The structure of graduation thesis is the layout, planning and arrangement of the author in writing. Although there are differences in expression techniques in papers with different properties and contents, the basic structure is basically the same. A complete graduation thesis usually includes title, author, unit (zip code), abstract, keywords, preface, body, conclusion, thanks, references, appendix and other components. Let's talk about the requirements and writing of its main parts first.
1, subject
Title is the label of the article, a high summary of the content of the paper, the soul and core of the paper, and an important clue to index and consult the literature. The title of the paper shall meet the following requirements:
An accurate title of a paper should accurately express the core argument or content of the paper, appropriately indicate the scope and depth of research, such as the composition and structure of mathematical ability, and be accurate and clear. A teacher's thesis is entitled "Improving the quality in an all-round way and cultivating students' ability", because the causal relationship is reversed and not accurate enough. The topic should be in line with the content, not too big, too broad and too empty. If it is described by image and metaphor is appropriate, such as taking quality education as the "center" and classroom teaching as the "radius", it is not appropriate.
It is not enough to express the theme with a title, but you can also use a subtitle. A subtitle is usually an extension, supplement or concretization of a title. For example, an article about Ye Shengtao's view of Chinese education is entitled "Popular Chinese Education View of National Science" and subtitled "Analysis of Ye Shengtao's View of Chinese Education". There is also an article about how to implement quality education in buoyancy knowledge teaching. The headline is "A Preliminary Study on Quality Education in Junior High School Physics Classroom" and the subtitle is "Taking Buoyancy as an Example". The titles of these two articles define the supplementary scope of the theme and subtitle, which complement each other.
The title of a concise academic paper must be concise, the content of the article should be highly summarized, and the number of words should not be numerous and lengthy. Generally, the number of words in a topic should not exceed 20.
The title of a novel academic paper should not only be accurate and concise, but also be novel and unconventional, giving people a sense of freshness and attention. Giving readers visual impact and eye-catching topics can not only attract readers to read articles, but also make them unforgettable. For example, the rediscovery of discovery method and the mathematical analysis of non-mathematical problems. , are relatively novel and unforgettable.
It is easy to classify, and it is easy to identify the subject field and direction of the paper content from the topic, which is convenient for information departments to collect and readers to consult. For example, English Language Control and Classroom Teaching Efficiency is about English teaching, while mathematics education under the concept of quality education is about the content of mathematics education. And the article entitled "Opportunities and Challenges", I don't know what professional field it belongs to, because the same topic will be encountered in any field.
2. Summary
Abstract is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments and comments. It requires a clear explanation of the main issues discussed in the article and the main achievements made, so that readers who can't or have no time to read the whole article can get a comprehensive, clear and definite information and impression after reading it. It is best not to repeat the preface or conclusion, so as not to give people a sense of repetition. The text is generally about 5% of the full text, and domestic newspapers and magazines usually require a summary of 200-300 words. Because the abstract summarizes the content of the full text, it is often written after the full text is written.
Learning to coexist: the pillar of school moral education
-Exploring the road of school moral education reform under the background of value diversification.
About the author: Le Yun is a 97-level education major in East China Normal University.
Since the reform and opening up, the transformation of China's economic system and the development of network technology have brought about the diversification of social values, impacted the traditional values of China, and challenged the school moral education with the traditional "mainstream values" as its pillar. Facing the challenge of diversified values, school moral education should return to life, take social life as the pillar, and base on the universal values in life, so that students can recognize and understand diversified values in an open environment on the basis of equality, so as to learn to live together.
Keywords: moral education in schools with multiple values
People in the painting and real people
-gender perspective analysis of Beijing normal university's 2004 edition primary school mathematics textbook
About the author: Chen Ping, a 97-grade student majoring in education management at Beijing Normal University.
Based on the dual responsibility of textbook reflection and construction, it is common at home and abroad to analyze social science reading texts such as Chinese and life in primary and secondary schools from a gender perspective, but it is rare to analyze natural science textbooks such as mathematics from the same perspective. Through the illustration analysis of a set of primary school mathematics textbooks, the author thinks that there are problems of the same nature as Chinese and other subjects that are considered to have heavy cultural content. Moreover, the author thinks that the socialization of gender roles and the formation of gender differences in children's mathematical ability are more effective.
