Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argumentation. Argument is the author's views and opinions on the things or problems discussed, argument is used to prove the scientific principles and typical facts of argument, and argument is the process and method of proving argument with arguments.
1, parameter
Argument is the basic point to be expounded and explained in the article, and the problem to be solved in argumentative writing is "what to prove" In argumentative writing, argument is the value of the article, and the quality of the article mainly depends on it. Therefore, the argument has the following requirements:
(1), the argument should be correct. The argument must conform to the objective reality. The author should not only have a correct world outlook, but also study and analyze problems from a dialectical point of view to prevent subjectivity and one-sidedness. In addition, it should be noted that every concept in the paper should be accurate. The concrete manifestations of accuracy are: the accuracy of argument, including the accuracy of concept, judgment, expression and discretion; Accurate arguments and quotations; Grammar, logic and accurate words; Clarify that the principles, policies, laws and regulations of the party and the state are accurate; Seeking truth from facts, seeking truth from facts, not arbitrary and not grandiose, is divided into two.
(2) The argument should be targeted. The pertinence of Shen Shen's argument is mainly manifested in the following aspects: (1) has pertinence in the direction of public opinion; Criticize the current disadvantages, and aim at all kinds of disadvantages and bad habits that need to be solved in social life, prescribe the right medicine, comment on it, and prescribe the right medicine; Touch the actual contradictions that need to be solved urgently in the current society, analyze the reasons and find out the solutions. In order to correctly guide public opinion and guide practice; Grasp people's ideological understanding, analyze and reason, and solve people's ideological problems; Demonstrate and comment on the main problems reflected in the materials.
It is impossible to cover everything, and only the main problems reflected in the materials can be discussed. Therefore, where is the main problem and where is the main aspect of the problem must be solved before writing. It should be noted that the argument is the "main problem", not the solution and practice of the problem.
(3) The argument should be profound. Arguments must grasp the crux of the problem and scientifically reveal the essence of things. To make the argument profound and powerful, the author must first get rid of those general and pretentious remarks. At the same time, profound and forward-looking. The concrete manifestations of foresight are: (1) having a keen understanding of things; Can see the essence of things through phenomena, and can see the root of things from superficial phenomena; Foresight, that is, after analyzing complex contradictions and their future outcomes, can make predictable scientific conclusions.
(4) The arguments should be clear. The author should clearly express his views, take a clear-cut stand and not be ambiguous. Think through the issues discussed first, and don't be vague. The semantics of the argument must be very clear and accurate, and it cannot be ambiguous.
(5) The argument should be novel. Arguments should be original and enlightening. We should be good at finding new problems and solving new contradictions, and we should not follow suit. The specific manifestations of novelty are: the topic is novel, that is, the question of comment can touch new contradictions or put forward new views and opinions; Put forward incisive opinions in a clear-cut manner in the confrontation with wrong and one-sided views, and show the brilliance of truth. There are new arguments in the argument, which can be relied on to trigger discussion; Choose new discussion angles, such as non-public opinion hotspots, contradictions that are easily ignored or covered up, and links that can play a key role in solving contradictions.
(6) The arguments should be the same. In the process of argumentation, we should maintain the certainty of thinking and prevent the phenomenon of violating identity requirements, changing the topic or changing the topic. This article is the logical requirement of argument.
(7), the argument should be prominent. You can't drown out the argument with materials in the discussion. When the problem under discussion is complicated, the relationship between the central argument and the derived sub-arguments and secondary arguments can only be the total score, because polycentricity means no center. This is the requirement of the argument from the expression of the central idea of the article.
Step 2 argue
Argumentation is the basis of argument and discussion, and it solves the problem of "what to prove".
There are two kinds of arguments: factual argument and factual argument. In addition to the general principles, logical argumentation also includes proverbs, sayings and allusions that have been summarized from long-term life practice and are recognized as reasonable.
The application has the following requirements for parameters:
(1), the argument should hold. Facts and arguments must be reliable and accurate. We should have a serious attitude and pay attention to investigation and verification. You can't listen to hearsay and take it out of context. Arguments that have not been proved to be true can only be "expected reasons", and arguments cannot be proved by arguments, so as not to form a circular argument.
(2) The arguments should be typical. Things have inevitability and contingency, and there is a difference between general situation and individual situation. Only by grasping the facts from the overall situation of things and their inherent inevitable connections can such facts speak louder than words. Therefore, when choosing arguments, we should pay attention to excluding those accidental and individual cases, and choose those typical materials that can best reflect the essence and laws of things. This material can win more with less, one is ten.
(3) The arguments should be sufficient. Even if it is true, if it is not comprehensive, it is not convincing. The argument must be comprehensive and convincing enough.
