conservatives often want to clamp down the population by material means, such as> Du Yaquan.
I hope that the "strong" will cut the gordian knot and implement "unification"; Lin Shu of Tongcheng School also hopes to have it.
The "gentleman" was suppressed. Of course, we don't deny the contribution of cultural conservatism, just because of their backchat.
The thought of the new school has been perfected and matured in the debate. In the debate with Du Yaquan, many of Chen Duxiu's thoughts were clarified.
Yes
In fact, a serious scholar (even a conservative) will not easily obliterate the May 4th Movement. Lian Xufu
Mr. Ru Guan, a modern neo-Confucian, also thinks that the May 4th Movement is "inevitable and natural". Mr. He Lin is 47 years old.
In the book published in, some people even said that the New Culture Movement was a great turning point to promote the new development of Confucianism because it "destroyed and swept away".
In addition to the rigid part of Confucianism, the formal details of the body, as well as the traditional corruption part that binds personality. It didn't defeat Confucius and Mencius.
True spirit, true meaning and true scholarship. On the contrary, due to its scrubbing and cleaning efforts, the true features of Confucius, Mencius and Zhu Cheng are more exposed.
Come on. "On the contrary, some people who call themselves conservatives are not engaged in cultural construction out of narrow minds.
Still making an issue of ideology. Its conservatism is not a cultural gesture, but a political stance aimed at
To "dispel the mainstream ideology of contemporary China". In terms of cultural ideology, they just inherited themselves.
The cloak of modern "radicalism" that I oppose.
If the critics of the May 4th Movement take the facts of modern history as seriously as we do, we will find that the May 4th Movement did not do so.
Completely unconventional. On the contrary, because traditional culture is the spiritual home where we were born, it forms the cognitive subject.
The "pre-structure" made some new school figures misread the new learning in the West. One of the lessons left by modern history
A great burden is the ideology in the fields of thought, scholarship and other cultures. Lenin said, "History likes to play tricks on people.
The children are joking. I was going to this room, but I went into another room. "The May 4th Movement is the foundation of China's * * * production party.
Li made ideological and organizational preparations. China had been striving for democracy before he came to power, but then the "Cultural Revolution" took place.
"tragedy. What played tricks on us? As mentioned above, this is due to the ideology of culture. Cultural ideology
This is an ancient tradition in China. Due to the limitations of the times (specifically, the need to save the country), the May 4th Movement failed to change it.
The reason why this paper does not use the word "cultural transformation" when discussing the history of modern thought is that its title is "ideology"
Change "is also based on this consideration. Around the May 4th Movement, with the development of the New Culture Movement, the history of China appeared.
The vivid situation of a hundred schools of thought contend for the second time is because the society is in the midst of great turmoil, great restructuring and drastic changes, and the old ideology
Without the ability of integration, people's thoughts are more active than before, and few people pay attention to the discussion. Different roles actively express their voices, so
It became the most brilliant chapter in China's ideological circle in modern history. Just as this new culture movement is booming, it is
At the Paris Peace Conference, imperialism conspired to sacrifice China's interests, which triggered the May 4th student patriotic movement and the nation was in peril.
Death forces people who argue about cultural issues not to think calmly. On Socialism in the Late May 4th Movement
Debates on Marxism and Anarchism, Marxism and Nationalism, and China in the 1920s and 1930s.
The debate between social nature and social history, Marxism and Dai, and "existentialism" and "practical philosophy",
Many debates with Neo-Confucianism and New Psychology have gradually established the discourse power (knowledge hegemony) of Marxism in contemporary China.
, and eventually become the ideology of contemporary China. The reason why history has made such a choice is because there is only the beat of Marxism.
A vibrant revolution can mobilize social material forces to accomplish the urgent task of saving the nation from extinction. With the May 4th Movement and modern society
This is the inevitable result of the historical development trend of thought. When we build a new society, in the song, "the Chinese nation has reached the most dangerous time"
At the meeting, a new national philosophy and Marxist ideology were immediately established. But because we are the truth of the west,
The "pre-structure" understood by the recipients themselves makes us misread Marxism. Take advantage of the situation
Ideological and cultural construction needs not cultural construction, but unified public opinion. So that the "cultural revolution" appeared later.
The situation of cultural absolutism. Starting from Cai Yuanpei's "all-inclusive" doctrine, the banner of "democracy and science"
Followed by the history of modern thought, go around and return to the starting point.
If we say that the ideology of the past culture is not due to the subjective preference of some individuals and the accidental choice of history, it is based on
The national situation under the pressure of saving the country. So today, national survival is no longer a problem, and the nation has developed into.
The main theme of the times, if we don't calmly carry out cultural construction, it is really ignorance of the times. The Influence of the May 4th Movement on Academic Writing
The pursuit of cultural independence, the enlightenment of democracy and science, and the lessons of cultural ideology formed in the current situation are all for the present.
A particularly precious legacy. Contemporary intellectuals should have the courage to stand on their own feet and a sense of historical mission, but they are not.
Look at the wind direction, look at the trend, follow the fashion, you can't be unwilling to be lonely, talk nonsense, and pursue a sensational effect. It is necessary to form a tolerant society.
Cultural atmosphere, adopt cultural pluralism and get rid of the interference of ideological dogma. We can't study Marxist works.
The dogmatic understanding of individual judgments and some wrong arguments are attached to the name of Marxism, "it must be based on
What we are doing is the core of China's reform, opening up and modernization. "
Theoretical thinking. As long as this is the case, it can not only let a hundred flowers blossom, but also prevent the cultural garbage from filling up, and the academic bubble expands incisively and vividly.
Situation.
Democracy and science have not been fully realized in contemporary China. We still have a long way to go. Let's carry forward the May 4th tradition.
The tradition of Chinese civilization includes carrying forward the past and forging ahead on the road of national rejuvenation!