Historical Development and Trend of Kindergarten Mathematics Education in China
About the author: Zhao Donghui, a pre-school education major of Grade 97 in Beijing Normal University.
Abstract: Kindergarten mathematics education is an important part of kindergarten education. This paper reviews the history of kindergarten mathematics education as an independent subject since the founding of New China, including the contents, time arrangement, teaching forms and methods of kindergarten mathematics education in various historical periods, and the development characteristics of kindergarten mathematics education in China. On this basis, the gap and development trend of kindergarten mathematics education in China are pointed out.
3. Keywords
Keywords are core professional concepts or words selected from papers for the convenience of document indexing. Usually a paper needs 3-5 keywords. Generally, these 3-5 words are separated by semicolons, which do not need to be connected to express a complete meaning, nor do they need to consider grammatical structure. Keywords generally come from the title or abstract of the paper, and may also come from the content of the paper.
Keywords: people in painting and real people-Beijing Normal University, 2004 edition
Teaching material analysis of Primary School Mathematics from the Perspective of Gender
Keywords: Gender Analysis of Mathematics Textbooks Culture
Historical Development and Trend of Kindergarten Mathematics Education in China
Keywords: kindergarten mathematics education development trend 4. foreword
Preface is also called introduction, preface, introduction, etc. , is a short article placed in front of the text. Some papers do not list an introduction or preface subtitle at the beginning, but only an opening paragraph or sequence code "one", but this part has the nature of introduction. The preface mainly explains why the author chose this topic for research, what is the question he raised and how people's research progress on this issue is at present; Then explain the research methods and means. Asking questions is the core of the preface. The question should be clear and specific, not the same as the summary. It focuses on the research results, while the preface focuses on the research background, motivation, methods and significance.
The preface of an academic paper requires that it be straight to the point and concise. Many teachers often like to list the relevant documents or outlines of the central government at the beginning, which should be avoided as much as possible.
The common methods of preface writing are: (1) Point out the theme. In other words, from the beginning, I directly expressed my views and pointed out the theme of this article. (2) problem induction. That is, put forward the problems to be solved, so that the article is targeted. (3) Interpretation method. In other words, it shows the importance, necessity and significance of discussing this issue. (4) disadvantage statement. That is to point out the gap or deficiency in the current education (learning) reality and put forward the seriousness of the problem to attract the attention of others. (5) Refutation method. That is, point out the mistakes of others' arguments or arguments, set goals, and lead to arguments in a critical way.
Learning to coexist: the pillar of school moral education
-Exploring the road of school moral education reform under the background of value diversification.
I introduction: different judgments
10 years ago, a college graduate in China gave his life to help an old farmer. Judging from the traditional morality and values, this is undoubtedly a heroic deed of sacrificing oneself for others and has lofty virtues. However, this incident has aroused widespread discussion in society, and some people have questioned that it is not worthwhile to exchange the life of a young man with a college degree for the life of an old farmer in his twilight years. Let's not discuss whether it is reasonable to compare their lives like this. The emergence of this kind of opposition shows us that people's value orientation and moral judgment are not consistent, and even conflict has occurred.
Value is an explicit or implicit view about what is "worthwhile". It is the characteristic of an individual or a group, which affects people's choice of behavior, means and purpose. Behind the view of "worth" is a universal and organized construal system, which is related to the view of nature, the position of human beings in nature, the relationship between people and the views on what is worth doing and what is not worth doing when dealing with the relationship between people and the environment. Kluckhohn( 195 1) calls it "value orientation".
It should be said that due to the diversity of value subjects, individuals have different views on what is "worth", but when these differences are manifested as differences or even obvious opposites, it means that the whole set of "universal" construction system behind it is no longer truly universal, and the value orientation is no longer single, which leads to the diversity of values.