(4) The arguments should be fresh. From a psychological point of view, the new is always attractive, and readers are not interested in the old arguments, which naturally affects persuasiveness.
Step 3 demonstrate
Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, and it solves the problem of "how to prove it".
The purpose of discussion is to make others agree with and accept your point of view, which depends not only on whether your point of view is "reasonable" but also on whether you are "reasonable". Only with sufficient reasoning, thorough analysis and thorough argument can the argument be convincing.
When applying for a composition, you must convince people with reasoning and be logical at the same time, and you can't force others to accept it with big words, empty words and lies. Therefore, we should pay attention to flexible and diverse argumentation methods when applying for argumentation.
All truths and conclusions are always extended and summarized from objective facts and practical experience. Therefore, if you want to make the truth clear and easy to accept, you have to rely on specific factual materials, which is what people often say in argumentative writing. As far as the relationship with reason is concerned, fact is the basis or argument of reasoning, and reasoning is the exploration, analysis, reasoning, extension and exertion of fact phenomenon, feeling essence and rationality. The advantage of this reasoning method lies in the combination of reason and reality, which adds theoretical color to argumentative papers and avoids vague discussion or actual discussion. The organic combination of facts and truth is the basic principle, requirement and method to enhance the persuasiveness of comments. Therefore, there must be eloquent facts as the basis in the application writing.
In a word, argument, argument and argumentation are the three elements of argumentative writing. Argument is soul, argument is flesh and blood, argument is bone. Argumentation is to solve the problem of "what to prove", argument is to solve the problem of "what to prove" and argument is to solve the problem of "how to prove". If the three are closely related, a complete demonstration process can be formed.
As far as the elements of argumentative writing are concerned, the arguments are generally required to be correct and clear, accurate and sufficient, rigorous and logical.
The correct statement is to reflect the Marxist standpoint, conform to the party's principles and policies, and proceed from reality. Characteristic is a clear-cut attitude. What you agree with, what you oppose, what you advocate, what you refute, what you love and what you hate are unambiguous. Correct and distinctive arguments are generally made by going deep into social practice, conducting an in-depth investigation on a certain issue, grasping a large number of reliable facts and materials, and then summarizing and refining from the standpoint and viewpoint of Marxism and taking the party's principles and policies as the criterion. It reflects the essence and direction of objective things. Does every argumentative paper have these three parts? Not necessarily. Some argumentative essays have no introduction from the beginning to the end of the argument. Some argumentative papers have no conclusion at the end. In particular, essays, which are eclectic and free, have become articles, and it is even more impossible to write these three parts in every article.
The structure of argumentative writing is not complicated, but whether it can be arranged properly depends on whether the thinking is clear when writing. Undoubtedly, if you want to think clearly, you must first have a clear understanding of the issues discussed. However, if you have a clear understanding of the problem, once you start writing, because you have to choose words and make sentences and plan arguments at the same time, the materials you originally thought of will be forgotten and the problems you originally thought of will be blurred. At this time, you can draw up a writing outline.
Writing an outline is a brief reminder of the content of the article. The method of writing an outline is as follows:
(1), before writing an outline, you should think about what you have written, that is, determine the arguments, arguments, argumentation methods and discussion procedures.
(2) According to the introduction, theory and conclusion, write the contents respectively. For example, write the facts or problems discussed in the introduction. Sometimes, you can write an argument directly in the introduction; Write the central argument or sub-argument, and the arguments or argumentation methods of each argument in the "theory"; Write the main conclusion in the "conclusion".
(3) After writing the outline, check it again and make some necessary changes according to the new ideas.
(3), the way of discussion
There are two basic ways of argumentation, namely, argumentation and refutation.
Argumentative writing means that the purpose of discussion is to prove one's argument from the front. Refutation means that the purpose of discussion is to refute a wrong argument or related arguments and arguments. Argumentation and refutation discuss problems from both positive and negative aspects, which are opposite, complementary and unified. In between, you have me and I have you. Because while establishing the correct argument, it also means denying and refuting the opposite argument. While refuting the wrong argument, we should establish the opposite correct viewpoint or proposition.
Arguments and refutations are not simply for or against, but reasons and explanations. Therefore, the key to argumentation and refutation lies in trying to prove the correctness or fallacy of a point of view. The focus of debate and refutation lies in debate and refutation, not in debate. "Theory" is the ideological content of the article, and "establishment" and "refutation" are the logical forms of the article.
Whether it is proof or refutation, the requirements are strict in logic, and the correct use of various forms of reasoning conforms to the corresponding reasoning rules. "Unable to deduce", rash generalization, generalization by one side, mechanical analogy, and abuse of power in argument, abandoning words because of people, being emotional, etc. Should be avoided.