In the above cases, "self-sacrifice for others" was originally part of a universal ideological system, but now it has been questioned by some people. In our country, this questioning of the original ideological system mainly comes from the balance and judgment of interests. Specifically, we can start with the word "let". In the traditional architectural system, whether facing power (status) or money, "letting" is always omnipotent. Today, this single value judgment has been questioned. Even though some people will call "letting" a virtue in language, it has long been abandoned in action and replaced by the pursuit of personal interests. In the face of power (status), why let go? As long as it is mine or it may be mine, I should fight for it. If I don't want it, I will give it to others unconditionally. Wouldn't it be unfair to me if the person who finally gets this position of power is actually not as good as me? Fairness is the most basic moral principle. In the face of money, why let go? In the exchange behavior representing social and economic development, only the pursuit of self-interest by both sides can bring about the balance of interests, and the concession of one side will inevitably lead to the gain of the other side. If both sides want to surrender, the exchange cannot be completed. So why should we avoid pursuing our own interests? From this change in interest judgment, we can see that value diversification has become the reality of our society.
"Pluralism" is opposite to "monism". Value diversification refers to the coexistence of two or more value systems in the same society. Compared with a unitary society, the characteristics and qualities of a pluralistic society are fundamentally different, such as from closed to open, from absolute to relative, from pursuing individuality to individuality, and oneness and diversity coexist. In a pluralistic society, the moral principles, norms and moral education model suitable for a unitary society can be said to have fundamentally lost the conditions for existence. This makes the trend of school moral education become a problem that every moral education theory and practice worker must face directly. In the face of such social transformation, what may or should school moral education be?
People in the painting and real people
-Beijing Normal University, 2004 edition
Teaching material analysis of Primary School Mathematics from the Perspective of Gender
First of all, the questions raised
(A) the deviation of China's educational value orientation
Nowadays, education is full of utilitarianism, ignoring the cultivation of people in the modern ideal state. Especially in primary and secondary education, the whole system always shows the utilitarian tendency of education in terms of educational concepts, objectives, teaching materials and curriculum arrangements. It focuses on the mastery of instrumental skills and knowledge, ignoring the development of human personality and intelligence, ignoring those things that broaden people's horizons and purify people's souls. Lack of sufficient function to cultivate modern people's temperament of respecting differences and cultures, and this narrow recognition of educational value makes the whole education system tend to be morbid, which makes it possible for children without discrimination to be infringed by distorted narrow knowledge from the beginning. Textbook text is the most important material tool bearing educational value, so these problems are also reflected in the presentation content of textbooks. Although the consciousness of gender equality also has utilitarian value (which was the original intention of improving women's education level in previous centuries), it is even more non-utilitarian.
(b) Gender analysis
In recent years, gender perspective has entered the field of women's studies. Gender analysis method is the basic method to analyze the inequality between men and women, which was emphasized in the Programme of Action adopted by the fourth United Nations General Assembly. Feminists pay attention to politics, business and family, which makes them form an increasingly powerful voice. Many researchers pay more and more attention to the formation mechanism of gender differences between men and women. Educators with gender awareness try to find a dimension from the field of education. Gender (gender) difference is composed of a set of gender norms (thoughts, words and deeds, etc.). ) and it is an important part of individual socialization. According to Durkheim's structure-function theory, "education is the influence of adults on the generation preparing to enter social life, that is, the socialization of the younger generation". As an important mechanism and place of socialization, education plays a unique role. The formation of social gender role is a kind of socialization, so education directly affects the construction of gender consciousness of future members of society. Educational activities are also activities with knowledge as the general medium. From this perspective, education is only a form and means, and knowledge is the content. Including the organization, transmission and evaluation of knowledge, and the text of teaching materials is the most basic and narrowest knowledge, so the organization, transmission and evaluation of teaching materials naturally become the intervention point of gender perspective. 5. Text
The text is the main body or core part of the paper, also known as the "theory", which is the part to expand the topic and express the author's personal research results. It requires the author to demonstrate the central argument with strong evidence. The whole argument should be clear-cut, with clear paragraphs and clear logical lines, and sub-arguments should be set around the central argument and step by step. Any level contains three elements: argument, argument and argumentation; Small arguments explain sub-arguments, and sub-arguments explain central arguments. It needs full argumentation and rigorous argumentation.
There are generally two basic types of argumentation methods for graduation thesis, namely progressive and parallel. The so-called progressive type is to push the argument from one point to another, follow a straight line of logical clues, from shallow to deep, step by step, and finally make the problem clear.
For example, the article "Causes, Effects and Adjustment of Anxiety in College Entrance Examination" has the following basic contents: Figure 3- 1:
The general argument of this paper is to reduce the level of high anxiety. The paper consists of three parts: the causes of test anxiety, the influence of high anxiety, and the adjustment and prevention of high anxiety, which are arranged in order according to people's understanding of things. Because only by understanding the causes of anxiety can people realize the influence of high anxiety on students, so as to find countermeasures for adjustment and prevention.
The juxtaposition is to juxtapose a number of subordinate arguments subordinate to the basic arguments and discuss them one by one, so that everyone can have a comprehensive and thorough understanding of this issue.
For example, the discussion structure of the article "Optimal Control of Classroom Teaching" (see Figure 3-2).
The five sub-arguments expounded in this paper are all parallel; This paper demonstrates the argument of "realizing the optimal control of classroom teaching" from five aspects: moderate requirements of teaching objectives, quantitative requirements of teaching content, orderly requirements of teaching organization, inspiring requirements of teaching methods and advantages of teaching situation.
There is also a way to combine the above two basic types to form the progressive type in juxtaposition and the juxtaposition type in progression. The argument of the former is parallel, while the discussion of the argument is progressive; The latter takes a gradual approach to sub-arguments, while taking a parallel approach to the discussion of sub-arguments.
So the words should be eye-catching and clear. This part can be displayed with chapters, sections or titles, or with different serial numbers. There are usually two representations of serial numbers of different levels.
First, the hierarchy (see Figure 3-3);
Second, the decimal system (see Figure 3-4).
6. Conclusion
The conclusion is the last part of the paper, which is the result of argument. This part should synthesize the problems analyzed and demonstrated in this paper and sum up the basic viewpoints, which is the answer to the questions. The conclusion should express the essence of the article and be as concise as possible.
It should be noted that the conclusion must be the natural result proposed in the preface and demonstrated in this paper, and it is not allowed to be arbitrarily extended, generalized or drawn. Don't do two things: one is to "retreat hastily" and the other is to "gild the lily".
Due to the limited personal energy, the research on a certain subject can only be done to a certain extent, not to the peak. Therefore, we can discuss some problems that are not clearly discussed in this paper and put forward suggestions and opinions.
Conclusion The common methods of writing are: (1) summary of the full text. That is, by summarizing the full text, the theme is further highlighted and emphasized. (2) Evaluation content method. In other words, through the evaluation of the whole content, we affirm its originality and point out its shortcomings, so that readers can have a comprehensive and correct understanding of the article. (3) Emergency stop method. That is to say, don't make a summary and let the paper end naturally in the discussion. This method is common after parallel argumentation. (4) Emphasize the ending method. This method usually uses keywords such as "summarize" and "summarize" to attract others' attention.
7. thanks
Scientific research often requires the cooperation or collaboration of others. In order to respect the work of others and express gratitude to those who have helped themselves directly or indirectly, it is generally necessary to express gratitude in short words at the end of the paper.
8. References (or quotations)
At the end of the paper, what documents and materials are referenced and cited in the research of this topic and the writing process of the paper. Writing this part reflects the author's scientific attitude and realistic spirit, and also shows the author's respect for other people's research results to avoid plagiarism; At the same time, it can also reflect the author's research level and give some inspiration to others.
There are three main ways to quote notes:
Note in the text (brackets), that is, the source of the quotation is enclosed in brackets and placed behind the quotation;
Note at the end of the page (footnote), that is, put the citation source at the bottom of the current page;
Note at the end of the article (endnote), that is, the source of the quotation is placed at the end of the full text.
The notes of "citation" should list the following contents in turn: author's name, title of the cited paper, publication name, volume, issue, year, month and page number of the publication; The "citation" notes quoted from monographs should be listed in order: author's name, title, place of publication, publishing unit, publishing time and page number. All unpublished papers or materials should not be cited.