1, parameter
When you put forward your own views and opinions on a certain issue and show your attitude, you should pay attention to the following three points:
(1), these views and opinions must have been carefully thought out or practiced, and they are truly unique and correct, or ideas that can effectively solve practical problems. Let readers feel innovative, increase their knowledge and improve their understanding of things.
(2) It must be demonstrated around the issues discussed and the central argument. What kind of question is raised at the beginning, and the conclusion comes down to this question. In the process of argumentation, we should not deviate from Wan Li, give full play to it at will, or change the topic at will. If there are several sub-arguments, each sub-argument should be related to and subordinate to the central argument. All arguments should revolve around the central argument. Only in this way can readers clearly understand the sub-argument and the central argument. Argumentative writing is very logical, and the argument must be close to the center and consistent from beginning to end.
(3) "standing" is often carried out on the basis of "breaking". In the process of argumentation, it is often necessary to mention some wrong viewpoints and propositions, and deny and refute them in order to increase the effect of argumentation.
In argumentative writing, the "known truth judgment" is an argument, and the judgment whose authenticity needs to be proved is an argument (topic), while the mode of argument is a logical form connecting arguments and arguments, and its function is to infer the authenticity of arguments from its authenticity.
Step 2 refute
Refutation means discussing something or a problem, exposing and refuting others' wrong or reactionary remarks.
Refutation needs to pay attention to the following three points:
(1), to refute other people's wrong remarks, we must make a concrete analysis of the existing mistakes, especially pay attention not to talk about the matter and say something irrelevant. It is mainly to reveal the essence of mistakes and analyze their ideological roots and harmfulness, so as to get to the point and let readers understand why this statement is wrong. If you don't accurately grasp the main points of the rebuttal, the reasons are vague, and the nature of the mistake is not revealed, such a rebuttal can't be convinced by reason, let alone refute the wrong remarks.
(2) Generally, only one wrong argument can be refuted in a rebuttal, which can also be called negative central argument. In the process of argumentation, we must always refute this wrong argument and cannot transfer or disperse it at will. Refutation should also be close to the center, consistent and consistent, so that readers can see at a glance.
(3) There is "standing" in "breaking". Refuting other people's wrong remarks can express their correct views and opinions. Sometimes it is necessary to clearly put forward correct views and propositions in rebuttal, so that readers can easily distinguish right from wrong and better achieve the purpose of rebuttal.
Because argumentative writing is composed of arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting arguments or arguments has the same effect as directly refuting arguments. A rebuttal paper can combine several rebuttal methods to strengthen the strength and persuasiveness of refutation. Moreover, refutation and argumentation are often complementary, often based on refutation, and there are positions in refutation. The fundamental purpose of refutation is to prove the falsity of the other party's argument, but in concrete refutation, we can flexibly adopt different angles and ways according to the characteristics of the other party's argument, such as refutation argument, refutation argument, refutation argument and so on.
When writing a rebuttal, we should pay attention to:
(1), writing a rebuttal is to express different opinions on other people's views. Even if opinions are tit for tat, we should treat things and people differently. People who express objections should be "polite" and don't hurt people with words. Novices love to make a mistake when writing rebuttal articles, that is, they are emotional and use scolding instead of rebuttal. They often use emotional impulse instead of calm analysis, and write words such as "shameless", "shameless" and "complete bastard" in their articles, thinking that this is a "clear-cut", which is actually a great misunderstanding. Using scolding instead of refuting can not increase the criticism and persuasiveness of the article, nor can it touch on negative arguments. Sometimes, it will expose the author's unclear understanding and inability to argue against it. Therefore, to refute articles, we should always convince people by reasoning, and we should not engage in "refuting with scolding".
(2) Analyze and treat objections. It is impossible to speak alone. Every sentence is a fallacy. When refuting, you should affirm the correct point of view of the other party and only refute the part that is really wrong. We should have a serious attitude, not exaggerating each other's mistakes, seeking truth from facts and being reasonable. This detailed analysis is easy to convince.
(3) When writing a rebuttal, it is especially necessary to convince people by reasoning. It is the most taboo to draw arbitrary conclusions about each other's opinions on the basis of lack of analysis and reasoning. Of course, you should stick to your own point of view, but you should not argue irrationally, leave room for your tone, and have a discussion attitude that is willing to listen to each other's opinions.
Writing a rebuttal focuses on analysis, and without analysis, the rebuttal is not strong.
There are three types of refutation:
(1), short comment refutes. The length is short, and generally only the fragments of the other party's wrong remarks are taken to refute, but it reflects the basic characteristics of the rebuttal article.
(2), critical rebuttal. It is an extension of the short comment in refuting this part (that is, the original part of the short comment), that is, refuting the other party's remarks in many ways.
(3) partial rebuttal. In other words, some articles are not refutations of the whole article, but some refutations are included in the discussion.